Mamata Banerjee

Mamata Banerjee (born January 5, 1955, Calcutta [now Kolkata], West Bengal, India) is an Indian politician, legislator, and bureaucrat who served as the first female chief minister (head of government) of West Bengal state, India (2011– ).

Banerjee grew up in a lower-middle-class part of south Calcutta (now Kolkata), and her father died when she was young. Still, she was able to go to college, eventually earning several degrees, including a bachelor’s in law and a master’s in arts from the University of Calcutta. She became involved with politics while still in school, joining the Congress (I) Party in West Bengal and serving in a variety of positions within the party and in other local political organizations. She was first elected to the lower house (Lok Sabha) of the national parliament in 1984 as a representative from her home district in south Kolkata. She lost that seat in the 1989 parliamentary elections but regained it in 1991 and was returned to office in each succeeding election through 2009.

In parliament Banerjee served in several administrative capacities, both within the party and in the union (national) government, including three cabinet-level ministerial posts: railways (1999–2001 and 2009–11), without portfolio (2003–04), and coal and mines (2004). Although she was a rising star at the national level, Banerjee also retained strong ties to her home state of West Bengal. She was known as Didi (“Big Sister”) to her followers and endeared herself to them by maintaining her identity with her humble roots—she wore simple cotton saris and still lived in her mother’s home—and never hesitating to voice her opinions bluntly and colourfully. She was especially outspoken against the communists, who had been in power in West Bengal since 1977.

By the late 1990s Banerjee had become disillusioned by what she saw as a corrupt Congress Party. In West Bengal she also wanted to confront the ruling Communist Party of India (Marxist; CPI-M) more directly, and in 1997 she founded the All India Trinamool (or Trinamul) Congress (AITC). The new party had limited success in the 1998 and 1999 national parliamentary elections but lost nearly all of those seats in the 2004 poll. In 2001 the AITC challenged the CPI-M in state legislative elections. Although the AITC won 60 seats, the communists remained firmly in power, and the AITC lost half of those seats in the 2006 state elections.

In December 2006 Banerjee waged a 25-day hunger strike to protest the attempt by the West Bengal government to forcibly acquire land from farmers to build an automobile factory in the state. This issue became the catalyst for the party’s and Banerjee’s comeback from near political obscurity, and Banerjee used it as a means of rallying a growing number of supporters in West Bengal. The AITC had a strong showing in the 2009 national parliamentary elections and joined the Congress Party’s ruling coalition as the second largest faction.

However, Banerjee had her sights set on the 2011 state parliamentary elections and the real possibility of ousting the communists from power. Her popularity grew in the next two years as she campaigned against the land-acquisition scheme and championed human rights and the protection of women and children. In the 2011 elections the AITC won handily, taking more than three-fifths of the seats in the state legislature and ending more than three decades of communist rule. Banerjee was sworn in as chief minister on May 20.

In addition to her political activity, Banerjee wrote prolifically in both English and Bengali. She published more than two dozen books, including nonfiction works, such as Struggle for Existence (1998) and The Slaughter of Democracy (2006), and a volume of poetry.

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