Mario Savio

Mario Savio (born December 8, 1942, Queens, New York—died November 6, 1996, Sebastopol, California) was a U.S. educator and student free-speech activist who reached prominence as spokesman for the 1960s Free Speech Movement (FSM) at the University of California, Berkeley. At the time dismissed by local officials as a radical and troublemaker, Savio was esteemed by students. After his involvement in the FSM and the dispersal of its members, Savio led a mostly quiet, private life.

Savio was the son of a machinist who could only afford to send him to Queens College, from which he transferred to Manhattan College, where he excelled at physics. In fall 1963 he matriculated at the University of California, Berkeley, and became a philosophy major. Savio participated in a successful student protest of the San Francisco Hotel Association, which had refused to hire African Americans for any jobs other than maintenance and housekeeping. Devoting himself to the civil rights movement, Savio joined the small army of college-age volunteers who traveled to Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964 and witnessed the violence of white supremacy at close quarters.

Inspired by the civil rights activists, Savio returned to Berkeley in the autumn eager to raise money and recruits for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. His plans quickly ran afoul of the university’s policies prohibiting students from engaging in political organizing. When police arrested one student, Jack Weinberg, for violating the prohibition, Berkeley students staged a spontaneous sit-in on October 1, surrounding the police car holding Weinberg for more than 30 hours. Savio’s address to the gathering, from atop the police car, galvanized the crowd and helped him become the movement’s most prominent spokesperson.

That demonstration was the first of many such rallies and nonviolent protests that rocked the university campus for the next several months. In another speech in December 1964, which became one of the iconic statements of the times, Savio crystallized the students’ grievances with his angry denunciation of the university as a heartless, overly bureaucratic machine and urged students to throw their bodies into the machine’s gears in order to stop it. The protests at first involved occupying buildings, striking, and getting arrested, but, as the FSM merged with the antiwar movement, some Berkeley students marched on military draft induction centres and clashed in the streets with policemen wearing riot gear. The police engaged in a forceful crackdown against student rallies, even using tear gas dropped in canisters from helicopters on the students. The response seemed to undermine the unity of the FSM.

Savio was suspended from Berkeley for his activities and left the university. His education and activism lost momentum, and he spent the 1970s in relative obscurity, working as a bartender, bookstore clerk, and math teacher. He earned bachelor’s (1984) and master’s (1985) degrees in physics from San Francisco State University. He then embarked on a career in higher education, teaching at San Francisco State, Modesto Junior College, and finally, beginning in 1990, Sonoma State University. He became more active in political issues, and in 1996 he debated the president of the University of California (UC) over Proposition 209, which outlawed affirmative action in UC admissions. Several days before his death he publicly opposed a proposed Sonoma State fee hike in a debate. In 1998 the University of California, Berkeley, honoured Savio and the FSM by creating a library endowment in his name and establishing an archive of the movement in the university’s Bancroft Library.