Mariya Ilinichna Miloslavskaya

Mariya Ilinichna Miloslavskaya (born 1625—died 1669) was the first wife of Tsar Alexis of Russia. She bore him five sons and eight daughters. Two sons survived to maturity and became tsars: Fyodor III (reigned 1676–82) and Ivan V (reigned 1682–96, jointly with Peter I the Great).

The daughter of Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky (d. 1668), a rich boyar, Mariya Miloslavskaya exercised little influence herself, becoming known only for her intense piety.

After her death her relatives formed a political faction that rivaled the power of the Naryshkins, the family of Alexis’ second wife, and dominated the reign of Mariya’s son Fyodor III and the regency of her daughter Sophia (served 1682–89).

Sophia was able to make use of the Naryshkin-Miloslavsky feud as an opportunity to promote the claim of her brother Ivan V to rule as co-tsar with Peter I. This arrangement continued under Sophia’s regentship until she and her brother were deprived of power in 1689 by the partisans of Peter I.

After the death of Peter II (Peter I’s grandson) the Russian throne reverted to Mariya Miloslavskaya’s descendants: her granddaughter Anna (reigned 1730–40) and her great-great-grandson Ivan VI (reigned 1740–41 under the regentship of his mother). The latter was overthrown and imprisoned by promoters of Peter I’s daughter Elizabeth, who, on becoming empress in 1741, effectively ended the political career of the Miloslavsky family.