Marsha P. Johnson
- Born:
- August 24, 1945, Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S.
- Found dead:
- July 6, 1992, New York City, New York
- Also Known As:
- Malcolm Michaels, Jr.
- Black Marsha
Marsha P. Johnson (born August 24, 1945, Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S.—found dead July 6, 1992, New York City, New York) was a Black American drag queen and activist who was dedicated to social justice for the gay and transgender communities. She was a pioneer of the gay rights movement in the late 1960s and spent the following two decades advocating for equal rights for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community. Johnson also took part in Gay Pride parades and events.
Johnson was assigned male at birth and began wearing girls’ clothing at a young age. However, after experiencing sexual assault at the hands of a 13-year-old boy, she temporarily stopped experimenting with feminine fashion.
After completing high school in 1963, she moved to New York City. There Johnson began frequenting bars and nightclubs dressed as a woman called “Black Marsha.” Johnson gradually cultivated a unique personality and style and eventually began calling herself Marsha P. Johnson. She stated that the middle initial stood for “pay it no mind,” a phrase she often used when questioned about her gender and lifestyle. Johnson became well known in the LGBTQ community for her colorful wigs (often crowned with flowers or artificial fruit), red heels, sparkly robes, and multiple strands of costume jewelry. For a while she performed with the drag group Hot Peaches. Johnson also earned money through participating in sex work, but she was often abused by clients and arrested on occasion.
Johnson began going to the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in the Greenwich Village section of New York City, in the late 1960s. She was one of the demonstrators present during the Stonewall riots in 1969, protesting against police harassment and social discrimination of gay and transgender individuals. (A popular urban myth states that Johnson threw the first brick at Stonewall, though this has been disproved.) After the Stonewall riots, Johnson joined the Gay Liberation Front, which was a catalyst for the gay rights movement. In 1970 she cofounded the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) with fellow transgender rights activist Sylvia Rivera. The two worked for gay and transgender rights while also providing housing for LGBTQ youth living on the streets. Johnson and Rivera acted as house mothers, guiding and protecting queer youth. In the 1980s Johnson, who was HIV positive herself, became an AIDS activist and joined ACT UP, an organization formed to bring attention to the AIDS epidemic. She was noticed for her work and was even featured in a print series by American artist Andy Warhol.
Throughout her life Johnson suffered from mental illness and was in and out of psychiatric hospitals. Those who knew her described her as volatile and unpredictable. In July 1992 her body was found floating in New York City’s Hudson River. The police ruled her death a suicide, although friends and family cited a lack of evidence supporting that claim, arguing that though she had struggled with mental health, she had never expressed suicidal ideation. Additionally, she was found with a head wound. In 2012 the police, under renewed public pressure, reopened the case. They reclassified her death as a drowning from undetermined causes, but the case remains unsolved.
Several documentaries have been made celebrating Johnson’s life and activism. In 2020 New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo announced that a seven-acre (three-hectare) waterfront park in Brooklyn was being renamed for Johnson.