Mary Breckinridge

Mary Breckinridge (born February 17, 1881, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.—died May 16, 1965, Hyden, Kentucky) was an American nurse-midwife whose establishment of neonatal and childhood medical care systems in the United States dramatically reduced mortality rates of mothers and infants.

Breckinridge grew up in Washington, D.C., where her father was an Arkansas congressman, and in St. Petersburg, Russia, where he served as U.S. minister to Russia. Educated at private schools in Lausanne, Switzerland, and Stamford, Connecticut, she returned to her family’s Arkansas home in 1899. After her 1904 marriage ended in 1906 with her husband’s death, she entered St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing in New York City, and she graduated in 1910, receiving an R.N. In 1912 she married Richard Ryan Thompson, president of a Eureka Springs, Arkansas, women’s school where she taught French and hygiene. Devastated by the deaths of her newborn daughter in 1916 and her four-year-old son in 1918, she decided to honour their memory by devoting her life to improving children’s conditions.

Leaving her husband six months before the end of World War I, she worked as a public health nurse in Boston and Washington, D.C., while awaiting a posting with the American Red Cross in France. (She resumed use of her maiden name after her divorce became final in 1920.) Arriving in France after the armistice to work with the American Committee for Devastated France, she initiated a program to provide food and medical assistance for children, nursing mothers, and pregnant women. From her work in France and visits to England she became convinced that the health of rural American children would benefit from the presence of trained midwives.

To prepare to make the goal a reality, she studied public health nursing at Teachers College of Columbia University and midwifery at three British institutions. She also embarked on an educational trip to Scotland, where she observed how a nursing service there effectively provided medical care to a dispersed population. In 1925 she moved to Leslie county, Kentucky, where she founded the Frontier Nursing Service, which she subsidized with her inheritance from her mother. The introduction of nurse-midwives into the region brought its maternal and neonatal death rates well below the national average, and at a reasonable cost. In addition to directing the service, which led to the foundation in 1929 of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives, she also edited its journal and traveled around the country as a fund-raiser. Breckinridge’s autobiography, Wide Neighborhoods: A Story of the Frontier Nursing Service, was published in 1952.