Milovan Milovanović

Milovan Milovanović (born March 1 [Feb. 17, Old Style], 1863, Belgrade, Serbia—died July 1 [June 18], 1912, Belgrade) was the prime minister of Serbia (1911–12) who was an architect of the pre-World War I Balkan alliance.

The first Serb to qualify as doctor of laws in Paris, Milovanović was then elected a professor at Belgrade University and, at the age of 25, drafted Serbia’s liberal constitution of 1888. He was appointed Serbia’s under secretary for foreign affairs (1890) and minister of justice (1896) but was dismissed in 1897. In 1899 he became a victim of the government’s repression against Radical Party members, being sentenced in absentia to two years’ imprisonment. He was recalled to government service in 1900, and as minister of national economy in 1901 he was one of the drafters of the new constitution. He represented Serbia at the second Hague conference in 1907, and in 1908 he became foreign minister of Serbia. In July 1911 he was appointed prime minister, retaining the portfolio of foreign affairs.

Milovanović guided Serbian foreign policy through the crisis that followed Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia-Hercegovina (1908), and he cleverly succeeded in raising the question of Serbian national unification without provoking war with Austria-Hungary. Despite his preference for close relations with Russia, Milovanović initiated the negotiations that led to a trade agreement with Austria-Hungary (1910). He was one of the chief founders of the Balkan alliance of 1912 insofar as it was he who negotiated the first Serbo-Bulgarian alliance of that year, though he died before a more substantial alliance could be concluded. He was the ablest statesman that Serbia had had since Michael III.