Richard, 3rd duke of York

Richard, 3rd duke of York (born Sept. 21, 1411—died Dec. 30, 1460, near Wakefield, Yorkshire, Eng.) was a claimant to the English throne whose attempts to gain power helped precipitate the Wars of the Roses (1455–85) between the houses of Lancaster and York. He controlled the government for brief periods during the first five years of this struggle. He was the father of two English kings, Edward IV and Richard III.

In 1415 Richard succeeded his uncle Edward as duke of York. As a descendant of Lionel, duke of Clarence, third son of King Edward III (ruled 1327–77), York had a hereditary claim to the throne that was stronger, by primogeniture, than that of Henry VI (who became king in 1422), who was descended from Edward’s fourth son. Nevertheless, York served Henry faithfully as governor of France and Normandy from 1436 to 1437 and 1440 to 1445. At the same time, he became an opponent of the powerful Beaufort family, which was gaining control of Henry’s government. The death of Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, in 1447 left York next in line for succession to the throne, and the Beauforts had him sent—virtually banished—to Ireland as lord lieutenant. He returned to England in 1450 and led the opposition to Henry’s new chief minister, Edmund Beaufort, duke of Somerset. When the King suffered a nervous breakdown in July 1453, the ambitious queen, Margaret of Anjou, backed by Somerset, claimed the regency, but her rule was so unpopular that Parliament appointed York protector of the realm in March 1454. York was hated and feared by Margaret because he was a potential rival to the throne she hoped to obtain for her son, then an infant. Consequently, upon Henry’s recovery, in December 1454, Margaret persuaded him to dismiss York and restore Somerset to power. York immediately took up arms. At St. Albans, Hertfordshire, on May 22, 1455, his forces killed Somerset in battle, and he had control of the government until Margaret again gained the upper hand in October 1456. Hostilities between the two sides reopened late in 1459; in July 1460 York’s able lieutenant Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, defeated the Lancastrians at Northampton and captured the King. A compromise was then worked out whereby Henry was to remain king for life and York was to succeed him. But Margaret, who would never agree to the disinheritance of her son, raised a rebellion in northern England. York’s attempt to deal with her resulted in his death when he was attacked by the Lancastrians outside his castle near Wakefield. His son Edward seized power the following year as Edward IV.