Robert Blake

Robert Blake (born August 1599, Bridgwater, Somerset, Eng.—died Aug. 7, 1657, at sea off Plymouth, Devon) was an admiral who, as commander of the navy of Oliver Cromwell’s Commonwealth, became one of the most renowned seamen in English history.

The son of a well-to-do merchant, Blake graduated from Oxford University in 1625 and in 1640 was elected to the Short Parliament. His staunch Puritanism led him to join the Parliamentary cause against King Charles I at the outbreak of the Civil War in 1642. Soon he won fame as a general by brilliantly defending Lyme Regis, Dorset, in 1644 and by holding Taunton, Somerset, from its besiegers for more than a year (1644–45).

In February 1649 Blake was appointed one of three “generals at sea” to command the navy. Two months later he set out to annihilate the small royalist fleet of Prince Rupert. When Rupert took refuge with the Portuguese at Lisbon, Blake retaliated by seizing several Portuguese ships. He then pursued Rupert into the Mediterranean Sea and destroyed the royalist squadron at Cartagena, Spain, in November 1650. The following May, Blake captured the Scilly Isles, off southwestern England, from the royalists. Shortly thereafter he began to serve on the Council of State. On the outbreak of war between England and the Netherlands in 1652, Blake took command of the fleet in the English Channel, losing only one of the four major engagements he fought with the Dutch admiral Maarten Tromp between May 1652 and June 1653. After peace was concluded with the Dutch in 1654, Cromwell instructed Blake to make English naval power felt in the Mediterranean. Accordingly, the admiral destroyed a fleet of the Barbary pirates at Porto Farina, on the Gulf of Tunis, in April 1655. War broke out between England and Spain a year later, and in April 1657 Blake attacked a Spanish treasure fleet in the bay of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, in the Canary Islands. He totally destroyed the Spanish vessels and the coastal defenses while losing not a single ship. Ill health compelled him to leave for home before the end of the summer. He died one hour before his victorious fleet entered Plymouth Sound. After Charles II’s restoration in 1660, his corpse was exhumed, along with those of other republican leaders, and cast into a lime pit.

Blake’s “Fighting Instructions” for the improvement of naval operations described in detail the type of battle tactics—above all, the attack in line ahead—that were used throughout the next century; he also was responsible for introducing the Articles of War, which became the basis of naval discipline.