Sheikh Hamad ibn ʿIsa Al Khalifah
- Born:
- Jan. 28, 1950, Rifāʿ, Bahrain
- Title / Office:
- emir (1999-2002), Bahrain
Sheikh Hamad ibn ʿIsa Al Khalifah (born Jan. 28, 1950, Rifāʿ, Bahrain) is the king of Bahrain from 2002, previously emir of Bahrain (1999–2002). Hamad became head of state as the emir of Bahrain after the death of his father, Sheikh ʿIsa ibn Salman Al Khalifah, and then proclaimed himself king in 2002.
Education and career
Hamad’s childhood was spent in Bahrain, then a British protectorate. Following his designation as crown prince in 1964, he completed his education in the United Kingdom, attending The Leys School, Cambridge, and then Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot. In 1968 Hamad returned to Bahrain, where he participated in the founding of the Bahrain Defense Force and served as its head. He became minister of defense when Bahrain declared its independence in 1971. Hamad received further military training in the United States in the early 1970s. As minister of defense, he oversaw the expansion of Bahrain’s armed forces and was especially involved in the formation of Bahrain’s air force.
Early rule
As emir, Hamad made efforts to improve Bahrain’s relations with Qatar, strained by a long-running territorial dispute over the Ḥawār Islands. The initiation of high-level official contacts between the two countries in 1999 led to the resolution of the dispute in 2001.
Hamad also implemented some domestic reforms, releasing many political prisoners and repealing the State Security Law, which had given the government wide powers of arrest and detention. In late 2000 he directed the drafting of the National Action Charter, which articulated the goals of establishing an elected parliament and a constitutional monarchy in Bahrain. It was overwhelmingly approved by a national referendum in 2001. In 2002 Hamad promulgated a new constitution that declared Bahrain a constitutional monarchy and gave Hamad the title of king. Although the 2002 constitution contained provisions guaranteeing Bahrainis’ civil rights without discrimination based on religion or sex, it did little to advance political reform, creating a weak parliament and leaving governing authority in the hands of the king and the royal family. Sectarian and political tension remained high in Bahrain in spite of Hamad’s reforms, and demonstrations by human rights activists and members of Bahrain’s marginalized Shiʿi majority occurred frequently from 2004 to 2010.
Reign after the Arab Spring
Hamad’s rule was challenged in February 2011 when demonstrators inspired by pro-democracy uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt began staging large rallies in Bahrain to call for political and economic reform and protest discrimination against the Shiʿi community. Bahraini security forces violently suppressed demonstrations, and in March the government invited a force of 1,000 soldiers from Saudi Arabia and about 500 police officers from the United Arab Emirates to help quell unrest. After the protests had subsided, Hamad called for an investigation into the government’s handling of the protests. He accepted the report’s conclusions, which had found that protesters were met with excessive force and that detainees had been tortured, and he promised to carry out the commission’s recommended actions.
Subsequent reform policies were mixed, however. The government reinstated many employees fired during the unrest, and new measures increased oversight of security forces. But top officials responsible for the government’s violent response remained in their posts, and many of the abuses detailed in the report continued. Hamad introduced amendments to the constitution that gave parliament more recourse to challenge the policies of the cabinet and to air grievances but gave it little power to effect change or remove the prime minister. Opposition groups were snuffed, moreover, including the dissolution of the Shiʿi Islamist party al-Wefaq (the premier voice of the opposition) in 2016 and of the secular left-wing party Waʿad in 2017.
In September 2020 Hamad agreed to normalize Bahrain’s ties with Israel. It became the second Arab country to do so in more than two decades, just weeks after the United Arab Emirates became the first. Meanwhile, Hamad reaffirmed his commitment to a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
