Tadeusz Mazowiecki

Tadeusz Mazowiecki (born April 18, 1927, Płock, Poland—died October 28, 2013, Warsaw) was a Polish journalist and Solidarity official who in 1989 became the first noncommunist premier of an eastern European country since the late 1940s.

After studying law at the University of Warsaw, Mazowiecki entered journalism and became prominent among Poland’s liberal young Roman Catholic intellectuals in the mid-1950s. In 1958 Mazowiecki cofounded the independent Catholic monthly journal Więź (“Link”), which he edited until 1981. From 1961 to 1971 he was a member of the Sejm, Poland’s legislative assembly. In the 1970s he forged links with the Workers’ Defense Committee, which protected anticommunist labour activists in Poland from government persecution.

When strikes in the Lenin shipyard in Gdańsk sparked the birth of the Solidarity labour movement there in August 1980, Mazowiecki became one of the principal advisers to the strikers and helped mobilize Polish intellectuals in support of them. In 1981 Solidarity’s leader, Lech Wałęsa, appointed Mazowiecki the first editor of Tygodnik Solidarność (“Solidarity Weekly”), the new Solidarity newspaper. His ties to Wałęsa only deepened during the government’s suppression of the Solidarity movement from 1981 to 1988.

In early 1989 Mazowiecki served as a negotiator in talks between the government and Solidarity that resulted in Solidarity’s legalization and the holding later that year of the freest national elections in Poland since 1947. Solidarity’s stunning victory in those elections in June prompted Poland’s communist president, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, to appoint Mazowiecki as prime minister on the advice of Wałęsa. On August 24 Mazowiecki became prime minister of a coalition government of Solidarity and communist members, as well as those of minor parties.

As prime minister, Mazowiecki undertook radical reforms aimed at moving Poland in the direction of a free-market economy. His government greatly reduced price controls, subsidies, and centralized planning while simultaneously privatizing businesses, creating a stable convertible currency, and restraining wage increases in an effort to reduce inflation. Through these means Mazowiecki was successful at stabilizing Poland’s consumer-goods market, increasing exports, and restoring the government’s finances, but only at the cost of sharply rising unemployment and a fall in real wages. Popular discontent with these negative effects became apparent in the presidential elections held in December 1990 to choose a successor to Jaruzelski: Mazowiecki finished third in a race won by Wałęsa. Just prior to the 1990 elections, he served as founder and first chairman of the Democratic Union (now Freedom Union); he left the party in 2002. In 2005 he helped found the Democratic Party (Partia Demokratyczna [PD]; not to be confused with Poland’s other Democratic Party, Stronnictwo Demokratyczne [SD], founded in 1939). From 1992 to 1995 Mazowiecki represented the former Yugoslavia as a special reporter to the United Nations Human Rights Commission.