Thomas Cochrane, 10th earl of Dundonald
- Born:
- December 14, 1775, Annesfield, Lanarkshire, Scotland
Thomas Cochrane, 10th earl of Dundonald (born December 14, 1775, Annesfield, Lanarkshire, Scotland—died October 31, 1860, London, England) was an iconoclastic British politician and admiral, who ranks among the greatest of British seamen.
He was the eldest son of the 9th earl, whose scientific experiments on his Scottish estates impoverished his family. In 1793 Thomas joined the ship commanded by his uncle, Alexander Cochrane, and thereafter served on other ships during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1806 and again in 1807 he was elected a member of Parliament.
In April 1809 Cochrane led a hazardous fireship attack on the French fleet in the Aix Roads in the Bay of Biscay, but the fruits of his courage were squandered when the commander in chief of the Channel Fleet, Adm. James Gambier, chose not to act upon the advantage that Cochrane had gained. Cochrane’s determined opposition to a proposed Parliamentary vote of thanks for Gambier for his actions at Aix Roads prompted Gambier to apply for a court-martial. In the event, Gambier was acquitted by a friendly court, largely as a result of Cochrane’s decision to allow the record—log books and fleet signal logs—to speak for itself rather than present charges against Gambier. The acquittal, in effect, left Cochrane culpable of having libeled Gambier. That situation, together with Cochrane’s unpopularity in government circles because of his demands for parliamentary and naval reform, resulted in his not being employed again at sea.
In February 1814 Cochrane was implicated in a plot involving one of his uncles to make money on the stock exchange by spreading false rumours about the death of Napoleon I. In the trial that followed, he was sentenced to a period of imprisonment, expelled from Parliament, and deprived of the Order of the Bath, which he had been awarded for his exploit in 1809. Within days of Cochrane’s expulsion from Parliament in July, however, his Westminster constituency, convinced of his innocence in the affair, returned him to the seat in the House of Commons that he would hold until 1818.
At that lowest point of his fortunes, Cochrane accepted (May 1817) the invitation of Chile to command its fleet in the war of independence against Spain. His capture of the Spanish flagship Esmeralda in Callao harbour in November 1820 and subsequent actions by him contributed largely to the independence of not only Chile but also Peru. From 1823 to 1825 he transferred his services to Brazil in its war against Portugal. Soon after his return to Europe he was employed by the Greeks in their war of independence, but he resigned in 1828 at least partly because of factional disputes and delays in the delivery of steamships, which he proposed to use in warfare for the first time.
Having returned to Britain, Cochrane continued to vigorously proclaim his innocence in the 1814 stock market matter, and in 1832, though he did not receive the annulment of his conviction that he pursued, he was granted a free pardon. Moreover, he was reinstated in the navy with the rank of rear admiral. A year earlier, 1831, he had succeeded his father as earl of Dundonald. In 1847 his Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) was also restored to him, From 1848 to 1851 he commanded the West Indies station. He died in 1860 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Cochrane was the author of Autobiography of a Seaman, 2 vol. (1860–61) and Narrative of Services in the Liberation of Chili, Peru and Brazil, 2 vol. (1959).
