Martyrdom of Thomas Cranmer

But Mary’s government was not done with him yet. The burning of the archheretic would be an even more useful deed if he could be made to renounce his errors in public, and so a number of ways were tried to break him down. The previous October he had been forced to witness the martyrdom of Ridley and Latimer; now he was temporarily removed from prison into more pleasant surroundings while government agents tried to stir up his doubts. In fact, Cranmer signed five so-called recantations, of which the first four did no more than record his consistent belief that what monarch and Parliament had decreed must be obeyed by all Englishmen. His convictions on this point logically forced him to accept the Marian Counter-Reformation as valid, and this acceptance, in turn, in his weak and uncertain state, not unaffected by the delay of death and the faint hope of mercy, finally induced him to make an abject recantation (the sixth) of his whole religious development.

The government had every reason to hope that the publication of Cranmer’s defection would wreck Protestantism in England. Although the vengeful Gardiner had died, Queen Mary and Cardinal Pole were quite determined that the sentence must be carried out. Thus, on March 21, 1556, Cranmer was taken out to be burned, being first required to make his recantation public. The proximity of death, however, restored both his faith and his dignity. With nothing to lose and only peace of soul to gain, he shocked his enemies by disavowing his recantation and emphatically reasserting that the pope’s power was usurped and transubstantiation untrue. At one blow Cranmer undid all that government propaganda had achieved and restored heart to the surviving Reformers. Then he went to his death. As he had promised, he steadfastly held his right hand—which “had offended” by signing the false recantations—into the flame until it was consumed. His brave and dignified end made an enormous impression.

Legacy

Cranmer was a very human man who in consequence has attracted a good deal of obloquy from those who have not had to share his tribulations and temptations. Essentially a scholar, he lacked the strength that single-mindedness and fanaticism instill into the less reflective. He has sometimes been thought of as infirm in moral purpose, but this is to misjudge him. His doubts at the last were cleverly induced by mental torture, and his gradual development away from traditional orthodoxy into more and more definitely Protestant views during the Reformation represents fairly the spiritual career of a man who obeyed reason rather than instinct.

Cranmer was always learning and was never ashamed to admit it; his was essentially a humble temper. He had not sought high office and did not particularly enjoy it, though he valued his place for the chance it gave him to promote the changes that he came to regard as essential to the establishment of God’s truth. He refused to bear malice or to punish those who traduced him. When Cromwell once told him, in some exasperation, that the “popish knaves” would have his eyes and cut his throat before he would do something about it, Cranmer turned the prophecy with a shrug. In a persecuting age he stood out for his clemency, though in 1550 he did take part in the trial and burning of Joan Bocher. It should be remembered, however, that she was condemned for open blasphemy in denying the Trinity, the one offense that all the church had regarded as unforgivable ever since the struggle with Arianism. For the authority of the church, Cranmer had a high respect, which, for instance, appears in his revision of the canon law.

It was part of his religious beliefs that he owed obedience to the king; though he did not worship the state, he served it as a matter of principle. This position did not, as is sometimes alleged, make him servile; alone of Henry VIII’s councillors, Cranmer time and again spoke up for the unpopular victim of the moment, and his tart criticism of the king’s theology and grammar in the debates over the King’s Book of 1543 speaks well for his courage. Cranmer alone stood up to the duke of Northumberland when everyone else quailed before him.

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These occasional disputes only underline the fact that with him submission to royal authority was a fundamental, indeed a doctrinal, tenet. Though perhaps more consistent in this than most, he only stressed more heavily what nearly everybody held at the time. His other guiding star was his study of theology, in which he discarded the arid aftermath of late medieval Scholasticism and turned instead to Scripture and the early Church Fathers. His belief in the divine right of kings to rule the church as well as the state and his biblical theology made him the characteristic Anglican of his day: the intellectual and in part the spiritual founder-father of the Reformed church in England.