Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera

Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (born Sept. 20, 1798, Popayán, New Granada [Colombia]—died Oct. 7, 1878, Coconuco) was the president of New Granada from 1845 to 1849 and of Colombia from 1864 to 1867 who, as a Conservative during his first term and a Liberal during his second, embodied the leftward shift in Colombian politics in his time.

Scion of a powerful family long influential in New Granada, Mosquera began his career in the army, serving under Simón Bolívar at 15 and becoming a brigadier general at 30. He entered politics in 1834 and was elected a deputy to Congress. He was the presidential choice of the ruling Conservative Party in 1845, and during his tenure he instituted many economic reforms. He left office in 1849.

By the end of the 1850s, Colombia was torn by civil war as the Liberals and Conservatives fought for control. Mosquera took the side of the Liberals. With the army under his command, he took Bogotá (July 1861) and declared himself president. He ruled as a dictator until a new Liberal constitution was adopted (1863), which provided for a two-year presidential term and changed the name of the country to the United States of Colombia. Not fully trusting Mosquera, the Liberals limited his first term to one year (1864–65). He was reelected in 1865, however, and soon imposed a dictatorship. His rule was overthrown in 1867, and he was exiled for two years. He returned to Colombia to serve as president of the state of Cauca and as senator, retiring from public life in 1876.