Walter Devereux, 1st earl of Essex

Walter Devereux, 1st earl of Essex (born Sept. 16, 1541, Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire, Wales—died Sept. 22, 1576, Dublin) was an English soldier who led an unsuccessful colonizing expedition to the Irish province of Ulster from 1573 to 1575. The atrocities he committed there contributed to the bitterness the Irish felt toward the English.

He was the eldest son of Sir Richard Devereux and the grandson of Walter Devereux, Viscount Hereford, to whose title he succeeded in 1558. Sometime between 1560 and 1565 he married Lettice, daughter of Sir Francis Knollys. He served as “high marshal in the field” in the suppression of an insurrection in northern England in 1569, and in 1572 he was made earl of Essex. In the spring of 1573 he offered to subdue and colonize, at his own expense, a portion of Ulster that had not accepted English overlordship. The region was dominated by the rebellious O’Neills, led by Sir Brian MacPhelim and Turlough Luineach O’Neill, and they were supported by the Scots-Irish under Sorley Boy MacDonnell.

Essex arrived in Ireland by autumn 1573. He was soon engaged in intrigues to divide his enemies, and he had difficulty obtaining the continued cooperation of Queen Elizabeth I and her lord deputy of Ireland, Sir William Fitzwilliam. His military operations took the form of raids characterized by brutal massacres of the populace. He treacherously captured Brian MacPhelim at a conference in Belfast in October 1574 and had MacPhelim and his wife and half brother, all of whom were his guests, executed at Dublin.

On advice from Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, Elizabeth commanded Essex to “break off his enterprise” in 1575; before leaving Ireland, however, he defeated Turlough Luineach O’Neill, and he massacred several hundred of Sorley Boy’s following, chiefly women and children, discovered hiding in the caves at Rathlin.

To compensate Essex for his losses in Ireland, Elizabeth bestowed on him a barony in Monaghan and the office of earl marshal of Ireland. He died of dysentery shortly after returning to Ireland from England in September 1576. There were suspicions that he had been poisoned by Leicester, who later married his widow, but these suspicions were not confirmed by the postmortem examination.