William Hazlitt
William Hazlitt (born April 10, 1778, Maidstone, Kent, England—died September 18, 1830, Soho, London) was an English writer best known for his humanistic essays. He was a major figure of the Romanticism movement, a religious skeptic, and a political radical. Introspective and unconventional, Hazlitt upheld a lifelong passion for freedom and drew inspiration from his zest for life.
Hazlitt spent his childhood in Ireland and North America, where his father, a Unitarian preacher, had supported the American rebels during the revolution. The family returned to England when William was nine, settling in Shropshire. Growing up, Hazlitt often came across as sullen and unapproachable. He read intensively, however, laying the foundation of his learning.
Having some difficulty in expressing himself either in conversation or in writing, he turned to painting and in 1802 traveled to Paris to work in the Louvre, though war between England and France compelled his return the following year. His friends, who already included fellow Romantic writers Charles Lamb, William Wordsworth, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, encouraged his ambitions as a painter; yet in 1805 he turned to metaphysics and the study of philosophy, publishing his first book, On the Principles of Human Action. Hazlitt’s philosophical work generally argued against the popular theory that humans are inherently selfish and instead advocated that, broadly speaking, people are motivated by concerns for others. In 1808 he married writer and traveler Sarah Stoddart, and the couple went to live at Winterslow on Salisbury Plain, which became Hazlitt’s favorite retreat for thinking and writing. During this period, they had three children together, however only one, William, survived infancy.
Although he successfully completed several literary projects, none of them proved particularly lucrative, and by the end of 1811, Hazlitt and his wife faced dire financial straits. He then gave a course of lectures in philosophy in London and began reporting for the Morning Chronicle, quickly establishing himself as critic, journalist, and essayist. In 1817, Hazlitt published his Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays, which was met with immediate approval in most quarters. His collected dramatic criticism appeared as A View of the English Stage in 1818. He also contributed to a number of journals, among them Leigh Hunt’s Examiner. This association led to the publication in 1817 of The Round Table, which consisted of 52 essays published across two volumes; 40 of the essays were by Hazlitt.
He became involved in a number of quarrels, often with his friends, notably Wordsworth, resulting from his antiestablishment arguments and sharp criticism of his contemporaries in the journals. At the same time, he made new friends and admirers (among them Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats) and consolidated his reputation as a lecturer, delivering courses later published as On the English Poets (1818) and On the English Comic Writers (1819) as well as publishing a collection of political essays. He prepared his volume entitled Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth in 1819, but thereafter he devoted himself to essays for various journals, notably John Scott’s London Magazine. Hazlitt wrote and lectured about a wide variety of topics across several academic fields. He often commented on the joys of ordinary life, spoke out against conservatism, and advocated for “the common man.” Over the years Hazlitt’s bitterness grew, along with his list of enemies.
William and Sarah Stoddart Hazlitt had an “open” marriage, and they lived apart after the end of 1819. In his early forties, Hazlitt fell in love with 19-year-old Sarah Walker, the daughter of his London landlord. In 1822 Hazlitt and his wife, who had had enough of her husband’s affection for the other Sarah, journeyed to Scotland, which offered legal divorce on easier terms. Despite the reason for their trip, the two decided to explore Scotland’s beauty and wrote individual accounts of their sightseeing. Hazlitt’s took the form of emotional, often miserable letters, while his wife’s took the form of journal entries detailing the country’s features and grandeur. Following official divorce proceedings, Hazlitt, then 44 years old, continued his passionate yet unhappy relationship with Sarah Walker, during which he took to drinking. The affair ended disastrously when Hazlitt learned that Walker had another lover, and he documents the agonizing love affair in Liber Amoris; or, The New Pygmalion (1823), a melancholy obsessive work chronicling what Hazlitt refers to as a “self-tormenting folly.” Hazlitt wrote many of his best essays during this difficult period and collected them in his two most famous books: Table Talk (1821) and The Plain Speaker (1826).
Hazlitt’s other works during this period of prolific output include Sketches of the Principal Picture Galleries in England (1824), with its celebrated essay on the Dulwich gallery. More of Hazlitt’s essays were later edited by his and Sarah Stoddart Hazlitt’s son, William, and published as Sketches and Essays (1829), Literary Remains (1836), and Winterslow (1850). P.P. Howe, Hazlitt’s biographer, also published previously overlooked essays as New Writings (1925–27).
In April 1824 Hazlitt married a widow named Isabella Bridgwater. But his son, whom Hazlitt adored, resented his new wife, and the couple separated after three years. He spent part of this second marriage abroad and recorded the experience in Notes of a Journey in France and Italy (1826). In France he began an ambitious but commercially unsuccessful four-volume biography of Napoleon Bonaparte, a figure whom he idolized, entitled Life of Napoleon (1828–30), and in 1825, while battling sickness, he published some of his most effective writing in The Spirit of the Age. His last book, Conversations of James Northcote (1830), recorded his long friendship with the painter. Hazlitt’s Complete Works first appeared in 13 volumes published in 1902–06 and was reissued, edited by P.P. Howe, in 21 volumes in 1930–34.
In his final years Hazlitt grew increasingly anxious and became confined to his bed, from which he continued writing. In 1830, with his son, William, and a few old friends at his bedside, he passed away, likely of stomach cancer. In a dying breath he whispered, “Well, I’ve had a happy life.” While few came to his funeral, many came to appreciate and study his work throughout the centuries following his passing. William Hazlitt is now considered one of the greatest essayists and critics of the Romantic period. He lived as he wrote: brazenly, vulnerably, and controversially.