Witold Gombrowicz

Witold Gombrowicz (born August 4, 1904, Małoszyce, Russian Empire [now in Poland]—died July 25, 1969, Vence, France) was a Polish novelist and playwright whose works were forerunners of the Theatre of the Absurd.

Gombrowicz’s family were prosperous members of the gentry. He studied law at the University of Warsaw but abandoned his career to pursue his literary interests. After the initial huge success of his first novel, Ferdydurke (1937; Eng. trans. Ferdydurke)—a grotesque image of contemporary society that shocked the reading public—Gombrowicz visited Argentina, where he became stranded during and after World War II. Because he was considered an émigré writer, the publication of his works was banned in Poland; Institut Littéraire, a Polish publisher in Paris, introduced his postwar novels: Trans-Atlantyk (1953; Eng. trans. Trans-Atlantyk), Pornografia (1960; Eng. trans. Pornografia), and Kosmos (1965; Cosmos). He returned to western Europe in 1963 and settled in France, where he died.

Gombrowicz described Ferdydurke as the “grotesque story of a gentleman who becomes a child because other people treat him like one.” The dominant theme of his writings is the innate immaturity of human beings. He portrays humanity as incapable of understanding the world without depending on the spurious knowledge and shallow opinions of others. The resulting sadomasochistic relationships, in which individuals hide their own ignorance and uncertainty while constantly trying to expose it in others, provide the substance of Gombrowicz’s rather eccentric plots. The style and language of his plays are unique and highly idiosyncratic, as can be seen in Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda (1938; Ivona, Princess of Burgundia) and Ślub (1953; The Marriage), and his diaries, Dziennik, 3 vol. (1953–66; Diaries), reflect similar peculiarities.

A revival of interest in Gombrowicz’s writings, his plays in particular, began in the 1960s, first in Poland and then, eventually, in other countries. He was one of the most original Polish writers in the latter half of the 20th century. His dramatic plays anticipated the Theatre of the Absurd, which grew in popularity in postwar Europe, while his novels and the diaries commented critically on the modern human condition. An independent thinker, he challenged established opinions in virtually every field of human endeavour, often aiming his criticism at Poland and its intellectual elite.