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The curvature at each point of a line is defined to be 1/r, where r is the radius of the osculating, or “kissing,” circle that best approximates the line at the given point. The normal, or perpendicular, at each point of a surface defines the corresponding tangent plane, and vice versa. curved space-time intrinsic curvature of a surface
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"Landing of Columbus" by John Vanderlyn, oil on canvas; commissioned 1836/1837, placed 1847. In the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol, Washington, D.C. 12' x 18' ft. (3.66 m. x 5.49 m.) Christopher Columbus and members of his crew are shown on a beach
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New Zealand. Political/Physical map. Includes locator.
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Figure 13: A Maxim machine gun, belt-fed and water-cooled, operated by German infantrymen, World War I.
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Nelson Mandela, undated photo.
15 Nelson Mandela Quotes
Statue of Nostradamus
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Photos

The curvature at each point of a line is defined to be 1/r, where r is the radius of the osculating, or “kissing,” circle that best approximates the line at the given point.
The normal, or perpendicular, at each point of a surface defines the corresponding tangent plane, and vice versa.
curved space-time
intrinsic curvature of a surface
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Key People

Gaspard Monge, detail of an oil painting by Jean Naigeon, 1811; in the Museum of Fine Arts, Beaune, France.
Gaspard Monge, count de Péluse
French mathematician and public official