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metaphysics
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Aristotle René Descartes George Berkeley G.E. Moore Martin Heidegger Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz David Hume Immanuel Kant Benedict de Spinoza David Kellogg Lewis
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Rembrandt: Aristotle with a Bust of Homer
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Aristotle (384-322 BC), Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist. One of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western thought, Aristotle established the foundations for the modern scientific method of enquiry. Statue
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Plato (left) and Aristotle, detail from School of Athens, fresco by Raphael, 1508-11; in the Stanza della Segnatura, the Vatican. Plato points to the heavens and the realm of Forms, Aristotle to the earth and the realm of things.
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Aristotle
René Descartes
George Berkeley
G.E. Moore
Martin Heidegger
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
David Hume
Immanuel Kant
Benedict de Spinoza
David Kellogg Lewis
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Key People

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
German philosopher
Aristotle
Aristotle
Greek philosopher
Plato
Plato
Greek philosopher
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant
German philosopher
René Descartes
René Descartes
French mathematician and philosopher
Benedict de Spinoza
Benedict de Spinoza
Dutch-Jewish philosopher
Hilary Putnam
Hilary Putnam
American philosopher
Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger
German philosopher
Alfred North Whitehead
Alfred North Whitehead
British mathematician and philosopher
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
German philosopher and mathematician
George Berkeley
George Berkeley
Irish philosopher
Johann Gottfried von Herder
Johann Gottfried von Herder
German philosopher
Henri Bergson
Henri Bergson
French philosopher
Arthur Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer
German philosopher
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
German philosopher
Malebranche
Nicolas Malebranche
French priest
Tommaso Campanella
Italian philosopher and poet
Suárez, Francisco
Francisco Suárez
Spanish theologian and philosopher
Vincenzo Gioberti
Italian philosopher and statesman
T.H. Green
British educator and philosopher

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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), German philosopher. Print published in London, 1812. Profile portrait surrounded by Ouroboros ancient Egyptian-Greek symbolic serpent with tail in mouth devouring itself representing unity of material and spiritual in eternal...
Philosophers to Know, Part II
Aristotle (384-322 BC), Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist. One of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western thought, Aristotle established the foundations for the modern scientific method of enquiry. Statue
Philosophers to Know, Part I