From 1969 Botswana began to play a more significant role in international politics, putting itself forward as a nonracial, liberal democratic alternative to South African apartheid. In 1974 Botswana was—together with Zambia and Tanzania and later Mozambique and Angola—one of the “Frontline States” seeking to bring majority rule to Zimbabwe, Namibia, and South Africa. The organization of the Frontline States led in 1980 to the formation of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC; since 1992 known as the Southern African Development Community [SADC]). The idea behind the SADCC, largely structured by Khama, was to build a better future for the region by coordinating disparate economies and promoting development in each of the member countries.

Benefiting from a rapidly expanding economy in the 1970s and ’80s, Botswana was able to extend basic infrastructure for mining development and basic social services for its population. More diamond mines were opened, on relatively favorable terms of income to the state. The BDP was consistently reelected with a large majority, though the Botswana National Front (BNF; founded 1965) became a significant threat after 1969, when “tribal” conservatives joined the socialists in BNF ranks attacking the “bourgeois” policies of government.

Khama died in 1980 and was succeeded by Quett Masire of the BDP, who had been his deputy since 1965. Masire was faced with such internal issues as a high rate of unemployment and the increasing gap between urban rich and rural poor, as well as with international concerns; between 1984 and 1990 Botswana suffered from upheavals in South Africa when South African troops raided the Frontline States. Two raids on Gaborone by the South African army in 1985 and 1986 killed 15 civilians. But a new era in Southern African relations dawned after Namibia gained independence in 1990, and the internal political changes in South Africa resulted in full diplomatic relations being established with Botswana in 1994.

The economic expansion of previous decades slowed and even reversed in the early 1990s but bounced back within a few years. However, there were still other issues facing the country. Looting and rioting, unusual behavior in Botswana, killed one person in 1995. Although the apparent cause of the violence was outrage over the release of three people charged in the murder of a young girl, critics of the BDP-led government asserted that frustration with social conditions and the high rate of unemployment were the underlying reasons that fueled the unrest. Of greater concern was the AIDS epidemic that had exploded in the country during the 1990s, leaving Botswana with one of the highest rates of infection in the world. The government responded aggressively by increasing HIV/AIDS awareness and by coordinating efforts to curtail the epidemic. In the early 21st century Botswana became the first African country to provide free HIV antiretroviral medication to all citizens.

Masire retired in 1998 and was succeeded by the BDP’s Festus Mogae, a former cabinet minister and vice president. Following BDP victories in the 1999 and 2004 elections, Mogae was elected by the National Assembly in 1999 to serve a full term as president and was reelected in 2004. Meanwhile, in 1998 more than 2,400 refugees from Namibia’s Caprivi Strip began fleeing into Botswana; some were Caprivian secession leaders that Namibia demanded be extradited. Botswana’s decision to instead grant them refugee status led to tension between the two countries. Mogae’s administration also had to address worldwide criticism over the relocation of the Basarwa (San), which had been an issue under Masire’s administration as well. The reasons for relocating the Basarwa to settlements outside the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (the Basarwa ancestral land) and the methods used to carry out the relocation continued to be a source of domestic and international consternation. Although the Basarwa were eventually awarded the right to return to their land in a December 2006 ruling from the Botswana High Court, disagreements remained between the Basarwa and the government about such issues as hunting and water rights.

Mogae retired in April 2008 and was succeeded by his vice president, Ian Khama, a member of the BDP and the son of Botswana’s first president, Seretse Khama. In elections held on October 16, 2009, the BDP won a decisive victory, extending its majority in the National Assembly and securing for Khama a full term as president; he was inaugurated on October 20. Also in October, Mogae’s governance skills were honored when he was awarded the Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership.

Discontent within the BDP led to several members leaving the party to form their own, the Botswana Movement for Democracy (BMD), in 2010. Various opposition parties, including the BMD, rallied together in the run-up to the 2014 elections to form the Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC), led by Duma Boko. That organization of the opposition presented an unprecedented challenge to the long-ruling BDP, but the BDP was victorious in elections held on October 24, 2014. The BDP, which garnered 37 seats, maintained a majority in the National Assembly, although it won fewer seats than it had in previous elections. The UDC won 17 seats, and the Botswana Congress Party (BCP) won 3 seats. Khama was easily reelected by the legislative body to another term as president.

In the manner of his predecessor, Khama retired after serving as president for 10 years. He stepped down on March 31, 2018, and was succeeded by vice president and fellow BDP member Mokgweetsi Masisi, who was inaugurated on April 1. Relations soon soured between Khama and Masisi, however. A month after he was inaugurated, Masisi dismissed Isaac Kgosi, the intelligence chief and Khama’s ally, which angered the former president. This would be the first of several of Masisi’s divergences from Khama and his allies and policies, leading Khama to formally leave the BDP in May 2019 and throw his support behind a new party, the Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF), and Boko’s UDC coalition.

Given the political shake-up, the outcome of the October 23, 2019, elections was keenly anticipated. Public sentiment appeared to favor Masisi and the BDP, as the party maintained its majority in the National Assembly by winning 38 of the 57 directly elected seats and thus securing a full term as president for Masisi. The UDC won 15 seats, with the remaining seats going to the BPF (3) and the Alliance for Progressives (1).

The animosity between Khama and Masisi continued after the election. In the following years, Khama complained that the security detail provided for him by the government had been downgraded, and in 2021 he claimed that there had been government-sponsored threats to his life, including plots to poison him; Masisi and the government denied the allegations. Khama chose to leave the country later that year. In 2022 he was charged in a Botswana court with more than a dozen crimes, including illegal possession of a gun and having received stolen property. Khama denied the charges and alleged that they were politically motivated.

During Masisi’s first full term, he and his administration faced discontent over the economy. Multiple factors were involved, including the COVID-19 pandemic that, beginning in 2020, affected most countries and the impact of drought on the country’s agricultural sector. The most important factor, however, was a decrease in the global demand for diamonds. The gemstone had long been a pillar of Botswana’s economic stability, and the commodity’s decline in recent years adversely affected the country’s economy. Although Masisi won credit in 2023 for reworking a contract with the De Beers diamond company to Botswana’s advantage, he was criticized for failing to diversify the economy. Unemployment levels rose in 2024, further contributing to discontent with BDP government.

As the October 2024 election drew near, Masisi remained the presidential candidate for the BDP, while Boko once again was the UDC’s candidate; the BCP and BPF chose as their candidates Dumelang Saleshando and Mephato Reatile, respectively. As the latter three parties campaigned, they outlined their visions for Botswana and highlighted changes they would make in the economic sector and other areas. Masisi and the BDP also ran on a message of change, which was somewhat ironic, given that he was the incumbent president and the BDP had ruled since independence in 1966. While it was clear that change was desired by the electorate, analysts pointed out that the country’s opposition was divided, which could benefit the BDP at the polls. Khama, who had returned to the country in September after a three-year self-exile and who still commanded political influence, continued to support the BPF. Nonetheless, the BDP was confident going into the election.

Voters went to the polls on October 30 to directly elect 61 members in the National Assembly (an increase of 4 from the previous election, as additional constituencies were added following the 2022 census). In an electoral shock, early partial results showed the BDP trailing behind the UDC, BCP, and BPF. On November 1, before the vote count was complete, Masisi conceded and pledged to assist with a smooth transition to the new president and ruling party. Later that day, after it was clear that the UDC had won at least 31 seats (the majority threshold), Boko was sworn in as the country’s sixth president. The final results saw the UDC winning 36 seats, while the BDP came in fourth place with 4 seats. The rest went to the BCP (15), the BPF (5), and an independent candidate. Masisi officially handed over administrative powers to Boko on November 4, and a formal inauguration for Boko was held on November 8.

The 2024 elections marked the first time since independence that the BDP lost its majority and had to hand power to another party. The orderly manner in which the transition was conducted was widely praised and was lauded as a testament to Botswana’s democratic tradition.