Cultural life

Architecture

A varied history has left behind a rich architectural heritage in Delhi. The oldest buildings in the city belong to the early Muslim period; they are not homogenous in construction or in ornamentation, however. The influence of Hindu Rajput craftsmen is visible in the naturalistic motifs, the serpentine tendrils, and even the curves of the alphabets of Qurʾānic inscriptions. Some artists, poets, and architects from Central Asia brought with them the Seljuq (Turkish) tradition of architecture, characterized by a lotus-bud fringe on the underside of arches, ornamental reliefs, and bricks laid endwise and lengthwise in alternating courses in the masonry face.

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By the time of the Khaljīs (1290–1320), a specific method and idiom, called the Pashtun style, had been established in Islamic architecture. Among the typical features of this style are red sandstone surfaces with white marble inlays, arches in the shape of a pointed horseshoe, windows fitted with perforated screens, and intricate and abundant decoration with arabesques and inspirational texts. Examples of early Pashtun architecture in Delhi include the Quwat-ul-Islam mosque; the Quṭb Mīnār, which, with its surrounding monuments, has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage site; the tomb of Iltutmish; and the Alaʾi Gate. Later Pashtun styles are represented by the tombs of the Sayyid (1414–51) and Lodī kings (1451–1526); these tombs exhibit either a low octagonal shape or a higher square edifice, the facade of which is broken by a horizontal decorative band and a series of panels that suggest a much larger structure.

The first important piece of Mughal architecture in Delhi was Humāyūn’s tomb, which was the precursor of the Taj Mahal (in Agra). It introduced high arches and double domes to Indian architecture. Some of the finest representatives of later Mughal architecture are found within the Red Fort (Lal Qila). The fort’s massive red sandstone walls, which stand 75 feet (23 meters) high, enclose a complex of palaces and entertainment halls, projecting balconies, baths and indoor canals, and geometrical gardens, as well as an ornate mosque. Among the most famous structures of the complex are the Hall of Public Audience (Diwan-i-Am), which has 60 red sandstone pillars supporting a flat roof, and the smaller Hall of Private Audience (Diwan-i-Khas), with a pavilion of white marble. The Jama Masjid is a fine example of a true Mughal mosque, in part because it has minarets, where its precursors did not. Both Humāyūn’s tomb and the Red Fort complex are UNESCO World Heritage sites.

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Stepwells (vans, or baolis) also showcase Delhi’s rich architectural heritage. The subterranean edifices—common throughout India as water sources for drinking, washing, bathing, and irrigation and as cool sanctuaries for caravans, pilgrims and travelers—were commissioned by royal, wealthy, or powerful patrons. The structures were complex engineering feats and distinctive examples of both Hindu and Islamic architectural styles. They were excavated several stories underground in order to access fluctuating water tables. Although each stepwell varies stylistically, all of them incorporated flights of stairs leading from the surface to the water. Many also functioned as inverted temples, featuring column-supported shade pavilions and elaborate stone carvings. Two stepwell examples in Delhi are Agrasen ki Baoli and Gandhak ki Baoli.

The architectural styles of the British period combined British colonial and Mughal elements. Structures ranged from the grand—as represented by the Presidential House (Rashtrapati Bhavan) and the old Parliament and Secretariat buildings—to the utilitarian, as seen in the bungalows and institutional buildings. Since independence, India has aimed to develop its own architectural language in a synthesis between Western and local styles. In Delhi examples of such architecture can be seen in the Supreme Court building, the Vigyan Bhavan (a conference center), the Crafts Museum, offices of the various ministries, and the institutional buildings near Connaught Place. Since the late 20th century, a number of Indian and foreign architects have added buildings to the city’s landscape that may be considered postmodern (mixing many elements of diverse origin) in style. Notable among these are the National Institute of Immunology, the headquarters of the Life Insurance Corporation of India, the building of the Embassy of Belgium, and the Indian Bahāʾī Temple.

Cultural institutions

Delhi is home to a number of important museums and busy cultural centers. The National Museum of India, the National Gallery of Modern Arts, and the Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts are all dedicated to the preservation, documentation, and dissemination of the country’s artistic heritage. As of 2024 the National Museum had been dismantled under the Central Vista plan which provisions for the conversion of certain administrative buildings into museums. The Crafts Museum showcases Indian carving, metalwork, painting, and other crafts; the institution regularly hosts events at which local craftspeople demonstrate their art and sell their wares. The Siri Fort Auditorium is an important center for major cultural events. The Pragati Maidan, a world-class trade and cultural center, is another prominent landmark where events and exhibitions of international scale are held throughout the year. Dilli Haat is a popular bazaar that offers a diverse range of handicrafts and cuisines from the various states.

Aside from its museums, auditoriums, and other cultural centers, Delhi is a city of gardens and fountains, among the most notable of which are the Roshan Ara Gardens and the meticulously planned Mughal Gardens. Many park and garden areas have grown up around historical monuments, such as the Lodī Gardens (around the Lodī Tombs) and the Firoz Shah Kotla (around Ashoka’s Pillar; a second pillar exists near the Quṭb Mīnār). Along the Yamuna riverfront, memorials set in flowering gardens have been built for various 20th-century national leaders. Among these are Raj Ghat (honoring Mahatma Gandhi), Shanti Vana (honoring Jawaharlal Nehru), and Vijay Ghat (honoring Lal Bahadur Shastri).

Sports and recreation

The national capital territory has well-developed sporting facilities, including a number of stadiums that were built when Delhi hosted the Asian Games in 1982. Several sports complexes are located within the city, while world-class golf courses are situated on its periphery. Among the major outdoor natural recreation areas are the Delhi Ridge, the Yamuna riverfront, and heritage and biodiversity parks such as Sanjay Van and Sunder Nursery.

Media and publishing

Delhi is an important center for publishing, the press, and other mass communications. Doordarshan, the country’s national television network, and All India Radio are both headquartered there. Major daily newspapers issued from Delhi include The Times of India and the Hindustan Times.