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Egypt
Table of Contents
Introduction & Quick Facts
Land
Relief
The Nile valley and delta
The Eastern Desert
The Western Desert
Sinai Peninsula
Drainage
Soils
Climate
Plant and animal life
People
Ethnic groups
Languages
Religion
Settlement patterns
Rural settlement
Urban settlement
Demographic trends
Economy
Agriculture and fishing
Resources and power
Manufacturing
Finance
Trade
Services
Labour and taxation
Transportation and telecommunications
Government and society
Constitutional framework
Local government
Justice
Political process
Security
Health and welfare
Housing
Education
Cultural life
Cultural milieu
Daily life and social customs
The arts
Cultural institutions
Sports and recreation
Media and publishing
History
From the Islamic conquest to 1250
Period of Arab and Turkish governors (639–868)
The Arab conquest
Early Arab rule
Egypt under the caliphate
The Ṭūlūnid dynasty (868–905)
The Ikhshīdid dynasty (935–969)
The Fāṭimid dynasty (969–1171)
Islamization
Arabization
Growth of trade
The end of the Fāṭimid dynasty
The Ayyūbid dynasty (1171–1250)
Saladin’s policies
Power struggles
Growth of Mamluk armies
The Mamluk and Ottoman periods (1250–1800)
The Mamluk rulers (1250–1517)
Political life
Contributions to Arabic culture
Religious life
Economic life
The Ottomans (1517–1798)
The Ottoman conquest
Ottoman administration
Mamluk power under the Ottomans
Expansion
Culture
Religious affairs
From the French to the British occupation (1798–1882)
The French occupation and its consequences (1798–1805)
Muḥammad ʿAlī and his successors (1805–82)
Military expansion
Administrative changes
ʿAbbās I and Saʿīd, 1848-63
Ismāʿīl, 1863–79
Renewed European intervention, 1879–82
The period of British domination (1882–1952)
The British occupation and the Protectorate (1882–1922)
ʿAbbās Ḥilmī II, 1892–1914
World War I and independence
The Kingdom of Egypt (1922–52)
The interwar period
World War II and its aftermath
The revolution and the Republic
The Nasser regime
The Sadat regime
The Mubarak regime
Unrest in 2011: January 25 Revolution
Transition to an elected government
The June 30 Revolution
Return to authoritarianism
References & Edit History
Facts & Stats
Images, Videos & Interactives
For Students
Egypt summary
Quizzes
The Country Quiz
Which Country Is Larger By Area? Quiz
Which Country Is Larger By Population? Quiz
Which Country Is Larger? Quiz
Guess the Country by Its Neighbors Quiz
Contents
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Egypt: Media
Share
Videos
Nile River
An overview of the importance of the Nile River to the development of North Africa.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Explore mosques and Coptic, Catholic, Protestant, Maronite, and Eastern Orthodox churches in Egypt
Mosques and other religious architecture in Egypt.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Explore traditional Egyptian irrigation methods and tools including shaduf, water screw, and waterwheel
Traditional irrigation methods in rural Egypt.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Learn how Cleopatra used her influence over Julius Caesar to stay in power
Learn how Cleopatra used her influence over Julius Caesar to stay in power.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz
Journey of the Nile: The longest river in the world
Overview of the Nile River, 2009.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail © Dmitry Pichugin/Dreamstime.com
Images
Egypt
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Egypt
Political map of Egypt, showing the
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Giza, Egypt: pyramids
Pyramids dating from the 3rd millennium bce,...
© Digital Vision/Getty Images
Egypt
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Cairo
The city of Cairo, on the Nile River in Egypt.
© Mikael Damkier/Dreamstime.com
Physical features of Egypt
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Giza, Egypt: outfitted camel
Outfitted camel, Giza, Egypt.
Manrico Mirabelli/Index Open
Al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar governorate, Egypt: seminomadic camp
A seminomadic camp in Al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar governorate, eastern Egypt.
© Samir_Mustafa/Shutterstock.com
Cairo: Blue Mosque
Man praying in the Blue Mosque in Cairo.
Mathias Oppersdorff
Al-Qaṣr, Egypt
Al-Qaṣr, Egypt, in the oasis of Al-Dākhilah in the Western Desert.
Georg Gerster/Photo Researchers
Cairo: house
House in Cairo with moucharaby.
© Halit Sadik/Shutterstock.com
Population density of Egypt
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Cairo: farmland
Farmland near Cairo, Egypt.
©Robert Holmes
Dandarah, Egypt: sugarcane
A stand of sugarcane on the west bank of the Nile River, near Dandarah, Egypt.
Bob Burch/Bruce Coleman Inc.
Suez Canal
Cargo ship in the Suez Canal near Ismailia, Egypt.
Hubertus Kauns/SuperStock
Luxor, Egypt: feluccas on Nile River
Feluccas on the Nile River near Luxor in Upper Egypt.
Robert Frerck/Odyssey Productions
Suez Canal
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Egyptian fellah (agricultural worker)
An Egyptian agricultural worker (fellah) wearing a traditional djellaba (
gallibiyah
).
©1992 Bill Lyons
Luxor: temple complex
Colossal statues of Ramses II flanking the entrance to the temple complex at Luxor,...
© Jose Ignacio Soto/stock.adobe.com
Cairo: Egyptian Museum
Galleries in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
© Mohamed Ahmed Soliman/Dreamstime.com
Mosque of Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn
Arcade and courtyard of the Mosque of Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn, Cairo.
Bright/M. Grimoldi
Saladin
Saladin.
Fine Art Images/Heritage Images Partnership Ltd./Alamy
Cairo: citadel of Saladin
The citadel of Saladin, Cairo.
Katherine Young/Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Ottoman Empire
Egypt as part of the Ottoman Empire.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Selim I
Selim I.
Sonia Halliday
Selim III
Selim III.
Sonia Halliday
Muḥammad ʿAlī
Muḥammad ʿAlī.
Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum; photograph, J.R. Freeman and Co. Ltd.
Egypt under Muḥammad ʿAlī and Ismāʿīl
Expansion of Egypt under Muḥammad ʿAlī and Ismāʿīl.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Nūbār Pasha
Nūbār Pasha, engraving.
Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
Saad Zaghloul
Saad Zaghloul.
AP
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Egyptian Pres. Gamal Abdel Nasser, 1967.
IBL/REX/Shutterstock.com
Muhammad Naguib
Muhammad Naguib.
Camera Press/Globe Photos
Suez Crisis: British occupation of Port Said
British soldiers supervising a crowd in Port Said, Egypt, while food is distributed...
Fox Photos—Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Yom Kippur War
An Israeli armored column on its way into Syria during the Yom Kippur War between...
Daniel Rosenblum—Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Camp David Accords
Egyptian Pres. Anwar Sadat (left), U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter (centre), and Israeli...
Jimmy Carter Library
Hosni Mubarak
Hosni Mubarak, 2009.
Office of the Presidents of the Italian Republic
Arab Spring: Egypt's January 25 Revolution
A protester in Cairo holding signs calling for Pres. Hosni Mubarak to step down,...
monasosh
Arab Spring: Egypt's January 25 Revolution
An Egyptian armoured personnel carrier covered in anti-Mubarak graffiti in Cairo,...
monasosh
Cairo: Tahrir Square protests
Protests at Tahrir Square in Cairo, 2011.
monasosh
Great Sphinx and pyramid of Khafre
The Great Sphinx and the pyramid of Khafre, near Giza, Egypt.
© Goodshoot/Jupiterimages
Nile River basin and its drainage network
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Physiography of the Sahara.
The Sahara.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Egyptian hieratic numerals
Chart of numerals in the Egyptian hieratic writing system.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Egyptian hieroglyphic numerals
Chart of numerals in the Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Egypt
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Audio
National anthem of Egypt
The instrumental version of the national anthem of Egypt.
Interactives
Egypt: Ethnic composition
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Egypt: Religious affiliation
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Egypt: Urban-rural
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Egypt: Age breakdown
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Egypt: Major import sources
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Egypt: Major export destinations
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
VIEW MORE
in these related Britannica articles:
Media for: Middle East
Media for: Nile River
Media for: Africa
Media for: ancient Egypt
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