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Empire of Japan
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Meiji Restoration
The last shogun
The emergence of modern Japan
The end of feudalism
Forging a national identity
The constitutional movement
Imperial Japan
Foreign affairs
The First Sino-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War
Annexation of Korea and expansion in East Asia
Japan under the Meiji Constitution
Social and economic changes
The rise of the militarists
The Manchurian Incident
The road to World War II
Manchukuo and the Second Sino-Japanese War
The rise of the Axis and the breakdown of relations with the U.S.
The demise of imperial Japan
World War II and early successes
From Midway to Hiroshima
Japan under U.S. occupation
Political reform and the 1947 “peace” constitution
References & Edit History
Quick Facts & Related Topics
Images & Videos
Discover
Flags That Look Alike
America’s 5 Most Notorious Cold Cases (Including One You May Have Thought Was Already Solved)
What Is the Difference Between a Typhoon and a Super Typhoon?
Why Do We Eat Turkey on Thanksgiving?
Why Is Thanksgiving in the U.S. Celebrated on a Thursday?
14 Tough Questions Answered
12 Novels Considered the “Greatest Book Ever Written”
Contents
Home
Geography & Travel
Historical Places
Empire of Japan: Media
historic state
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Videos
Witness the entry of the U.S. into international politics as Theodore Roosevelt successfully ends the Russo-Japanese War of 1905
Newsreel footage recounting U.S. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt's mediation of the peaceful...
Video: J. Fred MacDonald & Associates
Investigate devastation wrought by Japan on Manchuria and China during the Great Depression
In September 1931 the Japanese Imperial Army invaded Manchuria, and refugees fled...
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
View footage of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the strike that provoked the U.S. into entering World War II
Learn about the Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii,...
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Discover how the U.S. Navy defeated Japan's fleet to check Japanese expansion in the Battle of Midway
In June 1942, one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, U.S. naval airplanes stopped...
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Images
Empire of Japan
The Empire of Japan, 1870–1942.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Meiji
Meiji.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZC2-723)
Perry, Matthew C.; Japan, Empire of
Japanese print depicting the commanders of Matthew C. Perry's (seated, centre) expedition...
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-USZC4-10708)
Ii Naosuke
Ii Naosuke, statue in Hikone, Japan.
Philbert Ono
Samurai with sword
Samurai with sword,
c.
1860.
J. Paul Getty Museum (Partial gift from the Wilson Centre for Photography, object no. 2007.26.155), digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program
Tokugawa Yoshinobu.
National Diet Library
Ōkubo Toshimichi.
National Diet Library
Iwakura Tomomi
BBC Hulton Picture Library
Kusakabe Kimbei:
Samurai in Armour
Samurai in Armour
, hand-coloured albumen silver print by Kusakabe Kimbei,...
J. Paul Getty Museum (object no. 84.XA.700.4.58), digital image courtesy of the Getty's Open Content Program
Saigō Takamori
Saigō Takamori, leader of a major revolt against the Meiji government in the 1870s.
National Diet Library
Charter Oath
The Charter Oath, as officially published by the imperial government of Japan.
Itagaki Taisuke.
National Diet Library
Ōkuma Shigenobu.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Matsukata Masayoshi.
National Diet Library
Itō Hirobumi
Itō Hirobumi, principal author of the Meiji Constitution.
National Diet Library
Meiji emperor
The Meiji emperor proclaiming the Meiji Constitution in 1889.
Historia/Shutterstock.com
Japanese expansion
Japanese expansion in the late 19th and 20th centuries.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
First Sino-Japanese War
There Stands No Enemy Where We Go: Surrender of Pyongyang
, a scene from...
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Gift of Lincoln Kirstein, 1959, JP3177a-f, www.metmuseum.org
Sino-Japanese War
The Chinese battleship
Zhenyuan
captured by the Japanese during the Sino-Japanese...
Yamagata Aritomo
Yamagata Aritomo, c. 1894.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: cph 3c19071)
Battle of Tsushima
The Tsushima Strait (at the lower right of the Korean peninsula) was the site of...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
attack on Port Arthur
Artist's rendition of Japanese torpedo boats making a surprise attack on Port Arthur,...
© Photos.com/Getty Images
Tōgō Heihachirō
Tōgō Heihachirō.
National Diet Library
Boxer Rebellion
Allied armies advancing toward the Boxer forces during the Boxer Rebellion outside...
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital file no. LC-DIG-jpd-02541)
Makarov, Stepan Osipovich
Stepan Osipovich Makarov.
Photos.com/Jupiterimages
Tōgō Heihachirō
Tōgō Heihachirō.
© Photos.com/Thinkstock
Russo-Japanese War
Japanese troops landing during the Russo-Japanese War.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Aleksey Kuropatkin in his library, 1904/05.
© Photos.com/Thinkstock
Russo-Japanese War; Portsmouth, Treaty of
Japanese and Russian envoys negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth at the conclusion...
Prints and Photographs Division/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital. id. ppmsca 08196)
Russo-Japanese War and the Treaty of Portsmouth
Theodore Roosevelt (center) with peace envoys from Russia and Japan at the signing...
© Photos.com/Jupiterimages
Ito Hirobumi
Ito Hirobumi, c. 1904
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: cph 3a41573)
Manchuria
The historical region of Manchuria shown with the boundaries of the modern-day Chinese...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Washington Conference
Washington Conference, Washington, D.C., 1921.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Yamagata Aritomo
Yamagata Aritomo.
National Diet Library
Saionji Kimmochi
Saionji Kimmochi.
National Diet Library
Taishō
Taishō.
Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.
Hara Takashi.
National Diet Library
Washington Conference
Delegates at the Washington Conference, 1921.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Mukden Incident
Japanese troops gathering outside Mukden, Manchuria, September 1931.
Heritage Image/AGE fotostock
Tanaka Giichi
Tanaka Giichi.
National Diet Library
Pacific War: Japanese-controlled areas of China
The Japanese seized Manchuria in 1931 and occupied much of the coast and North China...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Inukai Tsuyoshi.
National Diet Library
Hirohito: enthronement ceremony, 1926
Hirohito at his enthronement ceremony, 1926.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-USZC2-724)
Puyi
Puyi.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Konoe Fumimaro.
National Diet Library
Tōjō Hideki
Tōjō Hideki.
National Diet Library
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Ford Island in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, as seen from a Japanese aircraft during the...
National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Learn the facts and timeline of the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941
The U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu Island, Hawaii, was attacked by the Japanese...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc./Kenny Chmielewski
Japanese expansion in World War II
In World War II Japanese military forces quickly took advantage of their success...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
U.S. Army forces in Luzon, 1942
A U.S. Army Signal Corps map depicting the disposition of U.S. forces in Luzon, Philippines,...
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, (reproduction number LC-DIG-fsa-8b08336)
Battle of Midway
Battle of Midway, June 3–6, 1942.
National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Saipan
U.S. Marines come ashore under Japanese fire on Saipan in 1944, during World War...
U.S. Department of Defense
Koiso Kuniaki
Koiso Kuniaki.
National Diet Library
bombing of Tokyo
Aerial view of Asakusa, heavily damaged by the World War II U.S. firebombing raids...
NARA
U.S. Marines on Okinawa
U.S. Marines battling for control of a ridge near Naha, Okinawa, May 1945.
U.S. Department of Defense
Japanese prisoners of war during World War II
Japanese prisoners of war captured by the U.S. military during World War II, Okinawa,...
U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (ARC Identifier 532560)
World War II: total destruction of Hiroshima, Japan
Total destruction of Hiroshima, Japan, following the dropping of the first atomic...
U.S. Air Force photo
Discover more about the first atomic bombs
The first atomic bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945, in New Mexico as part of the...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Ionizing radiation injury from atomic bomb
Photograph of a woman's skin burned in the pattern of the kimono she was wearing...
National Archives and Records Administration/Department of Defense
USS
Missouri
: Japanese surrender
Japanese representatives, including Foreign Minister Shigemitsu Mamoru (with walking...
Army Signal Corps. Collection/U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (Image ID: USA C-2719)
Douglas MacArthur signing the Japanese surrender agreement
Gen. Douglas MacArthur signing the agreement by which Japan surrendered to Allied...
Lt. C. F. Wheeler—Navy/U.S. Department of Defense
Douglas MacArthur
Douglas MacArthur, 1945.
The Harry S. Truman Library/NARA
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