The most densely settled part of Panama is in the vicinity of the canal, on a broad coast-to-coast strip of land that crosses the country where it is at its lowest and narrowest. This area, partly drained by the Chagres River, is known as the Chagres, or Route, region. It includes the cities of Panama City and Colón, the urban district of San Miguelito, and the towns of Balboa, La Chorrera, Gamboa, and Cristóbal. Panama City, situated on the Pacific coast overlooking the Bay of Panama, is the dominant population centre and the focus of Panama’s industrial, commercial, political, and cultural activities. San Miguelito is the second largest urban centre, and Colón the third largest.

The densest rural population is found in the broad area of plains and low hills lying between the Azuero Peninsula and the Tabasará Mountains. The least densely settled areas are in the eastern third of the country, especially in the large province of Darién, and on the Atlantic slopes of the Tabasará Mountains.

Demographic trends

The 1911 census enumerated 336,000 persons in Panama. By the late 1990s the population had increased more than eightfold. Panama’s rate of natural increase was about average among Latin American countries. During World War II many immigrant labourers arrived, but they were later repatriated.

The proportion of the population living in cities grew rapidly in the late 20th century; Panamanians are now predominantly urban, although the nation remains less urban than most Latin American countries. About one-third of its people live in hamlets or isolated dwellings, and many engage in subsistence agriculture. There was much internal migration from the mid-20th century, when increasing numbers of people began moving to urban areas—especially to Panama City and Colón—in search of better living and economic conditions. In addition, because many rural inhabitants practice shifting agriculture, they have tended to move to new zones in order to obtain land for farming and herding.

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

Seminomadic and subsistence agriculture exists alongside large, modern commercial enterprises. Since the enactment of a land tenure system in 1962, some small farmers have acquired land, but by late in the 20th century fewer than one-third of all farms were owned by the people working them.

The most common agricultural products are sugarcane, bananas, rice, plantains, corn (maize), and oranges, and the commercial cultivation of these and other crops increased considerably during the 20th century. Livestock raising (cattle, pigs, and poultry) is an important and long-established economic activity, and beef and hides are exported. The country’s largest cattle-raising farms are in the southwestern savannas—in Chiriquí, Los Santos, and Veraguas provinces. The provinces of Panamá, Los Santos, Chiriquí, and Veraguas raise the most pigs, whereas Panamá, Coclé, and Colón are the largest centres for poultry and egg production.

Considering Panama’s abundant and valuable forest resources, there has been little use of the country’s native trees for industrial purposes. Mahogany, tropical cedar, cativo (a large tree belonging to the legume family), and other woods supply domestic sawmills, and some logs are exported. Large tracts of Panama’s rainforests have been felled, burned, and replaced by pastures for the cattle industry.

Fishing has developed rapidly as a commercial venture. Shrimp and lobsters are among Panama’s most important exports, with several thousand tons of shrimp caught yearly. The shrimp and fish (mainly anchovy and herring) catch is taken mostly from the shallow waters of the continental shelf in the Gulf of Panama. Lobsters are caught mainly off Bocas del Toro and San Blas on the Atlantic side. Aquaculture has also been successfully developed.

Resources and power

Clay, limestone, and salt are the leading mineral products, and gold, ferrous sand, and manganese have been mined on a small scale. There are commercially significant but largely unexploited deposits of copper, including the Cerro Colorado find in Chiriquí province. Deposits of bauxite, phosphates, and coal have been minimally exploited, as have various construction materials such as stone and gravel. Petroleum reserves have been found off the Pacific and Caribbean shores.

Electricity was long distributed by the state-run Institute of Hydraulic Resources and Electrification before it was privatized in 1998. Much of Panama’s electricity is generated by hydroelectric dams. The first plants were opened in 1975 at La Yeguada in Veraguas province and in 1976 on the Chepo River; the largest, at La Fortuna, opened in 1984.

Manufacturing

Although there has long been a considerable international trade based on the country’s key location as a crossroads, modern industrial development began mainly after World War II. The leading industries are food processing (notably fish, sugar, bananas, and cacao), oil refining (near Colón), and the production of natural gas and electricity. Other major products include clothing, shoes and leather goods, alcoholic beverages, paper, chemicals, cement (in the limestone areas near the Trans-Isthmian Highway), and tobacco products. The main manufacturing centres are Panama City and the Colón Free Zone, and there is some industry at Colón and David.

Finance, trade, and services

Finance and trade are the cornerstones of the Panamanian service sector, which is, in turn, the basis of the national economy.