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Constitutional framework
On July 8, 1777, Vermont adopted a constitution that was the first in the United States to prohibit slavery and to eliminate property qualifications for voting or holding office. It was revised in 1786, and in 1793 the present constitution was adopted. Amendments may be considered only once every four years.
The governor of Vermont is elected for a two-year term and may run for reelection. Members of the bicameral General Assembly also serve two-year terms; the House of Representatives has 150 members and the Senate 30. Vermont has only one member in the U.S. House of Representatives.
The judicial system in Vermont is headed by the Supreme Court, which has five members. Below it are 10 Superior Court judges and 17 district judges, a family court, and an environmental court. These judges are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the state Senate to serve six-year terms. All other judges, including two assistant judges in each county, are elected by the people.
Every year on the first Tuesday in March, voters throughout the state meet in their town halls or community buildings to debate the town budget, road maintenance, and other topics and to elect local officials for the coming year. Because most communities are small and the state is compact, Vermonters have fairly direct access to elected officials, as well as ample opportunities to voice their opinions publicly on dominant issues.
Since 1963 the governorship has alternated between the Democratic and Republican parties. Since the 1980s, control of the General Assembly has tended to be Democratic, with the balance of power within the House occasionally being controlled by the presence of a small but persistent number of Progressive Party and independent legislators. Two-fifths of the Vermont electorate considers itself independent, and ticket splitting is common.
Education
Despite its limited tax base, Vermont is able to support its schools financially and administratively. Locally elected boards, encouraged by the state, govern all primary and secondary education. The state provides for much of the funding, for teacher training and certification, and for various special programs in such areas as vocational training, arts and crafts, and rehabilitation.
In 1997 the Vermont Supreme Court declared that the state’s reliance on local property taxes for school funding created inequities in educational opportunities among towns. The General Assembly responded that year with an equal educational opportunity act that relies, in part, on a statewide property tax. Educational funding has remained a hotly debated issue.
The state system of higher education includes the University of Vermont (chartered in 1791) in Burlington and a number of liberal arts, technical, and other colleges. In addition, there are several outstanding private colleges and a law school in South Royalton. The school of languages and the writers’ workshop at Middlebury College (1800), in Middlebury, and the writers’ workshop Bread Loaf, in Ripton, are internationally known. Bennington College (1925), primarily attended by women, is known for its fine arts programs and for the major figures in the arts who regularly serve on its faculty. Marlboro College (1946) is noted for its work in the performing arts and for its summer music festivals. Norwich University (1819), in Northfield, is the country’s oldest private military college.
Health and welfare
In May 2011 Vermont enacted legislation that would create the country’s first single-payer health insurance system, though the plan was still several years away from taking effect. The state also supports several innovative health care programs designed to deliver early preventive care for young Vermonters. The Vermont State Hospital is the only state-run psychiatric facility in Vermont and is largely restricted to people with major mental illnesses who are a danger to themselves or to others. The state’s psychiatric care system emphasizes finding community alternatives to the state hospital.
Vermont’s correctional system includes several regional detention centres and facilities for juvenile offenders. In 1969 the state assumed full responsibility for administering welfare programs, some of which formerly had been supervised by an “overseer of the poor” in each town.