Victoria’s setting is visually spectacular. The highly irregular southeastern coastline of Vancouver Island is indented with natural deep harbours (such as that of Victoria, whose Inner Harbour is the heart of the downtown area) and an interplay of peninsulas. It is protected from the direct storms and high seas of the open Pacific Ocean, which proved a great advantage for Victoria’s settlement and development over time.
The downtown core is relatively small but vibrant; it has retained its historic architecture and a pedestrian-friendly atmosphere with many restaurants, pubs, markets, and street entertainers. The historic centre is ringed by neighbourhoods. To the south is James Bay, which encompasses a portion of the Inner Harbour (including the Parliament Buildings [1897]), but its main orientation is to the Juan de Fuca Strait, on its south. The area includes some of the oldest dwellings in the city and Beacon Hill Park. Northeast of James Bay and east of downtown is the prominent Rockland neighbourhood, with curving streets, many gardens, and prestigious buildings including Craigdarroch Castle, the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria, and Government House.
Across the Inner Harbour, west from the downtown core, on a peninsula that gives shape to the harbour, is the historic neighbourhood of Victoria West (known as Vic West). This working-class residential neighbourhood became part of the municipality of Victoria in 1890 and was connected to downtown by the Johnson Street Bridge in 1924. Other bridges run north of Vic West to neighbouring Burnside, a large region that historically had shipbuilding, mills, factories, and other industries, along with a substantial residential component to house the workers.
The Gulf Islands—hundreds of islets, islands, and protected marine parks—lie off Vancouver Island’s east coast in the Strait of Georgia. Overlooking the strait is the older neighbourhood of Oak Bay, a seaside community, and to its north is the University of Victoria, whose campus has expansive grounds and fine architecture.
The southern view across the Juan de Fuca Strait encompasses the Olympic Mountains, in the U.S. state of Washington. Also visible from Victoria, some 80 miles (130 km) to the east, is Washington’s volcanic Mount Baker (10,778 feet [3,285 metres]).
Nearly nine-tenths of the population of the Victoria metropolitan area is of European (mostly British) origin. People of Chinese descent constitute the area’s largest minority group, although they make up only a small fraction of the total population. Members of Canada’s aboriginal peoples make up the next largest non-European group, followed by South Asians. Many other ethnicities are also represented, though in smaller numbers.
The main components of Victoria’s economy are government and administration, defense (centred on nearby Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt), tourism, and services related to tourism and the retirement sector, which accommodates the many retirees the city and its surrounding region receive from Canada’s colder climes. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related industries (such as shipbuilding and repair), sawmilling, food processing, and a number of manufacturing industries also provide employment.
Transportation is a significant factor in Victoria’s economic well-being. Most visitors arrive by ferry from a number of points on the British Columbia mainland and from Seattle and Port Angeles in nearby Washington state. There is an international airport approximately 15 miles (25 km) north of the city, and floatplanes (small planes with pontoons that enable water landings) fly into Victoria’s Inner Harbour.
The city has a number of excellent educational and research institutions, including the University of Victoria (public; 1963), Royal Roads University (public; 1995), and Pearson College (private; 1974), a two-year pre-university institution granting the International Baccalaureate Diploma to students from countries around the world, all of whom attend on full scholarship. The Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (1918), a designated national historic site, has housed the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics since 1995.
Victoria’s cityscape and economy have been challenged over time by the growth of neighbouring communities, industrial parks, and large shopping malls within driving distance, but the central business district and its surrounding region have retained their British “Old World” charm. Among the historic sites are Beacon Hill Park (which existed before the incorporation of the city and came under its jurisdiction in 1862) and two 19th-century family homes-turned-museums, Helmcken House (1852) and Craigdarroch Castle (1890). Afternoon tea at the Empress Hotel (1908), overlooking the Inner Harbour, has been a tradition for locals and tourists since the hotel’s opening. Other downtown attractions include neighbourhoods such as Canada’s first Chinatown, with its noted Fan Tan Alley (known as Canada’s narrowest street) and Gate of Harmonious Interest (1981); Bastion Square (the site of historic Fort Victoria, now razed); and other districts, all within walking distance of one another.
The world-class Butchart Gardens, begun in 1904 by the wife of a prominent cement manufacturer in nearby Brentwood Bay, features Japanese and Italian gardens and holds an annual flower count (February); the gardens and the Butchart residence have been designated a national historic site of Canada.
Other notable museums include the Royal BC Museum (1886)—a premier institution near Thunderbird Park that has collections related to the province’s natural and human history—and the Maritime Museum of BC (1954), in Bastion Square, with exhibits on many aspects of the province’s seagoing history; it displays the small sailboat Tilikum, in which a local sea captain, J.C. Voss, sailed from Victoria to London, England, in 1901–04.
Brett McGillivray