Despite being mired in election controversy, Mwanawasa moved quickly to assert his authority and launched a campaign against corruption. The initial targets of the campaign—the individuals alleged to be responsible for the corruption that damaged Zambia’s economy in the 1990s—included former president Chiluba and many of his associates. Mwanawasa also initiated a review of the country’s constitution in 2003 in an effort to bring about political reform, but some organizations invited to participate in the review declined, claiming that the review process itself was flawed.

Concerns over Mwanawasa’s health emerged late in his first term, after he suffered a stroke in April 2006. He reassured the country that he was fit for office, and he stood for reelection later that year, garnering more than two-fifths of the vote. His nearest competitor, Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front (PF), made claims of voting irregularities and contested the election. Sporadic violence ensued in areas loyal to Sata, but the result of the election stood, and Mwanawasa was sworn in for his second term in October 2006. Mwanawasa again suffered a stroke in late June 2008. Rumours of his death circulated a few days later but were quickly refuted by Zambian government officials. He never fully recovered, however, and he died several weeks later.

Under the terms of the constitution, a special election to choose a new president was eventually scheduled for later that year; in the interim, Vice President Rupiah Banda (also of the MMD) served as acting president. The election, held on October 30, was contested by four candidates, including Banda and Sata. Banda won, although by only a narrow margin, and Sata, who finished a close second, alleged that the vote had been flawed.

Banda and Sata faced each other again in 2011, when they were the front-runners in the presidential election held on September 20. Campaigning by the presidential candidates had been contentious, with poverty and the role of foreign investment in Zambia—particularly by China—being some of the major issues. Tempers flared as the country anxiously awaited the election results, which trickled in more slowly than expected. Some areas saw incidents of violence and rioting, and the media was banned from reporting on any early results before they were officially released. On September 23, officials announced that Sata had won the election with more than 40 percent of the vote. Banda immediately conceded, and Sata was sworn in that day.

Although the economy experienced growth during Sata’s presidency, there was increasing discontent among the population over his failure to deliver on some of his election promises, such as reducing unemployment, improving socioeconomic policy, and championing democratic governance. Sata did not tolerate opposition well, and political opponents were subject to harassment and repeated arrests. Throughout his term, Sata’s health was the subject of much speculation, and he did little to dispel the rumours. On October 28, 2014, while abroad for medical treatment, Sata died at a London hospital. Vice President Guy Scott was named interim president, and elections for a new president to complete the rest of Sata’s term were set to be held within 90 days. Scott’s parents were not born in Zambia, and a 1996 constitutional amendment stipulating that a candidate had to be a Zambian citizen and have parents who are Zambian by birth precluded Scott from being eligible to run for president. Scott’s interim ascendancy to the presidency was notable in that Scott was the first white head of state in Zambia and the first in Africa since the end of the apartheid era in South Africa.

The special election was held on January 20, 2015. Edgar Lungu, the PF candidate, won with 48.3 percent of the vote, just slightly more than the 46.7 percent garnered by his nearest competitor, Hakainde Hichilema of the United Party for National Development (UPND). Lungu was sworn in as president on January 25.

Regularly scheduled elections were held the next year, on August 11, 2016. Lungu faced eight other candidates, including Hichilema. New electoral rules dictated that more than 50 percent of the vote needed to be won in the first round in order to avoid a runoff election, and, after days of counting the votes, the electoral commission declared that Lungu had won with 50.35 percent of the vote. His nearest challenger was Hichilema, who was credited with 47.63 percent. Hichilema and the UPND raised allegations of irregularities, however, and took their complaints to the country’s Constitutional Court. Their case, however, was dismissed, as were their related cases before the country’s High Court and Supreme Court, and Lungu was sworn in on September 13.

Lungu’s administration was lauded for the number of infrastructure projects it had completed, which included improving existing roads as well as building new ones, constructing many new schools, increasing the country’s power-generating capacity, refurbishing international airports, and constructing new health care facilities as well as upgrading existing structures. In contrast to this progress, however, the country experienced a worsening economy, the fallout of which was compounded by the COVID-19 global pandemic beginning in 2020. Also concerning was the erosion of freedoms, as evidenced by the suppression and harassment of the media and opposition parties. One notable incident was the April 2017 arrest and months-long imprisonment of Hichilema for treason after an incident in which the vehicle he was traveling in did not yield to Lungu’s presidential motorcade; the charges were eventually dropped in August, and Hichilema was released. In 2020 an attempt by Lungu’s PF to amend the constitution generated controversy and ultimately failed; had it succeeded, presidential powers would have been expanded.

Lungu and Hichilema faced each other again—as well as 14 other candidates—in the 2021 presidential election, held on August 12. This time Hichilema was declared the victor, with more than 57 percent of the vote; Lungu, who had garnered almost 38 percent, conceded, and Hichilema was inaugurated on August 24. Elections for the National Assembly, also held on August 12, saw Hichilema’s UPND winning slightly more than half the body’s seats and the PF taking a little more than one-third.