Mediterranean diet, popular diet based on the eating patterns of people living in the Mediterranean region. It is low in sugar and animal products, especially red meat, and high in olive oil, whole grains, legumes, fish, eggs, and fresh fruits and vegetables. Studies have suggested that the Mediterranean diet can support long-term health.

The eating habits of Europeans living in rural areas near the Mediterranean Sea first garnered attention in the 1950s when it was found that they had a greater life expectancy than people living elsewhere in Europe, despite poor medical services and a lower standard of living. Researchers in subsequent decades found that the diet, combined with regular exercise and not smoking, was effective at reducing cardiovascular disease and certain cancers and that it helped maintain a healthy weight. Some studies also indicated that it might prevent cognitive decline and depression and other ailments. The public became more familiar with the Mediterranean diet in the 1990s when a food pyramid based on Mediterranean eating habits was created by Harvard University, the World Health Organization, and Oldways Preservation & Exchange Trust, a nonprofit organization. Its popularity increased steadily, and by the 21st century it had become one of the most popular diets.