amine

amine, any member of a family of nitrogen-containing organic compounds that is derived, either in principle or in practice, from ammonia (NH₃).

Naturally occurring amines include the alkaloids, which are present in certain plants; the catecholamine neurotransmitters (i.e., dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine); and a local chemical mediator, histamine, that occurs in most animal tissues.

Aniline, ethanolamines, and several other amines are major industrial commodities used in making rubber, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and synthetic resins and fibres and for a host of other applications. Most of the numerous methods for the preparation of amines may be broadly divided into two groups: (1) chemical reduction (replacement of oxygen with hydrogen atoms in the molecule) of members of several other classes of organic nitrogen compounds and (2) reactions of ammonia or amines with organic compounds.

Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on whether one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia have been replaced by organic groups. In chemical notation these three classes are represented as RNH₂, R₂NH, and R₃N, respectively. A fourth category consists of quaternary ammonium compounds, which are obtained by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the ammonium ion, NH₄⁺; an anion is necessarily associated (R₄N⁺X⁻). Amines are also classified as aliphatic, having only aliphatic groups attached, or aromatic, having one or more aryl groups attached. They may be open-chain, in which the nitrogen is not part of a ring, or cyclic, in which it is a member of a ring (generally aliphatic).

Nomenclature of amines

The older and most widely used system for naming amines is to identify each group that is attached to the nitrogen atom and then add the ending -amine, as in methylamine, CH₃NH₂; N-ethyl-N-propylamine (or ethyl(propyl)amine), CH₃CH₂NHCH₂CH₂CH₃; and tributylamine, (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂)₃N. Two or more groups cited are in alphabetical order; to clarify which groups are attached to nitrogen rather than to each other, Ns or internal parentheses are used. A few aromatic amines and most cyclic amines have trivial (nonsystematic) names (e.g., aniline, C₆H₅NH₂), which may be used as a parent (basic structural unit) on which to specify any other groups attached, as in N,N-dimethylaniline.

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An alternative method replaces the terminal -e of a hydrocarbon name by the suffix -amine to indicate the functional group ―NH₂. With secondary and tertiary amines, the largest group is chosen as the parent, and the other groups are named as substituents. The names in this system for the previous examples are methanamine, N-ethylpropanamine, and N,N-dibutylbutanamine. Dimethylaniline is named N,N-dimethylbenzenamine. When another functional group of the compound has a higher priority than the amino group (―NH₂, ―NHR, or ―NR₂), the latter is named as a substituent, as in aminoacetic acid, NH₂―CH₂COOH, and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol, (CH₃)₂N―CH₂CH₂OH. (The simple guidelines given here may not be adequate for more-complex structures.)

Properties of amines

Physical properties

Distinctive odours that are fishy to putrid characterize the lower-molecular-weight amines. They are gases at room temperature or are easily vaporized liquids. Aliphatic amines are less dense than water, having densities in the range 0.63 to 0.74 gram per cubic cm; aromatic amines are typically slightly heavier than water (e.g., the density of aniline is 1.02 grams per cubic cm). With increasing size, they become less volatile; the odour decreases and eventually becomes unnoticeable, although some diamines have offensive odours. For example, H₂N(CH₂)₄NH₂, called putrescine, and H₂N(CH₂)₅NH₂, called cadaverine, are foul-smelling compounds found in decaying flesh. Amines are colourless; aliphatic amines are transparent to ultraviolet light, but aromatic amines display strong absorption of certain wavelengths. Amines with fewer than six carbons mix with water in all proportions. The aliphatic amines are stronger bases than ammonia, and the aromatic ones are substantially weaker. The basicity is measured in terms of the pK_b value, which is equal to −logK_b, where K_b is the equilibrium constant for the reaction B + H₃O⁺ ⇌ BH⁺ + H₂O (B is the amine). Thus, a larger pK_b value indicates greater strength as a base. For comparison, the pK_b of ammonia is 4.75. Quaternary ammonium hydroxides are very strong bases, but the chlorides are not basic.

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Properties of some amines

substituent group, R	RNH2		R2NH		R3N
	boiling point (°C)	pKb	boiling point (°C)	pKb	boiling point (°C)	pKb
*Melting point −6.24 °C.
**Melting point 52.8 °C.
***Melting point 127 °C.
CH3	−6	3.38	7	3.36	3.5	4.24
C2H5	16.5	3.37	55.5	3.02	89.4	3.35
n-C4H9	77.8	3.41	161	2.75	214	3.11
sec-C4H9	66	3.44	132	2.99
tert-C4H9	45	3.55	95
C6H5	184.4*	4.59	302**	0.85	365***	<0

Most aliphatic amines are not highly toxic, and many are harmless, natural components of foods and pharmaceuticals. In high concentrations, however, the smaller amines are highly irritating to the skin and especially to the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, to which they can cause acute damage upon prolonged exposure. Larger amines (12 or more carbon atoms) are usually less irritating. Aromatic amines are also irritants and can be absorbed through the skin. They may be dangerous poisons. Aniline, for example, destroys the hemoglobin of blood, and prolonged exposure has been linked with cancer. Amines can be corrosive to some metals and plastics; they should therefore be stored in glass or steel containers.

Molecular shape and configuration

An amine molecule has the shape of a somewhat flattened triangular pyramid, with the nitrogen atom at the apex. An unshared electron pair is localized above the nitrogen atom. In quaternary ammonium ions this region is occupied by a substituent, forming a nearly regular tetrahedron with the nitrogen atom at its centre.

Left-handed and right-handed forms (mirror-image configurations, known as optical isomers or enantiomers) are possible when all the substituents on the central nitrogen atom are different (i.e., the nitrogen is chiral). With amines, there is extremely rapid inversion in which the two configurations are interconverted. The process is like an umbrella turning inside out in the wind; the substituents move in one direction (“up”) and the nitrogen atom in the other (“down”). Quaternary ammonium ions do not undergo such equilibration short of conditions where they decompose; their optical isomers are indefinitely stable and isolable, and the physiological effects of the two enantiomers may be profoundly different.