jazz dance: The eagle rock and the slow drag (late 19th century) as well as the Charleston and the jitterbug have elements in common with certain Caribbean and African dances. In addition, the slow drag contributed to the fish of the 1950s; the ring shout, which survived from…

Idaho Falls, city, seat (1911) of Bonneville county, southeastern Idaho, U.S., on the upper Snake River. Originally the territory of the Shoshone-Bannock and Northern Paiute Indians, it began as the Eagle Rock settlement at Taylor’s Ferry (1863), later Taylor’s Bridge. The town was renamed in 1890

history of film: Australia, New Zealand, and Canada: …Taika Waititi found success with Eagle vs Shark (2007), Boy (2010), Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016), and Jojo Rabbit (2019).

Eagle Woman was a Native American peace activist who was a strong advocate of the Teton (or Western Sioux) people. Born along the banks of the Missouri River, Eagle Woman That All Look At spent her early years on the western plains of modern-day South Dakota, far from contact with white

Oregon: …north) is the site of Eagle’s Nest Colony, a retreat used by Lorado Taft and other artists from 1898 to 1942; the 66-acre (27-hectare) tract was acquired in 1951 by Northern Illinois University for use as a field campus. Taft’s Soldiers Monument is in the courthouse square, and on the…

United States Virgin Islands: Land: …1,088 feet (332 metres) at Mount Eagle on St. Croix—the largest of the islands, with an area of 84 square miles (218 square km). St. Thomas and St. John are very rugged, but St. Croix’s mountains are confined to the north, with a large rolling-to-level plain opening to the south.…

Forestier Peninsula: Tasman Peninsula by the 14-mile-wide Eaglehawk Neck.

Paris attacks of 2015: The November 13 attacks: The American rock band Eagles of Death Metal was playing to a sold-out crowd at the 1,500-capacity venue when three attackers burst in and fired on the audience. Some of the concertgoers were able to escape through a side entrance, and dozens took refuge on the building’s roof, while…

Śląskie: Geography: …tourist route known as the Eagles’ Nests Trail. The Paulite monastic complex of Jasna Góra in Częstochowa houses a famed Roman Catholic icon, the Black Madonna, which attracts some four million pilgrims annually. Over the centuries the Silesian community has developed a distinctive regional consciousness, culture, and dialect. Museums focusing…

the Eagles, American band that cultivated country rock as the reigning style and sensibility of white youth in the United States during the 1970s. The original members were Don Henley (b. July 22, 1947, Gilmer, Texas, U.S.), Glenn Frey (b. November 6, 1948, Detroit, Michigan—d. January 18, 2016,

English National Ballet: Derek Deane, Matz Skoog, and Wayne Eagling. Tamara Rojo was appointed to the position in 2012.

education: Expansion of American education: With the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975—and with corresponding legislation in states and communities—facilities, program development, teacher preparation, and employment training for the handicapped advanced more rapidly and comprehensively than in any other period. In 1990 the act underwent revision and was renamed the…

Basque Nationalist Party, Basque political party that supports greater autonomy for the Basque Country (including Navarra) within Spain. The Basque Nationalist Party (commonly known by the combined Basque and Spanish acronym, EAJ-PNV) was established in 1895 in Bilbao by journalist Sabino de Arana

Basque Nationalist Party, Basque political party that supports greater autonomy for the Basque Country (including Navarra) within Spain. The Basque Nationalist Party (commonly known by the combined Basque and Spanish acronym, EAJ-PNV) was established in 1895 in Bilbao by journalist Sabino de Arana

Thomas Eakins was a painter who carried the tradition of 19th-century American Realism to perhaps its highest achievement. He painted mainly portraits of his friends and scenes of outdoor sports, such as swimming and boating (e.g., Max Schmitt in a Single Scull, 1871). The work generally

Thomas Eakins was a painter who carried the tradition of 19th-century American Realism to perhaps its highest achievement. He painted mainly portraits of his friends and scenes of outdoor sports, such as swimming and boating (e.g., Max Schmitt in a Single Scull, 1871). The work generally

fyrd: …probably the duty of the ealderman, or sheriff, to call out and lead the fyrd. Fines imposed for neglecting the fyrd varied with the status of the individual, landholders receiving the heaviest fines and common labourers the lightest. The fyrd was gradually superseded by the gathering of the thanes (feudal…

Ealdred was an Anglo-Saxon archbishop of York from 1061, who played an important part in secular politics at the time of the Norman conquest and legitimized the rule of William the Conqueror (William I) by crowning him king on Christmas Day, 1066. Ealdred, originally a monk at Winchester, became

John Eales is an Australian rugby union football player considered by many to be the greatest rugby player ever. Eales, who stands 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 metres) tall, is considered the archetype of the modern lock, possessing the height, strength, and skill to dominate line-outs and scrums. Eales

Ealing, outer borough of London, England, midway between central London and the western periphery of the metropolis. It is part of the historic county of Middlesex. The present borough was established in 1965 by the amalgamation of the former municipal boroughs of Ealing, Acton, and Southall, all

Ealing Studios, English motion-picture studio, internationally remembered for a series of witty comedies that reflected the social conditions of post-World War II Britain. Founded in 1929 by two of England’s best known producers, Basil Dean and Reginald Baker, with the financial support of the

EAM-ELAS, communist-sponsored resistance organization (formed September 1941) and its military wing (formed December 1942), which operated in occupied Greece during World War II. Fighting against the Germans and the Italians as well as against other guerrilla bands, particularly EDES, EAM-ELAS

Charles Eames and Ray Eames: Charles Eames, who was also an architect, was for several years head of the experimental design department at Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. During that time (1939–41) he collaborated with the architect-designer Eero Saarinen on various design projects, one of which was a…

Charles Eames and Ray Eames were American designers best known for the beauty, comfort, elegance, and delicacy of their mass-producible furniture. They also wrote books, made motion pictures, and designed exhibitions, fabrics, and industrial and consumer products. Charles Eames, who was also an

Emma Eames was an American lyric soprano, admired for her beauty and for the technical control and dramatic expressiveness of her voice. Eames was the daughter of a lawyer in the international courts system. She studied voice for four years in Boston, then with Mathilde Marchesi in Paris. Selected

Emma Eames was an American lyric soprano, admired for her beauty and for the technical control and dramatic expressiveness of her voice. Eames was the daughter of a lawyer in the international courts system. She studied voice for four years in Boston, then with Mathilde Marchesi in Paris. Selected

Charles Eames and Ray Eames: …met and began working with Ray Kaiser, who was then studying painting with Hans Hofmann; Eames and Kaiser were married in 1941.

If the International Olympic Committee were to award a medal for sheer determination, the gold would almost certainly go to Eamonn Coghlan of Ireland. Coghlan, a track standout at Villanova University in Pennsylvania, U.S., made his first Olympic appearance at the 1976 Games in Montreal, when he

River Eden: Its main tributary, the Eamont, entering near Penrith, collects drainage from the heart of the Lake District, including the discharge from Ullswater. Above Carlisle it receives the Irthing, which collects the drainage from the fells lying north and south of the Tyne gap near the Northumberland border. Carlisle commands…

effective atomic number (EAN), number that represents the total number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of a metal atom in a metal complex. It is composed of the metal atom’s electrons and the bonding electrons from the surrounding electron-donating atoms and molecules. Thus, the effective

effective atomic number: …observation, since known as the EAN rule, that in a number of metal complexes the metal atom tends to surround itself with sufficient ligands that the resulting effective atomic number is numerically equal to the atomic number of the noble-gas element found in the same period in which the metal…

Henry the Navigator: Early life: According to Henry’s enthusiastic biographer, Gomes Eanes de Zurara, the three princes persuaded their still-vigorous father to undertake a campaign that would enable them to win their knightly spurs in genuine combat instead of in the mock warfare of a tournament. King John consented and, with Ceuta in mind, began…

Portugal: The 1976 constitution and subsequent reforms: In June, General António Ramalho Eanes, who had been instrumental in preventing a radical leftist military coup in November 1975, won more than three-fifths of the valid votes cast in the presidential election.

Henry the Navigator: Sponsorship of expeditions: …Cape Bojador in 1434 by Gil Eanes, who overcame a superstition that had previously deterred seamen. It seems, however, that this is at best an exaggeration, resulting from the vagueness of the sailing directions reported in Portuguese sources. What Eanes mistakenly called Cape Bojador was actually Cape Juby, which had…

Erech: The temenos (sacred enclosure) of Eanna, another ziggurat, bore witness to the attention of many powerful kings, including Ur-Nammu (reigned 2112–2095 bce), first king of the 3rd dynasty of Ur. Ur-Nammu also did much for the layout of the city, which then benefited from a Neo-Sumerian revival. Various architectural developments…

history of Mesopotamia: Emergent city-states: …as Mesannepada of Ur and Eannatum of Lagash, frequently called themselves king of Kish when laying claim to sovereignty over northern Babylonia. This does not agree with some recent histories in which Kish is represented as an archaic “empire.” It is more likely to have figured as representative of the…

human nutrition: Dietary Reference Intakes: The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the intake level for a nutrient at which the needs of 50 percent of the population will be met. Because the needs of the other half of the population will not be met by this amount, the EAR is increased…

ear bone, any of the three tiny bones in the middle ear of all mammals. These are the malleus, or hammer, the incus, or anvil, and the stapes, or stirrup. Together they form a short chain that crosses the middle ear and transmits vibrations caused by sound waves from the eardrum membrane to the

ear disease, any of the diseases or disorders that affect the human ear and hearing. Impaired hearing is, with rare exception, the result of disease or abnormality of the outer, middle, or inner ear. Serious impairment of hearing at birth almost always results from a dysfunction of the auditory

horse fly, any member of the insect family Tabanidae (order Diptera), but more specifically any member of the genus Tabanus. These stout flies, as small as a housefly or as large as a bumble bee, are sometimes known as greenheaded monsters; their metallic or iridescent eyes meet dorsally in the

Basidiomycota: The ear fungus (Auricularia auricula-judae) is a brown, gelatinous edible fungus found on dead tree trunks in moist weather in the autumn. One of 10 widespread Auricularia species, it is ear- or shell-shaped and sometimes acts as a parasite, especially on elder (Sambucus).

dog: Ailments: Such parasites as ear mites thrive in the ear canal, causing a dark, malodorous exudate. Frequently, the dog is uncomfortable and scratches the ears or rubs the ears along the ground or on the furniture. Most ear problems can be cured with proper medication. If problems are left…

ear shell, any of various marine snails of the subclass Prosobranchia (class Gastropoda) that constitute the genus Haliotis and family Haliotidae. The characteristic planispiral shell has a broad, oblique aperture, which gives it an earlike shape, and a series of perforations through the shell

ear squeeze, effects of a difference in pressure between the internal ear spaces and the external ear canal. These effects may include severe pain, inflammation, bleeding, and rupture of the eardrum membrane. Underwater divers and airplane pilots are sometimes affected. The middle ear, the cavity

human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium). The human ear, like that of other mammals, contains sense organs that serve two quite

inner ear, part of the ear that contains organs of the senses of hearing and equilibrium. The bony labyrinth, a cavity in the temporal bone, is divided into three sections: the vestibule, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. Within the bony labyrinth is a membranous labyrinth, which is also

ear disease: Ototoxic drugs: Ototoxic (harmful to the ear) drugs can cause temporary and sometimes permanent impairment of auditory nerve function. Salicylates such as aspirin in large enough doses may cause ringing in the ears and then a temporary decrease in hearing that ceases when the person…

tympanic membrane, thin layer of tissue in the human ear that receives sound vibrations from the outer air and transmits them to the auditory ossicles, which are tiny bones in the tympanic (middle-ear) cavity. It also serves as the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity, separating it from the

tympanic membrane, thin layer of tissue in the human ear that receives sound vibrations from the outer air and transmits them to the auditory ossicles, which are tiny bones in the tympanic (middle-ear) cavity. It also serves as the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity, separating it from the

carnivore: There are three aquatic families: Otariidae (sea lions and fur seals), Phocidae (true, or earless, seals), and Odobenidae (the walrus). These aquatic families are referred to as pinnipeds.

vulture: Old World vultures: The lappet-faced vulture (Torgos tracheliotus), sometimes called the eared, or Nubian, vulture, is a huge Old World vulture of arid Africa. Being 1 metre (3.3 feet) tall, with a 2.7-metre (8.9-foot) wingspan, it dominates all other vultures when feeding. It is black and brown above and…

Amelia Earhart was an American aviator, one of the world’s most celebrated, who was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Her disappearance during a flight around the world in 1937 became an enduring mystery, fueling much speculation. Earhart’s father was a railroad lawyer, and her

Amelia Earhart was an American aviator, one of the world’s most celebrated, who was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Her disappearance during a flight around the world in 1937 became an enduring mystery, fueling much speculation. Earhart’s father was a railroad lawyer, and her

earl, title and rank of British nobility and peerage corresponding to the French comte or German Graf (count). The title, while it confers no official power or authority, is inalienable, indivisible, and descends in regular succession to all the heirs under the limitation in the grant until, on

bergamot: …known for its use in Earl Grey tea. The tree yields a yellow-green pear-shaped fruit, the peel of which is valued by the flavouring and perfume industries for its essential oil.

Earl Weaver was an American professional baseball player and manager whose career managerial record of 1,480 wins and 1,060 losses is one of the best in major league history. Weaver managed the Baltimore Orioles for 17 seasons (1968–82; 1985–86), leading them to four American League (AL)

Earl of Leicester’s Men, earliest organized Elizabethan acting company. Formed in 1559 from members of the Earl of Leicester’s household, the troupe performed at court the following year. A favourite of Queen Elizabeth, the company was granted a license by royal patent. In 1576 James Burbage, a

Harley Jefferson Earl was an industrial designer best known as the leading automotive stylist in the 20th-century United States. Earl studied at Stanford University but left school to work with his father in the Earl Automotive Works, a custom shop catering to Hollywood clients such as film

Alice Morse Earle was an American writer and antiquarian whose work centred on the manners, customs, and handicrafts of various periods of American history. Alice Morse married Henry Earle of New York in 1874. Her writing career began in 1890 when, at the suggestion of her father, she wrote an

Diana Ross is an American pop singer and actress who achieved international stardom, first as leader of the vocal group the Supremes and later as a solo artist. Ross’s professional career began in 1959, when she joined several neighbourhood friends to form the pop-soul vocal group the Primettes.

Florence Van Leer Earle Nicholson Coates was an American poet whose carefully crafted, contemplative verse gained the respect of many of the leading literary figures of her day. She was educated in New England and in Paris. Subsequently she studied music in Brussels. In 1872 she married William

Hobart: George Earle laid out the site in 1849, having built a dam across the Deep River to provide waterpower for his gristmill in 1845, and he named the community for his brother Frederick Hobart Earle. The dam created Lake George, now a recreation area near…

Doberman Pinscher: …in Michigan in 1921, by George Earle III, an American diplomat who also served as governor of Pennsylvania from 1935 to 1939. Doberman Pinschers have been used in police and military work (such as in message delivery, scouting, and guarding) and as a watchdogs and as a guide dogs for…

John Earle was an Anglican clergyman, best known as the author of Micro-cosmographie. Or, A Peece of the World Discovered; in Essayes and Characters (1628; enlarged 1629 and 1630). An outstanding book of “characters,” it avoids didacticism and displays genuine personalities, such as a “child,” a

Steve Earle: …songs written by his son, Justin Townes Earle, who died of an accidental drug overdose the previous year. In addition, Steve teamed up with country artist Shawn Colvin for a folk-oriented collection, Colvin & Earle (2016).

Steve Earle is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist who bridged the genres of rock and country music. As a child growing up in Texas, Earle acquired his first guitar at age 11 and was playing proficiently two years later. Although he showed musical promise, Earle was often in trouble with

Steve Earle is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist who bridged the genres of rock and country music. As a child growing up in Texas, Earle acquired his first guitar at age 11 and was playing proficiently two years later. Although he showed musical promise, Earle was often in trouble with

Sylvia Earle is an American oceanographer and explorer known for her research on marine algae and her books and documentaries designed to raise awareness of the threats that overfishing and pollution pose to the world’s oceans. A pioneer in the use of modern self-contained underwater breathing

Sylvia Earle is an American oceanographer and explorer known for her research on marine algae and her books and documentaries designed to raise awareness of the threats that overfishing and pollution pose to the world’s oceans. A pioneer in the use of modern self-contained underwater breathing

Tod Browning: The MGM and Universal years: …teams with a dwarf (Harry Earles), a strongman (Victor McLaglen), and a pickpocket (Mae Busch) to go on a crime spree that culminates in murder. In The Road to Mandalay (1926) a shady sea captain (Chaney) tries to stop his daughter from marrying his partner in crime. In The…

John Earle was an Anglican clergyman, best known as the author of Micro-cosmographie. Or, A Peece of the World Discovered; in Essayes and Characters (1628; enlarged 1629 and 1630). An outstanding book of “characters,” it avoids didacticism and displays genuine personalities, such as a “child,” a

monitor: The earless monitor (L. borneensis), a rare and little-known lizard native to Borneo, is the only species in the subfamily Lanthanotinae. It too is elongate with a relatively long neck, but the limbs are small. It grows to a length of 40 cm (16 inches).

carnivore: (sea lions and fur seals), Phocidae (true, or earless, seals), and Odobenidae (the walrus). These aquatic families are referred to as pinnipeds.

water rat: Natural history: The earless water rat (Crossomys moncktoni) inhabits mountains of eastern New Guinea, where it prefers cold, fast-flowing streams bordered by tropical forest or grass. The African water rat is also found along streams bordered by tropical forest. The 11 water rats of the Western Hemisphere are…

Earlham College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Richmond, Ind., U.S. It is affiliated with the Society of Friends (Quakers). A four-year liberal arts college, it offers bachelor’s degree programs in the humanities, social sciences, religion, fine arts, and natural sciences

Karl, Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein: Last years. of Karl, Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein: …für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde (Society for Earlier German History) was founded on Jan. 20, 1819, at his house in Frankfurt am Main, with him as its head and its coordinating force. The Gesellschaft has remained the most important organization for the publication of source materials on German medieval history.…

Later Le Dynasty: Its predecessor, the Earlier Le, was founded by Le Hoan and lasted from 980 to 1009.

Ly Nam De: …what has been called the Earlier Ly dynasty to distinguish it from that established by Ly Thai To in 1009 (the Later Ly dynasty).

Japanese art: Jōmon period: The period called Initial Jōmon (c. 8000–5000 bce) produced bullet-shaped pots used for cooking or boiling food. The tapered bases of the pots were designed to stabilize the vessels in soft soil and ash at the centre of a fire pit. Decorative schemes included markings made by pressing…

pregnancy: Abortion: Early abortion is an abortion that occurs before the 12th completed week of gestation (84 days); late abortion is an abortion that occurs after the 12th completed week but before the beginning of the 20th week of gestation (85–134 days).

A. S. W. Rosenbach: …and literary articles; his checklist Early American Children’s Books (1933) is a standard reference. In 1930 he established the Rosenbach Fellowship in Bibliography at the University of Pennsylvania and willed his estate to the Rosenbach Foundation, established in 1950 to foster interest in books, paintings, and art works. His other…

American Folk Art Museum, art museum in Manhattan, New York, dedicated to the collection, exhibition, and study of American folk art and outsider art. (Read Sister Wendy’s Britannica essay on art appreciation.) Since its first incarnation in 1961—when it was known as the Museum of Early American

Early American furniture, furniture made in the last half of the 17th century by American colonists. The earliest known American-made furniture dates from the mid-17th century, when life in the colonies was becoming increasingly settled. Many of these early pieces were massive in size and were

Stone Age: East and Southeast Asia: The Early Anyathian is characterized by single-edged core implements made on natural fragments of fossil wood and silicified tuff, and these are associated with flake implements. In the Late Anyathian, a direct development from the earlier stage, smaller and better-made core and flake artifacts are found.…

Chinese languages: Pre-Classical Chinese: Early Archaic is represented by bronze inscriptions, parts of the Shujing (“Classic of History”), and parts of the Shijing (“Classic of Poetry”). From this period on, many important features of the pronunciation of the Chinese characters have been reconstructed. The grammar depended to a certain…

Thailand: The Thon Buri and Early Bangkok periods: A new era in Thai history began with the rise to power of Taksin, a military commander of great skill and charismatic personality who succeeded within a decade after the fall of Ayutthaya in expelling the Burmans and making himself…

Intelsat: …was Early Bird, later renamed Intelsat I, which was placed in a stationary orbit over the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator in 1965. Early Bird was the first operational commercial satellite providing regular telecommunications and broadcasting services between North America and Europe. Early Bird was followed by Intelsat II F-2…

blind snake: Anomalepids (early blind snakes) and leptotyphlopids (threadsnakes and wormsnakes) are slender, and species of both families are seldom more than 30 cm (12 inches) long from snout to vent and grow to a maximum of 40 cm (16 inches) in total length. The anomalepids are made…

Sir John Stainer: …lasting contribution is his compilation Early Bodleian Music, with musical examples from the 12th to the 16th century, and Dufay and His Contemporaries (publication begun in 1898), an edition of 15th-century music prepared with the help of his children. Both publications helped open the way to the study of Medieval…

Anatolia: Early Bronze Age: The period following the Chalcolithic in Anatolia is generally referred to as the Bronze Age. In its earlier phases the predominant metal was in fact pure copper, but the older term Copper Age created confusion and has been discarded. Archaeological convention divides…

Kanimblan orogeny: …Australia toward the end of Early Carboniferous time (about 318 million years ago). Uplift and deformation occurred in a wide belt extending from Tasmania to Cape York. The Kanimblan was the most severe orogenic episode to affect the Tasman Geosyncline.

Turkic languages: Literary languages: Old Kipchak, Old Ottoman, and Early Chagatai. Khwārezmian, used in the 13th–14th centuries in the empire of the Golden Horde, is based on the old language, but mixed with Oghuz and Kipchak elements. Volga Bolgarian is preserved in inscriptions on tombstones (13th–14th centuries). The main record of Old Kipchak is…

preschool education, education during the earliest phases of childhood, beginning in infancy and ending upon entry into primary school at about five, six, or seven years of age (the age varying from country to country). (Read Arne Duncan’s Britannica essay on “Education: The Great Equalizer.”) The

early childhood intervention, field concerned with services for infants and young children that are intended to prevent or minimize developmental disabilities or delays and to provide support and promote fulfillment of potential and general well-being. Early childhood intervention seeks to initiate

Early Christian art, architecture, painting, and sculpture from the beginnings of Christianity until about the early 6th century, particularly the art of Italy and the western Mediterranean. (Early Christian art in the eastern part of the Roman Empire is usually considered to be part of Byzantine

history of early Christianity, the development of the early Christian church from its roots in the Jewish community of Roman Palestine to the conversion of Constantine I and the convocation of the First Council of Nicaea. For a more extensive treatment of the history and beliefs of the Christian

history of early Christianity, the development of the early Christian church from its roots in the Jewish community of Roman Palestine to the conversion of Constantine I and the convocation of the First Council of Nicaea. For a more extensive treatment of the history and beliefs of the Christian

history of early Christianity, the development of the early Christian church from its roots in the Jewish community of Roman Palestine to the conversion of Constantine I and the convocation of the First Council of Nicaea. For a more extensive treatment of the history and beliefs of the Christian

pre-Columbian civilizations: Early Classic period (100–600 ce): In the study of the Classic stage, there has been a strong bias in favour of the Maya; this is not surprising in view of the fact that the Maya have been studied far longer than…

Western architecture: Early Classical (c. 500–450 bce): …significant architectural work of the early Classical period was at Olympia, where a great Temple of Zeus was built in about 460. This temple was the first statement of Classical Doric in its canonical form and one of the largest Doric temples of the Greek mainland.