Leo Esaki is a Japanese solid-state physicist and researcher in superconductivity who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson. Esaki was a 1947 graduate in physics from Tokyo University and immediately joined the Kobe Kogyo company. In 1956 he became chief

Kandy: The Esala Perahera, the annual 10-day torchlight parade of dancers and drummers, dignitaries, and ornately decorated elephants, commemorates the sacred tooth; it is now one of the better-known festivals in Asia, and it may be the largest Buddhist celebration in the world.

Esarhaddon was the king of Assyria from 680–669 bc, a descendant of Sargon II. He is best known for his conquest of Egypt in 671. Although he was a younger son, Esarhaddon had already been proclaimed successor to the throne by his father, Sennacherib, who had appointed him governor of Babylon some

Esau, in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) book of Genesis (25:19–34; 27; 28:6–9; 32:3–21; 33:1–16; and 36), a son of Isaac and Rebekah, the elder twin brother of Jacob, and in Hebrew tradition the ancestor of the Edomites. At birth Esau was red and hairy, and he became a wandering hunter, while

Katherine Esau was a Russian-born American botanist who did groundbreaking work in the structure and workings of plants. Her Plant Anatomy is a classic in the field. Esau was born to a Mennonite family of German descent. When the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 cut short her agricultural studies in

morality play: In the Dutch play Het esbatement den appelboom (“The Miraculous Apple Tree”), for example, a pious couple, Staunch Goodfellow and Steadfast Faith, are rewarded when God creates for them an everbearing apple tree with the property that whoever touches it without permission becomes stuck fast. This leads to predictable…

Esbjerg, city, southwestern Jutland, Denmark, opposite Fanø island on the North Sea. Founded in 1868, after the loss of North Slesvig (Schleswig) to Germany, to provide a new export outlet for Jutland’s agricultural produce, it grew rapidly after the harbour was completed in 1874 and was chartered

Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church: …Andover, Illinois (1850), served by Lars P. Esbjörn, the pioneer Swedish missionary pastor to the Swedish immigrants of the Midwest. Under the leadership of Esbjörn and Hasselquist, many congregations were started, and Augustana College and Theological Seminary, in Rock Island, Illinois, was organized, with Esbjörn as its first president.

Espoo, city, southern Finland, just west of Helsinki, in a region of broad, flat valleys covered with low clay hills. It is located in an area that has been inhabited since 3500 bc. The city has railway connections to Helsinki and the remainder of Finland. It is a thriving technology centre where

stem cell: Embryonic stem cells: Embryonic stem cells (often referred to as ES cells) are stem cells that are derived from the inner cell mass of a mammalian embryo at a very early stage of development, when it is composed of a hollow sphere of dividing cells…

surface analysis: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: Since the binding energies of the electrons emitted through XPS are discrete and atoms of different elements have different characteristic electron-binding energies, the emitted electron beam can provide a simple method of elemental analysis. The specificity of XPS is very good, since…

paracanthopterygian: Life cycle and reproduction: …is a fleshy enlargement, the esca, used to lure prey within range of capture. (The illicium and esca are generally also present in male anglerfishes but do not appear in members of suborder Ceratioidei.) The esca is commonly luminous; the female also has other light-producing organs. In 1922 a specimen…

Sheffield, town, city, and metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of South Yorkshire, north-central England. Sheffield lies about 160 miles (260 km) northwest of London. The city and metropolitan borough lie within the historic county of Yorkshire, except for the area around Beighton and

Georges Eekhoud: In the novel Escal-Vigor (1899; Escal-Vigor: A Strange Love), Eekhoud confronted his own homosexuality.

Georges Eekhoud: In the novel Escal-Vigor (1899; Escal-Vigor: A Strange Love), Eekhoud confronted his own homosexuality.

Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument: In the northeast, the Escalante River has cut deep into the sandstone over many millennia to create a tangle of interconnected, sometimes quite narrow, steep-sided canyons that provide a challenge for hikers.

Silvestre Vélez de Escalante was a Spanish Franciscan missionary-explorer, who in 1776–77 with his superior Francisco Domínguez, while seeking a route to Monterey in California from Santa Fe (now in New Mexico), rediscovered the Grand Canyon (Arizona). He explored what is now western Colorado and

Silvestre Vélez de Escalante was a Spanish Franciscan missionary-explorer, who in 1776–77 with his superior Francisco Domínguez, while seeking a route to Monterey in California from Santa Fe (now in New Mexico), rediscovered the Grand Canyon (Arizona). He explored what is now western Colorado and

Cuzco school: The work of Tadeo Escalante stands out as an example of the mestizo style. His murals of the Church of Huaro (1802), including a depiction of Hell, utilize Baroque dynamism at the same time that they freely interpret space and perspective.

police: Methods of crowd policing: …ancient strategy of crowd control, escalated force (the use of increasing amounts of force until the crowd disperses), still prevails in most countries that have not adopted Western-style democracy. Even in democracies, however, escalated force was the traditional way of controlling crowds until the 1970s, when the strategy of negotiated…

war: The control of war: …show a strong tendency to escalate. Thus, one state erects a tariff barrier to protect its industry against the competition of a trade partner, and the partner retaliates, the retaliatory interaction being repeated until the two countries find themselves in a trade war. Armaments races show a similar tendency to…

escalator, moving staircase used as transportation between floors or levels in subways, buildings, and other mass pedestrian areas. An inclined belt, invented by Jesse W. Reno of the United States in 1891, provided transportation for passengers riding on cleats attached to the belt, which was

escalator clause, provision in union or business contracts for automatic adjustment of wages or prices in proportion to changes in an external standard, such as the U.S. cost of living index. Escalator clauses have been used most extensively since World War II. They are used in union contracts as a

Diego de Siloé: His early masterpiece, the Escalera Dorada (Golden Staircase; 1519–23) in the Burgos Cathedral, combines both his sculptural and architectural gifts in a work of painted and gilded exuberance.

Jacques Ibert: …popular work, the symphonic suite Escales (1922; “Ports of Call”). From 1937 until 1960 Ibert was director of the French Academy in Rome. He wrote for almost every genre. Of his seven operas the most successful was Angélique (1926). The brilliantly witty Divertissement (1930) was a popular orchestral piece.

Auch: …Place Salinis, from which the Monumental Steps (Escalier Monumental) lead down to the river.

Escallonia, genus of South American evergreen trees and shrubs in the family Grossulariaceae, order Rosales, comprising about 50 species. Members of the genus are found mainly in mountainous areas—notably in the Andes Mountains—although species in the temperate, southernmost portions of the range

angiosperm: Annotated classification: Order Escalloniales Family: Escalloniaceae. Order Paracryphiales Family: Paracryphiaceae.

scallop, any of the marine bivalve mollusks of the family Pectinidae, particularly species of the genus Pecten. The family, which includes about 50 genera and subgenera and more than 400 species, is worldwide in distribution and ranges from the intertidal zone to considerable ocean depths. The two

veal: Scallops, small thin slices—called scallopine in Italy and escalopes or médaillons in France—may be cooked in wine or other sauces.

Measure for Measure: …careful supervision of the magistrate Escalus. Vincentio asks Isabella to give up her idea of being a nun in order to become his wife. (Whether she accepts is today a matter of theatrical choice.)

Escanaba, city, seat (1861) of Delta county, southern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S. It is a port on Little Bay de Noc, an inlet of Green Bay, about 55 miles (90 km) north-northeast of Menominee. Lumber operations began there in the 1830s. The community, whose name was derived from an Ojibwa

United Nations: Economic reconstruction: …Commission for Europe and the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East. Similar commissions were established for Latin America in 1948 and for Africa in 1958. The major work of economic reconstruction, however, was delegated to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), one of the major…

Robert Z. Leonard: Dancing Lady to Ziegfeld Girl: Escapade (1935), however, was more successful. The comedy, which was set in prewar Vienna, featured Luise Rainer, in her Hollywood debut, opposite William Powell. Next was The Great Ziegfeld (1936), Leonard’s best and biggest hit. The lavish biopic of flamboyant showman Flo Ziegfeld starred MGM’s…

David Wagoner: …adapted and released as a feature film by executive producer Francis Ford Coppola in 1982 but received only mediocre reviews.

David Wagoner: …his fourth and best-known novel, The Escape Artist, about a boy trying to make it as an amateur magician. The story was adapted and released as a feature film by executive producer Francis Ford Coppola in 1982 but received only mediocre reviews.

Patricia Arquette: …break out in the miniseries Escape at Dannemora (2018), which was based on true events. For her performance, Arquette won a second Golden Globe Award. In 2019 she assumed another real-life disquieting figure for The Act, a limited series in which she played an abusive mother who submits her daughter…

avoidance behaviour, type of activity, seen in animals exposed to adverse stimuli, in which the tendency to act defensively is stronger than the tendency to attack. The underlying implication that a single neural mechanism is involved (such as a specific part of the brain, which, under electrical

conflict of laws: Historical development: …parties resorted to so-called “escape devices” that yielded better, more appropriate results. Among these is the recharacterization of a set of facts—e.g., the recasting of a question of contract as a tort or a tort question as one of family law. For example, what law governs the question of…

Don Siegel: Films with Eastwood: Escape from Alcatraz (1979) was stronger, a prime vehicle for Eastwood based on real-life inmate Frank Morris’s 1962 escape from the prison on Alcatraz Island. Although perhaps longer than necessary, the film gains power from its starkness. Siegel’s final two films were box-office failures. In…

John Sturges: Bad, Magnificent, and Great: Escape from Fort Bravo (1953), however, was better, a solid western about the U.S. cavalry battling Native Americans; it starred William Holden and Eleanor Parker.

Erich Fromm: In Fromm’s first major work, Escape from Freedom (1941), he charted the growth of freedom and self-awareness from the Middle Ages to modern times and, using psychoanalytic techniques, analyzed the tendency, brought on by modernization, to take refuge from contemporary insecurities by turning to totalitarian movements such as Nazism. In…

John Carpenter: …Village of the Damned (1995), Escape from L.A. (1996), Vampires (1998), and The Ward (2010). Although these were not as popular as his earlier movies, some of them developed devoted followers. One of his segments for the anthology TV show Masters of Horror, entitled John Carpenter’s Cigarette Burns (2005), was…

John Carpenter: The sci-fi thriller Escape from New York (1981) starred Kurt Russell as a convict tasked with rescuing the U.S. president from a New York City converted into a maximum security prison. It was a box-office hit that became another cult favourite. The Thing (1982), the first of several…

Ricky Gervais: …voice to the animated comedies Escape from Planet Earth (2013) and The Willoughbys (2020). In addition, Gervais was a frequent host of the Golden Globes ceremony (2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, and 2020), earning both praise and criticism for his often acerbic barbs. In 2024 he won a Golden Globe for…

Planet of the Apes: …Planet of the Apes (1970), Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971), Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972), and Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973). Director Tim Burton remade the first film in 2001.

automobile: Electric-gasoline hybrids: In 2004 the Ford Escape Hybrid (SUV) became the first American hybrid, beating two General Motors trucks, the Chevrolet Silverado and the GMC Sierra, to market by one year. The first luxury hybrid vehicle, the Lexus RX 400h, was released in 2005. In 2010 General Motors introduced the Chevrolet…

Elisabeth Bergner: …there as Gemma Jones in Escape Me Never (1933) was met with great enthusiasm, and she repeated the role in New York City (1935) and again for the film version that was directed by Czinner (1935); the latter performance garnered her an Academy Award nomination. Other English-language films of Bergner’s…

Vincent D’Onofrio: …in the prison break film Escape Plan (2013) and a son of a prominent man (Robert Duvall) accused of wrongdoing in The Judge (2014). He portrayed a misguided security guard in Jurassic World (2015), a coach in the biopic Pele: Birth of a Legend (2016), and Jack Horne in the…

Steven Spielberg: Early life and work: …and during his teens his Escape to Nowhere (1962), a 40-minute war movie, won first prize at a film festival. He next directed Firelight (1964), a feature-length science-fiction yarn, which was followed by an accomplished short about hitchhikers called Amblin’ (1968). An executive at Universal Studios saw the latter film…

escape velocity, in astronomy and space exploration, the velocity needed for a body to escape from a gravitational centre of attraction without undergoing any further acceleration. The escape velocity vesc is expressed as vesc = 2GM r ,where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the

Charles Portis: Escape Velocity: A Charles Portis Miscellany (2012) contains various writings, including essays and short fiction. Throughout his oeuvre, Portis portrayed the restless pursuit of belief or adventure as emblematic of the American character.

warrant: Other judicial warrants include escape warrants, issued for the recapture of escaped prisoners, and warrants of commitment, issued to incarcerate a prisoner either before or after trial.

Big Ben: In a pendulum clock an escape wheel is allowed to rotate through the pitch of one tooth for each double swing of the pendulum and to transmit an impulse to the pendulum to keep it swinging. An ideal escapement would transmit the impulse without interfering with the free swing, and…

Black theatre: William Wells Brown’s The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom (1858), was the first Black play published, but the first real success of an African American dramatist was Angelina W. Grimké’s Rachel (1916).

Caryl Churchill: …included Love and Information (2012), Escaped Alone (2016), and the short play What If If Only (2021).

escapement, in mechanics, a device that permits controlled motion, usually in steps. In a watch or clock, it is the mechanism that controls the transfer of energy from the power source to the counting mechanism. The classic form for a timepiece, which made the mechanical clock possible, was the

Damian Lewis: …films, including Dreamcatcher (2003) and The Escapist (2008). In 2016 he starred in the thriller Our Kind of Traitor. He later played Steve McQueen in Quentin Tarantino’s Once Upon a Time…in Hollywood (2019). Lewis’s other films included the dramedy Dream Horse (2020). He was made an Officer of the Order…

hopscotch: …(this variant is known as escargot in France, for the spiral of the snail shell), in which players hop on one foot to a central rest spot and then back out again. Each player who succeeds may initial a space. The game continues until it becomes impossible to reach the…

escargot, any of several species of edible land snails, a delicacy of French cuisine. Although the snails eaten as escargots are terrestrial, they are technically mollusks and therefore classified as seafood. The word escargot, in that regard, descends from the Latin word for mollusk, conchylium,

Rachid Boudjedra: In L’Escargot entêté (1977; The Obstinate Snail), a petty bureaucrat exposes his mediocre life and values, symbolizing the incompleteness of the Algerian revolution. With Les 1001 Années de la nostalgie (1979; “1,001 Years of Nostalgia”), Boudjedra created a satire of an imaginary Saharan village confronted with what he viewed…

continental slope: …at all and are called escarpments.

Mercury: Basin and surrounding region: …a relatively steep slope, or escarpment. A second, much smaller escarpment ring stands about 100–150 km (60–90 miles) beyond the first. Smooth plains occupy the depressions between mountain blocks. Beyond the outer escarpment is a zone of linear, radial ridges and valleys that are partially filled by plains, some with…

telenovela: The Brazilian telenovela Escrava Isaura (“The Slave Isaura”), a 1970s program about an enslaved girl working on a 19th-century Brazilian coffee plantation, also attracted large audiences, though the fact that it and other Brazilian programs were taped in Portuguese limited their distribution throughout the rest of Latin America.

Schelde River, river, 270 miles (435 km) long, that rises in northern France and flows across Belgium to its North Sea outlet in Dutch territory. Along with the Lower Rhine and the Meuse rivers, it drains one of the world’s most densely populated areas. As a waterway, with its numerous branch

José Carlos Mariátegui: In essays in La escena contemporánea (1925; “The Contemporary Scene”), Mariátegui attacked fascism and defined the responsibilities of the intellectual in countries where social oppression reigns. César Vallejo, Peru’s greatest poet, was deeply influenced by him.

Rubén Blades: …Grammy Award for his album Escenas, in which Linda Ronstadt joined him in a Spanish duet, and the following year he released his first English-language album, Nothing but the Truth, which featured songs written or cowritten by Lou Reed, Elvis Costello, and Sting. His music echoed such social issues as…

José María de Pereda: …first literary effort was the Escenas montañesas (1864), starkly realistic sketches of the fisherfolk of Santander and the peasants of the Montaña. There followed other sketches and early novels of pronounced controversial spirit, such as El buey suelto (1878; “The Unfettered Ox”); Don Gonzalo González de la Gonzalera (1879), a…

The Sleepwalkers: …oder die Anarchie 1903 (1931; The Anarchist), and Huguenau oder die Sachlichkeit 1918 (1932; The Realist).

Albert Baird Cummins: In 1920 the Esch-Cummins Act provided for the return of the railroads to private control—after their government operation during the war—but did not include Cummins’ plan for consolidation of the roads into a few national, truly competitive companies. His last years were embittered by the rebellion of his…

Esch-sur-Alzette, town, southern Luxembourg, on the upper Alzette River, southwest of Luxembourg city, near the French border. A small village until 1870, it eventually became the second largest town in Luxembourg, largely because of the local phosphoric iron ore, and the centre of the country’s

Justo José de Urquiza: …Aires as the agent of Pascual Eschagüe, the governor of Entre Ríos. In the capital Urquiza became a confidant of the dictator Rosas. Made a colonel in 1837, he replaced his patron Eschagüe as governor of Entre Ríos in 1841.

keyboard instrument: Reed pipes: The shallot of a beating reed pipe is roughly cylindrical in shape, with its lower end closed and the upper end open. A section of the wall of the cylinder is cut away and finished off to a flat surface. The slit, or shallot opening, thus…

burn: Hospital treatment.: …the overlying dead skin, or eschar. The goal of exposure therapy is to soften the eschar and remove it. Exposure allows the eschar to dry. After it dries, saline-soaked gauzes are applied to the eschar to soften it and hasten its spontaneous separation from the underlying tissues. The advantage of…

esker, a long, narrow, winding ridge composed of stratified sand and gravel deposited by a subglacial or englacial meltwater stream. Eskers may range from 16 to 160 feet (5 to 50 m) in height, from 160 to 1,600 feet (500 m) in width, and a few hundred feet to tens of miles in length. They may occur

dualism: Nature and significance: …is that between dialectical and eschatological dualism. Dialectical dualism involves an eternal dialectic, or tension, of two opposed principles, such as, in Western culture, the One and the many, or Idea and matter (or space, called by Plato “the receptacle”), and, in Indian culture, maya (the illusory world of sense…

eschatology, the doctrine of the last things. It was originally a Western term, referring to Jewish, Christian, and Muslim beliefs about the end of history, the resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, the messianic era, and the problem of theodicy (the vindication of God’s justice). Historians

escheat, in feudal English land law, the return or forfeiture to the lord of land held by his tenant. There were generally two conditions by which land would escheat: the death of the tenant without heirs or the conviction of the tenant for a felony. In case of felony, the land would lose its

National Symphony Orchestra: …1994–96; music director, 1996–2008), and Christoph Eschenbach (2010–17). Gianandrea Noseda assumed the music directorship in 2017.

Wolfram von Eschenbach was a German poet whose epic Parzival, distinguished alike by its moral elevation and its imaginative power, is one of the most profound literary works of the Middle Ages. An impoverished Bavarian knight, Wolfram apparently served a succession of Franconian lords: Abensberg,

Frankfurt am Main: The contemporary city: …include the 155-foot- (47-metre-) tall Eschenheimer Tower (1400–28); the red sandstone cathedral, which was dedicated to St. Bartholomew in 1239; and the Paulskirche, which was the meeting place of the first Frankfurt National Assembly.

Alfred Escher was a dominant figure in 19th-century Zürich politics and legislator of national prominence who, as a railway magnate, became a leading opponent of railway nationalization. Quickly rising in cantonal political affairs, Escher had by 1848 become president of the Zürich government.

Hans Conrad Escher was a Swiss scientist and politician who was president of the Great Council of the Helvetic Republic (1798–99) and who was an outspoken opponent of federalism. He directed the canalization of the Linth River. With his friend and political colleague Paul Usteri, Escher founded the

Hans Conrad Escher was a Swiss scientist and politician who was president of the Great Council of the Helvetic Republic (1798–99) and who was an outspoken opponent of federalism. He directed the canalization of the Linth River. With his friend and political colleague Paul Usteri, Escher founded the

M.C. Escher was a Dutch graphic artist known for his detailed realistic prints that achieve bizarre optical and conceptual effects. Maurits Cornelis Escher was the youngest of five boys and was raised by his father, George Escher, a civil engineer, and his father’s second wife, Sarah Gleichman.

M.C. Escher was a Dutch graphic artist known for his detailed realistic prints that achieve bizarre optical and conceptual effects. Maurits Cornelis Escher was the youngest of five boys and was raised by his father, George Escher, a civil engineer, and his father’s second wife, Sarah Gleichman.

Rudolf Escher was a Dutch composer and music theoretician especially noted for his chamber works. Escher studied at the Rotterdam Conservatory from 1931 to 1937, but most of his early compositions were lost in the bombing of Rotterdam during World War II. During 1945 and 1946 he worked as a music

Rudolf Escher was a Dutch composer and music theoretician especially noted for his chamber works. Escher studied at the Rotterdam Conservatory from 1931 to 1937, but most of his early compositions were lost in the bombing of Rotterdam during World War II. During 1945 and 1946 he worked as a music

human microbiome: Discovery of the human microbiome: …the mid-1880s, when Austrian pediatrician Theodor Escherich observed a type of bacteria (later named Escherichia coli) in the intestinal flora of healthy children and children affected by diarrheal disease. In the years that followed, scientists described a number of other microorganisms isolated from the human body, including in 1898 the…

E. coli, (Escherichia coli), species of bacterium that normally inhabits the stomach and intestines. When E. coli is consumed in contaminated water, milk, or food or is transmitted through the bite of a fly or other insect, it can cause gastrointestinal illness. Mutations can lead to strains that

keyboard instrument: The clavichord: …when an instrument called the eschiquier was mentioned in account books of John II the Good, king of France. The eschiquier was described in 1388 as “resembling an organ that sounds by means of strings.” There exists no more complete description of the eschiquier, however, and it is not known…

Bikini, atoll in the Ralik (western) chain of the Marshall Islands in the central Pacific Ocean. The atoll was used for peacetime atomic explosions conducted for experimental purposes by the United States between 1946 and 1958. Lying north of the Equator, Bikini is 225 miles (360 km) northwest of

cetacean: Annotated taxonomy: Family Eschrichtiidae (gray whale) 1 species. Formerly Rhachianectidae. Head less than one-quarter of total length; neck vertebrae not fused. Dorsal fin lacking. Flippers with 4 internal digits. Length to about 15 metres. Found along both coasts of the North Pacific Ocean. Exterminated in the Atlantic Ocean…

gray whale, (Eschrichtius robustus), a slender baleen whale having a profusion of external parasites that give it the appearance of a barnacle-encrusted rock. The gray whale attains a maximum length of about 15 metres (49 feet). It is gray or black, mottled with white, and has short yellow baleen

gray whale, (Eschrichtius robustus), a slender baleen whale having a profusion of external parasites that give it the appearance of a barnacle-encrusted rock. The gray whale attains a maximum length of about 15 metres (49 feet). It is gray or black, mottled with white, and has short yellow baleen

gray whale, (Eschrichtius robustus), a slender baleen whale having a profusion of external parasites that give it the appearance of a barnacle-encrusted rock. The gray whale attains a maximum length of about 15 metres (49 feet). It is gray or black, mottled with white, and has short yellow baleen

California poppy, (Eschscholzia californica), plant of the poppy family (Papaveraceae), native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It has become naturalized in parts of southern Europe, Asia, and Australia. Depending on conditions, California poppies flower from February to

Eshu, trickster god of the Yoruba of Nigeria, an essentially protective, benevolent spirit who serves Ifa, the chief god, as a messenger between heaven and earth. Eshu requires constant appeasement in order to carry out his assigned functions of conveying sacrifices and divining the future. One

Juan de Pareja was a Spanish painter and student of Diego Velázquez. Pareja initially assisted Velázquez in his studio as an enslaved person. Pareja accompanied Velázquez on his second visit to Italy (1649–51), where Velázquez painted Pareja’s portrait. The portrait was purchased at auction by the

Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga: …the success of his opera Los ésclavos felices (“The Happy Slaves”; produced 1820, Bilbao), Arriaga enrolled in the Paris Conservatory, where by age 18 he became an assistant professor. His other compositions include three string quartets and a symphony.