Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church in Ethiopia. Headquarters are in Addis Ababa, the country’s capital. Tradition holds that Ethiopia was first evangelized by St. Matthew and St. Bartholomew in the 1st century ce, and the first Ethiopian convert is thought to

Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church in Ethiopia. Headquarters are in Addis Ababa, the country’s capital. Tradition holds that Ethiopia was first evangelized by St. Matthew and St. Bartholomew in the 1st century ce, and the first Ethiopian convert is thought to

Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God, black Pentecostal church founded in 1919 as the Ethiopian Overcoming Holy Church of God by Bishop W.T. Phillips in Mobile, Ala. The name was changed in 1927. The founder left the Methodist Episcopal Church, which he served as a minister, after becoming

Abiy Ahmed: Entry into politics: …which was part of the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) ruling coalition. In the following years he would go on to earn a master’s degree in transformational leadership (2011) from the International Leadership Institute in Addis Ababa, in partnership with Greenwich University in London; a master’s in business administration…

Ethiopia: Socialist Ethiopia (1974–91): One of them, the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Party (EPRP), believed so strongly in civilian rule that it undertook urban guerrilla war against the military rulers, and anarchy ensued in the following years.

Ethiopian Plateau, highlands covering much of Ethiopia and central Eritrea. They consist of the rugged Western Highlands and the more limited Eastern Highlands. The two sections are separated by the vast Eastern Rift Valley, which cuts across Ethiopia from southwest to northeast. The Western

Ethiopian region, one of the major land areas of the world defined on the basis of its characteristic animal life. Part of the Paleotropical, or Afro-Tethyan, realm, it encompasses Africa south of the Sahara and the southwestern tip of Arabia. The island of Madagascar is part of the separate

continental shield: The African Shield, sometimes called the Ethiopian Shield, extends eastward to include western Saudi Arabia and the eastern half of Madagascar.

wolf: Other wolves: The Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis) looks similar to the coyote. It lives in a few isolated areas of grassland and heath scrub at high elevations in Ethiopia. Although it lives in packs, the wolves hunt alone for rodents and other small mammals. Studies estimate that fewer…

Ethiopianism, religious movement among sub-Saharan Africans that embodied the earliest stirrings toward religious and political freedom in the modern colonial period. The movement was initiated in the 1880s when South African mission workers began forming independent all-African churches, such as

Ethiopic alphabet, writing system used to write the Geʿez literary and ecclesiastical language and the Amharic, Tigre, and Tigrinya languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Apparently derived from Sabaean, a South Semitic script, the Ethiopic script probably originated in the early 4th century ad; it is

First Book of Enoch, pseudepigraphal work (not included in any canon of scripture) whose only complete extant version is an Ethiopic translation of a previous Greek translation made in Palestine from the original Hebrew or Aramaic. Enoch, the seventh patriarch in the book of Genesis, was the

Ethio-Semitic languages, the Semitic languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea, including Geʿez, the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox church; Amharic, one of the principal languages of modern Ethiopia; Tigré, of northwestern Eritrea and Sudan; Tigrinya, or Tigrai, of northern Ethiopia and

human skeleton: Interior of the cranium: …small holes) plate of the ethmoid bone, a midline bone important as a part both of the cranium and of the nose. Through the perforations of the plate run many divisions of the olfactory, or first cranial, nerve, coming from the mucous membrane of the nose. At the sides of…

human respiratory system: The nose: …cavity; the frontal sinus; the ethmoid sinuses; and the sphenoid sinus, which is located in the upper posterior wall of the nasal cavity. The sinuses have two principal functions: because they are filled with air, they help keep the weight of the skull within reasonable limits, and they serve as…

Makarios III: …during the Turkish occupation as ethnarch, or head of the Greek Christian community. Opposing the British government’s proposals for independence or Commonwealth status, as well as Turkish pressures for partition in order to safeguard the island’s sizable Turkish population, Makarios met with the Greek prime minister, Alexandros Papagos, in February…

ethnic cleansing, the attempt to create ethnically homogeneous geographic areas through the deportation or forcible displacement of persons belonging to particular ethnic groups. Ethnic cleansing sometimes involves the removal of all physical vestiges of the targeted group through the destruction

ethnic conflict, a form of conflict in which the objectives of at least one party are defined in ethnic terms, and the conflict, its antecedents, and possible solutions are perceived along ethnic lines. The conflict is usually not about ethnic differences themselves but over political, economic,

dance: World dance: In describing many dances, reference is often made to their ethnic, rather than their tribal, origins. A world dance is simply a dance that is characteristic of a particular cultural group. Under this definition the polka, which is almost always considered a social…

ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. Historically it is the legacy

ethnic conflict: Theories of ethnic identity: Although communal identity provides the foundation for the definition of ethnic groups, disagreement exists over how ethnic identity forms and how it changes over time. A first school of thought, known as the primordialist approach, explains ethnicity as a fixed characteristic of individuals…

ethnic conflict: Theories of ethnic identity: Esman, in his book Ethnic Politics (1994), noted that ethnic identity usually “can be located on a spectrum between primordial historical continuities and (instrumental) opportunistic adaptations.”

Les Murray: …Song Cycle,” in the collection Ethnic Radio (1977), reflects his identification with Australia’s Aboriginals; it uses Aboriginal narrative style to describe vacationing Australians. The Boys Who Stole the Funeral (1979) is a sequence of 140 sonnets about a pair of boys who surreptitiously remove a man’s body from a Sydney…

anthropology: The study of ethnicity, minority groups, and identity: Ethnicity refers to the identification of a group based on a perceived cultural distinctiveness that makes the group into a “people.” This distinctiveness is believed to be expressed in language, music, values, art, styles, literature, family life, religion, ritual, food,…

EOKA, underground nationalist movement of Greek Cypriots dedicated to ending British colonial rule in Cyprus (achieved in 1960) and to achieving the eventual union (Greek enosis) of Cyprus with Greece. EOKA was organized by Col. Georgios Grivas, an officer in the Greek army, with the support of

Konstantinos Karamanlis: …also his own party, the National Radical Union (ERE), which in parliamentary elections in February 1956 obtained 161 seats out of 300. He retained a parliamentary majority in elections held in 1958 and 1961. As prime minister, Karamanlis helped Greece make a dramatic economic recovery from the devastation of World…

EAM-ELAS, communist-sponsored resistance organization (formed September 1941) and its military wing (formed December 1942), which operated in occupied Greece during World War II. Fighting against the Germans and the Italians as well as against other guerrilla bands, particularly EDES, EAM-ELAS

National Archaeological Museum, in Athens, museum of ancient Greek art, containing probably the finest collection of Greek antiquities in the world. The museum was erected in 1866–89 and extended in 1925–39, when an additional wing was built. The holdings include sculpture, bronzes, pottery,

anthropology: Environmental and ecological studies in anthropology: The field of ethno-ecology focuses on the ways people conceptualize elements of the natural environment and human activity within it and investigates how these concepts vary culturally as well as reveal universal aspects of human cognition. Another trend in contemporary environmental studies at the turn of the 21st…

culture area, in anthropology, geography, and other social sciences, a contiguous geographic area within which most societies share many traits in common. Delineated at the turn of the 20th century, it remains one of the most widely used frameworks for the description and analysis of cultures.

ethnobotany, systematic study of the botanical knowledge of a social group and its use of locally available plants in foods, medicines, clothing, or religious rituals. Rudimentary drugs derived from plants used in folk medicines have been found to be beneficial in the treatment of many illnesses,

race: The difference between racism and ethnocentrism: …racism must be distinguished from ethnicity and ethnocentrism. While extreme ethnocentrism may take the same offensive form and may have the same dire consequences as extreme racism, there are significant differences between the two concepts. Ethnicity, which relates to culturally contingent features, characterizes all human groups. It refers to a…

Remembering the American Civil War: Henry Timrod: Ethnogenesis: Henry Timrod was unrecognized as a poet until the Southern secession and the Civil War. The emotions that stirred the South in 1860–61 led to a flowering of his poetic talents, and by the time the Confederacy was formed he was regarded as the…

film: Travelogues and ethnographic films: …all artistry be eliminated from ethnographic films so that the visual data recorded by the camera remain as fresh and uninterpreted as possible. The audience for these films typically consists of members of a university or museum community for whom entertainment is less significant than authenticity. When such films are…

ethnography, descriptive study of a particular human society or the process of making such a study. Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion of the anthropologist in the culture and everyday life of the people who are the subject of his

museum: History museums: Ethnography museums have been especially important to the newer nation-states of Africa and Oceania, where they are seen as a means of contributing to national unity among different cultural groups. Among the industrialized nations, and particularly in countries that have been involved in colonization, the…

John Reed Swanton: …significantly developed the discipline of ethnohistory.

ethnolinguistics, that part of anthropological linguistics concerned with the study of the interrelation between a language and the cultural behaviour of those who speak it. Several controversial questions are involved in this field: Does language shape culture or vice versa? What influence does

Ethnological Museum, museum in Berlin, housing one of the world’s largest and most comprehensive ethnographic collections. It is one of the National Museums of Berlin (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). The Ethnological Museum features objects from preindustrial societies—notably North American

Ethnological Museum, museum in Berlin, housing one of the world’s largest and most comprehensive ethnographic collections. It is one of the National Museums of Berlin (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). The Ethnological Museum features objects from preindustrial societies—notably North American

cultural anthropology, a major division of anthropology that deals with the study of culture in all of its aspects and that uses the methods, concepts, and data of archaeology, ethnography and ethnology, folklore, and linguistics in its descriptions and analyses of the diverse peoples of the world.

Cuba: Cultural institutions: In 1959 the Institute of Ethnology and Folklore was created within the Academy of Sciences of Cuba, with the aim of collecting and classifying the Cuban cultural heritage. It formed the National Folklore Group, which performs Afro-Cuban dances throughout Cuba and abroad and gives international folklore laboratories each…

Alfred Métraux: In two works, Ethnology of Easter Island (1940) and L’Île de Pâques (1935; Easter Island), he argued that Easter Island’s indigenous population is Polynesian, both culturally and physically, and that the island’s well-known monolithic sculptures are native creations rather than Asian or American Indian ones.

cultural anthropology: Mauss and the sociological school: …Claude Lévi-Strauss, and founded the Institute of Ethnology of the University of Paris; he also influenced such men as the noted British cultural (or social) anthropologists Bronisław Malinowski and Alfred R. Radcliffe-Brown. In general it may be said that Mauss, like Boas, was insistent upon studying social phenomena as a…

sociology: The historical divide: qualitative and establishment sociology: …Harold Garfinkel coined the term ethnomethodology to designate the methods individuals use in daily life to construct their reality, primarily through intimate exchanges of meanings in conversation. These constructions are available through new methods of conversational analysis, detailed or “thick” descriptions of behaviour, “interpretive frames,” and other devices. Proponents of…

Jaap Kunst: His most influential work was Ethnomusicology (first published 1950; 3rd ed., 1959), which established the modern approach to the field of ethnomusicology (a term he invented) and which includes a bibliography of roughly 30,000 items. His work gave the field a solid foundation.

ethnomusicology, field of scholarship that encompasses the study of all world musics from various perspectives. It is defined either as the comparative study of musical systems and cultures or as the anthropological study of music. Although the field had antecedents in the 18th and early 19th

demonym: Demonyms differ from ethnonyms by focusing on place rather than ethnicity. As a result, while a Kazakh refers to a person belonging to an ethnic group, the demonym Kazakhstani refers to a citizen of the country. The same occurs, for instance, with Croat, an ethnonym, and Croatian, a…

pharmaceutical industry: Lead compounds from natural products: Ethnopharmacology is a branch of medical science in which the medicinal products used by isolated or primitive people are investigated using modern scientific techniques. In some cases chemicals with desirable pharmacological properties are isolated and eventually become drugs with properties recognizable in the natural product.…

cultural anthropology: Distinction between physical anthropology and cultural anthropology: …of cross-cultural psychiatry, or so-called ethnopsychiatry. Conversely, the psychological sciences, particularly psychoanalysis, have offered cultural anthropology new hypotheses for an interpretation of the concept of culture.

cultural anthropology: Cultural psychology: One development of the interwar period led certain cultural anthropologists to speak of a new subdiscipline, cultural psychology, or ethnopsychology, which is based on the idea that culture conditions the very psychological makeup of individuals (as opposed to the older notion of a…

evolution: Ethological (behavioral) isolation: Sexual attraction between males and females of a given species may be weak or absent. In most animal species, members of the two sexes must first search for each other and come together. Complex courtship rituals then take place, with the male often taking…

ethology, the study of animal behaviour. Although many naturalists have studied aspects of animal behaviour through the centuries, the modern science of ethology is usually considered to have arisen as a discrete discipline with the work in the 1920s of biologists Nikolaas Tinbergen of the

ethos, in rhetoric, the character or emotions of a speaker or writer that are expressed in the attempt to persuade an audience. It is distinguished from pathos, which is the emotion the speaker or writer hopes to induce in the audience. The two words were distinguished in a broader sense by ancient

major industrial polymers: Epoxies (epoxy resins): Epoxies are polyethers built up from monomers in which the ether group takes the form of a three-membered ring known as the epoxide ring:

the Flying Burrito Brothers: …1973, Yucca Valley, California), and Chris Ethridge (b. 1947, Meridian, Mississippi, U.S.—d. April 23, 2012, Meridian). Later members included Michael Clarke (b. June 3, 1944, New York City, New York, U.S.—d. December 19, 1993, Treasure Island, Florida), Bernie Leadon (b. July 19, 1947, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.), and Rick Roberts (b.…

etrog, one of four species of plants used during the Jewish celebration of Sukkot (Feast of Booths), a festival of gratitude to God for the bounty of the earth that is celebrated in autumn at the end of the harvest festival. For ritual purposes, the etrog must be perfect in stem and body. It is

etrog, one of four species of plants used during the Jewish celebration of Sukkot (Feast of Booths), a festival of gratitude to God for the bounty of the earth that is celebrated in autumn at the end of the harvest festival. For ritual purposes, the etrog must be perfect in stem and body. It is

radical: …as the methyl (·CH3) and ethyl (·C2H5) radicals, are capable of only the most fleeting independent existence.

ethyl acetoacetate (CH3COCH2COOC2H5), an ester widely used as an intermediate in the synthesis of many varieties of organic chemical compounds. Industrially it is employed in the manufacture of synthetic drugs and dyes. The ester is produced chiefly by self-condensation of ethyl acetate, brought

ethanol, a member of a class of organic compounds that are given the general name alcohols; its molecular formula is C2H5OH. Ethanol is an important industrial chemical; it is used as a solvent, in the synthesis of other organic chemicals, and as an additive to automotive gasoline (forming a

chemical compound: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: …the proton NMR spectrum of bromoethane, the hydrogen atoms of the CH3 group appear at about 1.6 ppm and the hydrogens of the CH2 group at about 3.3 ppm. Atoms in a molecule have different chemical shifts because they experience slightly different local magnetic fields owing to the presence of…

ethyl chloride (C2H5Cl), colourless, flammable gas belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds. At one time, ethyl chloride was a high-volume industrial chemical used in the preparation of the gasoline additive tetraethyl lead. Beginning with restrictions on leaded gasoline in the 1970s and

ethyl ether, well-known anesthetic, commonly called simply ether, an organic compound belonging to a large group of compounds called ethers; its molecular structure consists of two ethyl groups linked through an oxygen atom, as in C2H5OC2H5. Ethyl ether is a colourless, volatile, highly flammable

petroleum refining: Octane rating: The advent of leaded, or ethyl, gasoline led to the manufacture of high-octane fuels and became universally employed throughout the world after World War II. However, beginning in 1975, environmental legislation began to restrict the use of lead additives in automotive gasoline. It is now banned in the…

organometallic compound: Defining characteristics: …larger homologs such as the ethyl group, C2H5, which attach to a metal atom through only one carbon atom. (Simple alkyl groups such as these are often abbreviated by the symbol R.) More elaborate organic groups include the cyclopentadienyl group, C5H5, in which all five carbon atoms can form bonds…

organohalogen compound: Structure and physical properties: The boiling points of ethyl halides increase as the atomic number of the halogen increases. With increasing atomic number the halogen becomes more polarizable, meaning that the electric field associated with the atom is more easily distorted by the presence of nearby electric fields. Fluorine is the least polarizable…

carboxylic acid: Polycarboxylic acids: ester, CH2(COOCH2CH3)2, called diethyl malonate. This compound is used in a synthetic process to produce a variety of monosubstituted and disubstituted derivatives of acetic acid.

organosulfur compound: Sulfides: , ethyl methyl sulfide is CH3SC2H5. In molecules with other functional groups of higher priority, the sulfide group is designated by thio- (as in thiodiacetic acid, HO2CCH2SCH2CO2H) or by methylthio- (as in methylthioacetic acid, CH3SCH2CO2H). In saturated cyclic sulfides, the prefix thi- precedes the root

organosulfur compound: Organic compounds of polyvalent sulfur: sulfoxides and sulfones: , ethyl methyl sulfoxide, CH3S(O)C2H5), or by forming a prefix from the name of the simpler of the groups using the particle -sulfinyl- (e.g., 4-(methylsulfinyl)benzoic acid). The nomenclature of sulfones is similar to that of sulfoxides; the particle -sulfonyl- is used in complicated cases. Most sulfoxides…

heterocyclic compound: Comparison with carbocyclic compounds: …the corresponding unsaturated ether, ethyl vinyl ether, which has the formula:

chemical compound: Ethers and epoxides: An aromatic ether known as Nerolin II (2-ethoxynaphthalene) is used in perfumes to impart the scent of orange blossoms. Cyclic ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran, are commonly used as organic solvents. Although ethers contain two polar carbon-oxygen bonds, they are much less reactive than alcohols or phenols.

chemical industry: Xylene: …with them is another isomer, ethylbenzene, which has one ethyl group (―C2H5) replacing one of the hydrogen atoms of benzene. These isomers can be separated only with difficulty, but numerous separation methods have been worked out. The small letters o-, m-, and p- (standing for ortho-, meta-, and para-) preceding…

ethylene (H2C=CH2), the simplest of the organic compounds known as alkenes, which contain carbon-carbon double bonds. It is a colourless, flammable gas having a sweet taste and odour. Natural sources of ethylene include both natural gas and petroleum; it is also a naturally occurring hormone in

polyethylene: Ethylene copolymers: Ethylene-acrylic acid and ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers are prepared by suspension or emulsion polymerization, using free-radical catalysts. The acrylic acid and methacrylic acid repeating units, making up 5 to 20 percent of the copolymers, have the following structures:

ethylene bromide (C2H4Br2), a colourless, sweet-smelling, nonflammable, toxic liquid belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds. Ethylene bromide was once used in conjunction with lead-containing antiknock agents as a component of gasoline; however, this use disappeared with the banning of

ethylene chloride (C2H4Cl2), a colourless, toxic, volatile liquid having an odour resembling that of chloroform. It is denser than water, and it is practically insoluble in water. Ethylene chloride is produced by the reaction of ethylene and chlorine. The annual production of ethylene chloride

ethylene bromide (C2H4Br2), a colourless, sweet-smelling, nonflammable, toxic liquid belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds. Ethylene bromide was once used in conjunction with lead-containing antiknock agents as a component of gasoline; however, this use disappeared with the banning of

ethylene chloride (C2H4Cl2), a colourless, toxic, volatile liquid having an odour resembling that of chloroform. It is denser than water, and it is practically insoluble in water. Ethylene chloride is produced by the reaction of ethylene and chlorine. The annual production of ethylene chloride

ethylene glycol, the simplest member of the glycol family of organic compounds. A glycol is an alcohol with two hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbon atoms (a 1,2-diol). The common name ethylene glycol literally means “the glycol derived from ethylene.” Ethylene glycol is a clear, sweet, slightly

polyethylene: Ethylene copolymers: Ethylene-acrylic acid and ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers are prepared by suspension or emulsion polymerization, using free-radical catalysts. The acrylic acid and methacrylic acid repeating units, making up 5 to 20 percent of the copolymers, have the following structures:

heterocyclic compound: Three-membered rings: …oxygen, and sulfur—aziridine, oxirane (or ethylene oxide), and thiirane, respectively—and their derivatives can all be prepared by nucleophilic reactions, of the type shown. Thus, aziridine is formed by heating β-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate with a base (in this case Y is ―OSO3H).

ethylene-propylene copolymer, a class of synthetic rubber produced by copolymerizing ethylene and propylene, usually in combination with other chemical compounds. In addition to elastic properties, ethylene-propylene copolymers display excellent resistance to electricity and ozone and an ability to

major industrial polymers: Ethylene-propylene copolymers: …are known as EPM (ethylene-propylene monomer) and the latter as EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene monomer). The copolymers contain approximately 60 percent by weight ethylene. A pronounced advantage of EPDM is that the residual carbon-carbon double bond (i.e., the double bond that remains after polymerization) is attached to the polymer chain rather…

ethylene-propylene copolymer, a class of synthetic rubber produced by copolymerizing ethylene and propylene, usually in combination with other chemical compounds. In addition to elastic properties, ethylene-propylene copolymers display excellent resistance to electricity and ozone and an ability to

major industrial polymers: Ethylene-propylene copolymers: …the latter as EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene monomer). The copolymers contain approximately 60 percent by weight ethylene. A pronounced advantage of EPDM is that the residual carbon-carbon double bond (i.e., the double bond that remains after polymerization) is attached to the polymer chain rather than being made part of it. Carbon-carbon…

polyethylene: Ethylene copolymers: Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), for instance, is produced by the copolymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate under pressure, using free-radical catalysts. Many different grades are manufactured, with the vinyl acetate content varying from 5 to 50 percent by weight. EVA copolymers are more permeable to…

acrylamide, a white, odourless, crystalline substance belonging to the family of organic compounds; its molecular formula is C3H5NO. Acrylamide is produced as a result of industrial processes and is generated in certain foods as a result of cooking at high temperatures. Because acrylamide is

coordination compound: Ligands and chelates: …(Cu2+) and the organic compound ethylenediamine (NH2CH2CH2NH2, often abbreviated as en in formulas). The formula of the complex is

explosive: Picric acid and ammonium picrate: …these were RDX, PETN, and ethylenediaminedinitrate (EDNA), all of which were cast with varying amounts of TNT, usually 40 to 50 percent, and used where the highest possible shattering power was desired. For example, cast 60–40 RDX-TNT, called cyclotol, develops a detonation pressure of about 270,000 atmospheres (4,000,000 pounds per…

soap and detergent: Sequestering or chelating agents: EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) or its sodium salt has the property of combining with certain metal ions to form a molecular complex that locks up or chelates the calcium ion so that it no longer exhibits ionic properties. In hard water, calcium and magnesium ions are…

metabolism: Anaplerotic routes: …cellular building blocks include the ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway and the methylaspartate pathway. The ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway is used by organisms lacking the isocitrate lyase enzyme, such as the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. In this pathway two acetyl-CoA molecules are combined to produce acetoactyl-CoA, which subsequently reacts to form the intermediate ethylmalonyl-CoA. Ethylmalonyl-CoA is…

acetylene, the simplest and best-known member of the hydrocarbon series containing one or more pairs of carbon atoms linked by triple bonds, called the acetylenic series, or alkynes. It is a colourless flammable gas widely used as a fuel in oxyacetylene welding and the cutting of metals and as raw

Italy: Theatre: …activity in Italy are the Italian Theatre Board (Ente Teatrale Italiano; ETI), the Institute for Italian Drama (Istituto Dramma Italiano; IDI), concerned with promoting Italian repertory, and the National Institute for Ancient Drama (Istituto Nazionale del Dramma Antico; INDA). In 1990 the government tightened its legislation on eligibility for funding,…

French literature: The 1960s: before the watershed: …against such transatlantic imports by René Etiemble in his polemic Parlez-vous franglais? (1964; “Do You Speak Frenglish”). The technocratic middle class, which benefited most from the country’s prosperity, was open to new ideas in science, and its materialist outlook found expression in Jacques Monod’s Le Hasard et la nécessité (1970;…

history of publishing: France: …Bade, Geoffroy Tory, and the Estienne (Stephanus) family, who published without a break for five generations (1502–1674), carried France into the lead in European book production and consolidated the Aldine type of book—compact, inexpensive, and printed in roman and italic types. The golden age of French typography is usually placed…

Henri II Estienne was a scholar-printer, grandson of Henri Estienne, founder of the family printing firm in Paris, and son of Robert I Estienne, who left Paris to establish a printing firm in Geneva. Educated in classical literature, Estienne traveled as a young man in Italy, England, and Flanders,

Robert I Estienne was a scholar-printer, the second son of Henri Estienne, who founded the family printing firm about 1502 in Paris. Robert became head of the firm in 1526, and it was he who adopted the device of the olive tree for his title pages. In 1527–28 he published his first complete Bible

Abu Dhabi: …establishment of an international airline, Etihad (Al-Ittiḥād) Airways, to serve the capital, and the development of a range of commercial and residential properties. Pop. (2015 est.) 1,202,756.

Volga River, river of Europe, the continent’s longest, and the principal waterway of western Russia and the historic cradle of the Russian state. Its basin, sprawling across about two-fifths of the European part of Russia, contains almost half of the entire population of the Russian Republic. The