Irving Kristol was an American essayist, editor, and publisher, best known as an intellectual founder and leader of the neoconservative movement in the United States. His articulation and defense of conservative ideals against the dominant liberalism of the 1960s influenced generations of

The Weekly Standard: …magazine founded in 1995 by William Kristol, Fred Barnes, and John Podhoretz with financial backing from Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation. One of the young writers on the staff of the magazine in 1995 was American conservative pundit and popular Fox News talk show host Tucker Carlson. The Weekly Standard largely…

South Asian arts: South India: …songs that they composed, called kriti, are a delicate blend of text, melody, and rhythm and are the most popular items of a South Indian concert. The composed elements in these songs sometimes include sections such as niraval, melodic variations with the same text, and svara-kalpana, passages using the Indian…

Crete, island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea that is one of 13 administrative regions (periféreies) of Greece. Crete is the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean and the largest of the islands forming part of modern Greece. It is relatively long and narrow, stretching for 160 miles (260 km)

Pyotr Berngardovich Struve: …presented in 1894 in his Kriticheskiye zametki k voprocy ob ekonomicheskom razviti rossi (“Critical Remarks on the Subject of Russia’s Economic Development”) procured for him a reputation among the left-wing intelligentsia, and in the late 1890s he served as the editor of several Marxist journals, including the influential periodical Novoye…

Hegelianism: The work of Marx: …Kritik der hegelschen Staatsrechts (1843; Critique of Hegel’s Constitutional Law), a criticism of the erroneous relationship initiated in Hegel between society and the state, which was destined to lead Marx from the criticism of the modern state to that of modern society and its alienation.

Ferdinand Tönnies: …Sitte (1909; Custom, 1961) and Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung (1922; “Critique of Public Opinion”). To him, the “public opinion” of a total society expresses the communal will that certain social and political actions be performed or abstained from and implies the use of sanctions against dissidents.

Critique of Practical Reason, foundational study of the nature and scope of human reason as it relates to ethics and belief in God, by the German Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). The Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (1788, spelled Critik and practischen in the first edition;

Richard Avenarius: …in his most noted work, Kritik der reinen Erfahrung, 2 vol. (1888–1900), argued that there is no distinction between inner and outer experience, but only pure experience.

Critique of Pure Reason, foundational study of the nature and scope of human reason as it relates to metaphysics and epistemology, by the German Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). The Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1781, 1787; first edition spelled Critik), or Critique of Pure

Critique of Judgment, treatise on the human faculty of judgment as it relates to aesthetics and teleology, by the German Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). The Kritik der Urteilskraft (1790, first edition spelled Critik; Critique of Judgment), the last of Kant’s three so-called

Sea of Crete, southern part of the Aegean Sea (an arm of the Mediterranean Sea), lying between the Cyclades (Kikládhes) islands to the north and the island of Crete (Kríti) to the south. It is the deepest section of the Aegean Sea, reaching depths of more than 10,000 feet (3,294 m) east of Cape

Friedrich Theodor von Vischer: Vischer’s other works include Kritische Gänge, 2 vol. (1844; “Critical Path”), a collection of essays, and Altes und Neues (1881; “Old and New”). He also wrote a whimsical popular novel, Auch Einer, 2 vol. (1879; The Humour of Germany).

Hart brothers: …1882 to 1884 they published Kritische Waffengänge, the periodical that decisively launched the Naturalist movement in Germany. After 1884 they worked for the popularization of Naturalism through other journals that they edited (i.e., Berliner Monatshefte, Kritisches Jahrbuch, and Die Freie Bühne), in which they published essays on Naturalistic aesthetics. They…

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling: Period of intense productivity: …1802 when they coedited the Kritisches Journal der Philosophie (Critical Journal of Philosophy). In the following years, however, Hegel’s philosophical thought began to move significantly away from Schelling’s, and his Phänomenologie des Geistes (1807; The Phenomenology of Mind) contained strong charges against Schelling’s system. To Schelling’s definition of the Absolute…

Michael Critobulus was a historian whose account of the Turkish destruction of the Byzantine Empire remains as one of the few contemporary works on that period of Byzantium. Almost nothing is known of his life. He was probably a native of the Aegean island of Imbros (later Gökçeada). Although he

Slavic religion: Communal banquets and related practices: …of the mortuaries of the Krivichi, a populous tribe of the East Slavs of the northwest, the so-called long kurgans (burial mounds), contained cinerary urns buried in the tumulus together and all at one time. Such a practice could occur only as the consequence of collective and simultaneous cremation. There…

Kryvyy Rih, city, southern Ukraine, situated at the confluence of the Inhulets and Saksahan rivers. Founded as a village by Zaporozhian Cossacks in the 17th century, it had only 2,184 inhabitants in 1781. In 1881 a French company began to work the local iron-ore deposits, and a railway was

Russia: Agrarian reforms: …by the minister of agriculture, Aleksandr Vasilevich Krivoshein, enjoyed a tangible if not sensational measure of success. By 1915 some 20 percent of communal households had left the communes, and about 10 percent had taken the further step of consolidating their strips into one holding. All over the country, land…

Kryvyy Rih, city, southern Ukraine, situated at the confluence of the Inhulets and Saksahan rivers. Founded as a village by Zaporozhian Cossacks in the 17th century, it had only 2,184 inhabitants in 1781. In 1881 a French company began to work the local iron-ore deposits, and a railway was

Self-Realization Fellowship: …also taught a specific method, kriyā yoga, combining deep meditation with techniques to control the movement of “life energy” and to withdraw energy and attention from “outer” to “inner” concerns. Self-Realization Fellowship centres emphasize classes in kriyā yoga and also offer Churches of All Religions, with services that combine elements…

Buddhism: Origins: …different groups of tantras (the Kriya-tantra, Charya-tantra, Yoga-tantra, and Anuttarayoga-tantra) that are compared with the fourfold phases of courtship (the exchange of glances, a pleasing or encouraging smile, the holding of hands, and consummation in the sexual act). The first stage involves external ritual acts, and the second combines these

Juraj Križanić was a Roman Catholic priest and scholar who became an early advocate of Pan-Slavism and of a program of cultural and social reform in Russia that foreshadowed the reforms made by Peter I the Great, who ruled from 1682 to 1725. Križanić studied at various theological seminaries in

Juraj Križanić was a Roman Catholic priest and scholar who became an early advocate of Pan-Slavism and of a program of cultural and social reform in Russia that foreshadowed the reforms made by Peter I the Great, who ruled from 1682 to 1725. Križanić studied at various theological seminaries in

Krk, island, the largest and most northern of Croatia’s Adriatic islands. It reaches maximum elevation at Obzova, 1,824 feet (556 metres). Archaeological findings suggest that Krk has been continuously inhabited since the Neolithic Period. Roman influence, beginning in the 1st century bce, was

Croatia: Drainage: In Dalmatia the Krka and Cetina rivers are of particular importance because of their hydroelectric potential and because they flow into the Adriatic Sea.

Giant Mountains, mountains, major segment of the Sudeten in northeastern Bohemia and part of the western Czech-Polish frontier. The highest peak in both the mountains and Bohemia is Sněžka (5,256 feet [1,602 m]). The Elbe (Czech: Labe) River rises in Bohemia on the southern slope, and tributaries

Czech Republic: Plant and animal life: Krkonoše National Park, established in 1963, protects glacial landscapes and Alpine vegetation as well as some relict boreal-Arctic species, such as the Alpine shrew (Sorex alpinus); despite these preservation efforts, however, the park has been extensively developed as a ski resort.

Miroslav Krleža was an essayist, novelist, poet, and playwright who was a dominant figure in modern Croatian literature. Krleža trained in the Austro-Hungarian military academy at Budapest. He tried unsuccessfully to join Serbian forces twice, in 1912 and against the Turks in the Second Balkan War

Ray Kroc was an American restaurateur and a pioneer of the fast-food industry with his worldwide McDonald’s enterprise. At age 15 Kroc lied about his age in order to join the Red Cross ambulance service on the front lines of World War I. He was sent to Connecticut for training, where he met fellow

Ray Kroc was an American restaurateur and a pioneer of the fast-food industry with his worldwide McDonald’s enterprise. At age 15 Kroc lied about his age in order to join the Red Cross ambulance service on the front lines of World War I. He was sent to Connecticut for training, where he met fellow

Nachman Krochmal was a Jewish scholar and philosopher; his major, seminal work, Moreh nevukhe ha-zeman (1851; “Guide for the Perplexed of Our Time”), made pioneering contributions in the areas of Jewish religion, literature, and especially history. Krochmal was married at the age of 14 (according

Arthur B. Krock was the principal political writer and analyst for The New York Times for a generation (1932–66). Krock became famous for his calm analysis of U.S. political and economic affairs and foreign relations. His column, “In the Nation,” ran in the Times from 1933 until 1966. He was the

Arthur B. Krock was the principal political writer and analyst for The New York Times for a generation (1932–66). Krock became famous for his calm analysis of U.S. political and economic affairs and foreign relations. His column, “In the Nation,” ran in the Times from 1933 until 1966. He was the

A.L. Kroeber was an influential American anthropologist of the first half of the 20th century, whose primary concern was to understand the nature of culture and its processes. His interest and competence ranged over the whole of anthropology, and he made valuable contributions to American Indian

A.L. Kroeber was an influential American anthropologist of the first half of the 20th century, whose primary concern was to understand the nature of culture and its processes. His interest and competence ranged over the whole of anthropology, and he made valuable contributions to American Indian

Ursula K. Le Guin was an American writer best known for tales of science fiction and fantasy imbued with concern for character development and language. Le Guin, the daughter of distinguished anthropologist A.L. Kroeber and writer Theodora Kroeber, attended Radcliffe College (B.A., 1951) and

Herbert Kroemer was a German-born physicist who, with Zhores Alferov and Jack S. Kilby, was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physics for their work that laid the foundation for the modern era of microchips, computers, and information technology. After receiving a Ph.D. (1952) from Georg August

Canadian literature: Fiction: Robert Kroetsch’s trilogy The Words of My Roaring (1966), The Studhorse Man (1969), and Gone Indian (1973) transformed the realism of Prairie fiction into postmodern parodies of the quest journey. In The Temptations of Big Bear (1973), The Scorched-Wood People (1977), and A Discovery of…

60 Minutes: Scott Pelley, Bob Simon, Steve Kroft, Lara Logan, Anderson Cooper, Norah O’Donnell, and Jon Wertheim.

Norwegian literature: The 20th century: Helge Krog, and Sigurd Hoel.

Kroger Co., American chain of supermarkets and related retail businesses. In the early 21st century, Kroger was the world’s third largest retailer and the largest chain of freestanding supermarkets in the United States. Corporate headquarters are in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Kroger Co. traces its

Kroger Co., American chain of supermarkets and related retail businesses. In the early 21st century, Kroger was the world’s third largest retailer and the largest chain of freestanding supermarkets in the United States. Corporate headquarters are in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Kroger Co. traces its

Tonio Kröger, fictional character, the protagonist of Thomas Mann’s novella Tonio Kröger

August Krogh was a Danish physiologist who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1920 for his discovery of the motor-regulating mechanism of capillaries (small blood vessels). Krogh studied zoology at the University of Copenhagen, becoming professor of animal physiology there in

August Krogh was a Danish physiologist who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1920 for his discovery of the motor-regulating mechanism of capillaries (small blood vessels). Krogh studied zoology at the University of Copenhagen, becoming professor of animal physiology there in

dating: Technical advances: …introduced by the Canadian geochronologist Thomas E. Krogh in 1973.

Edvard Munch: Early years: …older painters in the circle, Christian Krohg, gave Munch both instruction and encouragement.

Per Krohg was a painter who was one of the major figures in the renascence of mural painting in Norway after 1920. He was the son of the painter Christian Krohg and studied under him at the Académie Colarossi (1903–07) in Paris. He also studied under the French painter Henri Matisse from 1907 to

children’s literature: Denmark: …such other 19th-century figures as Johan Krohn, whose “Peter’s Christmas” remains a standard seasonal delight. The tradition is relayed to the 20th century by Halfdan Rasmussen, whose collected Bjørnerim (“Verse for Children”) won the 1964 Danish Children’s Book Prize, and Ib Spang Olsen, with his nonsense picture book The Boy…

Krokodil, (Russian: “Crocodile”), humour magazine published in Moscow, noted for its satire and cartoons. From 1922 to 1932 the periodical was published as a weekly illustrated supplement to the Soviet newspaper Rabochaya gazeta (“The Workers’ Paper”; published for its first three months as Rabochy

Limpopo River: …Africa that rises as the Krokodil (Crocodile) River in the Witwatersrand, South Africa, and flows on a semicircular course first northeast and then east for about 1,100 miles (1,800 km) to the Indian Ocean. From its source the river flows northward to the Magaliesberg, cutting the Hartbeespoort Gap, which is…

Emanuel Geibel: This group belonged to the Gesellschaft der Krokodile (“Society of the Crocodiles”), a literary society that cultivated traditional poetic themes and forms.

Johan Cruyff: …and including Johan Neeskens and Ruud Krol, put on a memorable display of total football that earned them the nickname “Clockwork Orange” (a name borrowed from the novel but inspired by the team’s orange jerseys). Although the Netherlands lost to West Germany in the championship match, Cruyff’s individual brilliance won…

Johan Cruyff: …and including Johan Neeskens and Ruud Krol, put on a memorable display of total football that earned them the nickname “Clockwork Orange” (a name borrowed from the novel but inspired by the team’s orange jerseys). Although the Netherlands lost to West Germany in the championship match, Cruyff’s individual brilliance won…

Polish literature: Romanticism: …life were devoted to writing Król-Duch (1847; “The Spirit King”), an unfinished lyrical and symbolic epic describing the history of a people as a series of incarnations of the essential spirit of the nation.

Congress Kingdom of Poland, Polish state created (May 3, 1815) by the Congress of Vienna as part of the political settlement at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. It was ruled by the tsars of Russia until its loss in World War I. The Kingdom of Poland comprised the bulk of the former Grand Duchy of

Kaliningrad, city, seaport, and administrative centre of Kaliningrad oblast (region), Russia. Detached from the rest of the country, the city is an exclave of the Russian Federation. Kaliningrad lies on the Pregolya River just upstream from Frisches Lagoon. Formerly the capital of the dukes of

hafnium: … reduction of hafnium tetrachloride (Kroll process, which is also used for titanium) and by the thermal decomposition of tetraiodide (de Boer–van Arkel process).

titanium processing: History: In 1932 William J. Kroll of Luxembourg produced significant quantities of ductile titanium by combining TiCl4 with calcium. By 1938 Kroll had produced 20 kilograms (50 pounds) of titanium and was convinced that it possessed excellent corrosion and strength properties. At the start of World War II…

Kröller-Müller State Museum, collection in Otterlo, Netherlands, primarily of late 19th- and 20th-century art, especially paintings by Vincent van Gogh. The museum is named after shipping heiress Helene Kröller-Müller (1869–1939), whose personal collection constitutes a large portion of the

Cambodia: Economy: Voluntary cooperative groupings called krom samaki subsequently replaced collective farms in many areas, but the vast majority of Cambodian farming continued to be carried out by family units growing crops for subsistence and small surpluses for cash or barter. A law enacted in 1989 permitted Cambodians to buy and…

Kromdraai, South African paleoanthropological site best known for its fossils of Paranthropus robustus. Kromdraai is a limestone cave that has occasionally had openings to the surface. The remains of hominins (members of the human lineage) found in it are associated with animals that are thought to

Polish literature: Achievements in prose writing: Another notable political writer was Marcin Kromer, scholar, humanist, historian, and Catholic apologist. The most interesting of his works is Rozmowy dworzanina z mnichem (1551–54; “Dialogues of a Courtier with a Monk”), a strong defense of Catholic dogma. Many historical and political writings and translations of the Bible were also…

Kroměříž, city, south-central Czech Republic, on the Morava River, northeast of Brno. The city dates from 1110, after which it was acquired by the bishops of Olomouc. It is best known historically because the Austrian constituent assembly used it as a refuge during the Vienna revolt (1848–49). In

Austronesian languages: Speech levels and honorific registers: The primary distinction is between Kromo, a high form used when speaking to social superiors, and Ngoko, a low or neutral form used when speaking to social equals or inferiors. Further subdivisions are recognized within Kromo, and in addition a small number of words called Madya (Middle) contain elements of…

Frederic Eugene Ives: …called kromskop) camera and the chromogram (also spelled kromogram). The latter, a viewing instrument that accurately combined and projected the three-separation colour negative produced by the former, was of particular importance in the development of full-colour projection. Some of his early prints are preserved in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Iceland: Financial boom and bust: The country’s currency, the króna, showed signs of weakness beginning in 2005. Inflation skyrocketed, domestic interest rates more than doubled, and foreign investors flocked to króna-denominated bonds. The tide of capital reversed abruptly in 2008, when the so-called global “credit crunch” led foreign investors to flee Iceland’s bond market,…

crown, monetary unit of several European countries, including Sweden, Denmark, and Norway—the first countries to adopt the crown, in the 1870s. The Swedish crown (krona) is divided into 100 öre, though coins valued at less than 100 öre are no longer in circulation. In Norway the unit is known as

Stefan George: …striving for significance in “Maximin” (Maximilian Kronberger [1888–1904]), a beautiful and gifted youth whom he met in Munich in 1902. After the boy’s death George claimed that he had been a god, glorifying him in his later poetry and explaining his attitude to him in Maximin, ein Gedenkbuch (privately…

Helsingør: Kronborg Castle, the Elsinore Castle of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, was built in Helsingør between 1574 and 1585 by Frederick II in Dutch Renaissance style to replace an earlier fortress built by Erik VII (of Pomerania) in the 15th century; in the 17th century much of the…

Indonesia: Music: Kroncong music, which flourished during the colonial era and retained its popularity following independence, was a product of the confluence of western European (particularly Portuguese) and Indonesian cultures; while the guitar and other Western string instruments constituted the core of kroncong, the manner in which…

Julie Krone is an American jockey, the first woman to win the prestigious Belmont Stakes. Krone grew up on a horse farm in Eau Claire, Michigan. Her mother, Judi, was a prizewinning show rider, and Julie was only 5 years old when she began winning horse shows in the 21-and-under division. At age 14

Julie Krone is an American jockey, the first woman to win the prestigious Belmont Stakes. Krone grew up on a horse farm in Eau Claire, Michigan. Her mother, Judi, was a prizewinning show rider, and Julie was only 5 years old when she began winning horse shows in the 21-and-under division. At age 14

Leopold Kronecker was a German mathematician whose primary contributions were in the theory of equations and higher algebra. Kronecker acquired a passion for number theory from Ernst Kummer, his instructor in mathematics at the Liegnitz Gymnasium, and earned his doctor’s degree at the University of

Saturnalia: Remarkably like the Greek Kronia, it was the liveliest festival of the year. All work and business were suspended. Slaves were given temporary freedom to say and do what they liked, and certain moral restrictions were eased. The streets were infected with a Mardi Gras madness; a mock…

Ismail Kadare: Kronikë në gur (1971; Chronicle in Stone) is an autobiographical novel that is as much about Kadare’s childhood in wartime Albania as about the town of Gjirokastër itself.

Kronoberg, län (county), part of the traditional landskap (province) of Småland, southern Sweden. Kronoberg consists of a rolling plateau of woods and marshland. Of its numerous lakes, Åsnen and Möckeln are the largest; the land is drained by the Mörrums, the Helga, the Lagan, and many smaller

Cronus, in ancient Greek religion, male deity who was worshipped by the pre-Hellenic population of Greece but probably was not widely worshipped by the Greeks themselves; he was later identified with the Roman god Saturn. Cronus’s functions were connected with agriculture; in Attica his festival,

Osvaldo Golijov: Lawrence String Quartet, the Kronos Quartet, and the soprano Dawn Upshaw, and many of his works were developed in collaboration with such artists. One of his earliest successes, Yiddishbbuk (1992), was written for the St. Lawrence and the clarinetist Todd Palmer, and the Kronos Quartet performed and recorded a…

plesiosaur: In contrast, Kronosaurus, an early Cretaceous pliosaur whose fossils have been unearthed in Australia and Colombia, grew to about 9–11 metres (29.5–36 feet) long, based on an estimate of the length of K. queenlandicus (known by some researchers as Eiectus longmani) and K. boyacensis (known by some…

Kronotsky Nature Reserve, natural area set aside for research in the natural sciences, on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, eastern Russia. The reserve, established in 1934, has current boundaries that date from 1967 and an area of 4,243 square miles (10,990 square km). It contains the

Kronshtadt, naval port, Leningrad oblast (region), northwestern Russia. It lies on Kotlin Island near the head of the Gulf of Finland. Peter I (the Great) captured the island from the Swedes in 1703 and constructed a fort and docks—then called Kronslot—to protect the approaches to St. Petersburg.

Kronshtadt Rebellion, (March 1921), one of several major internal uprisings against Soviet rule in Russia after the Civil War (1918–20), conducted by sailors from the Kronshtadt naval base. It greatly influenced the Communist Party’s decision to undertake a program of economic liberalization to

Kronshtadt, naval port, Leningrad oblast (region), northwestern Russia. It lies on Kotlin Island near the head of the Gulf of Finland. Peter I (the Great) captured the island from the Swedes in 1703 and constructed a fort and docks—then called Kronslot—to protect the approaches to St. Petersburg.

Brașov, city, capital of Brașov județ (county), central Romania. One of the largest cities of the country, it is on the northern slope of the Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians), surrounded on three sides by mountains, 105 miles (170 km) north-northwest of Bucharest by road. Founded by

Kronshtadt, naval port, Leningrad oblast (region), northwestern Russia. It lies on Kotlin Island near the head of the Gulf of Finland. Peter I (the Great) captured the island from the Swedes in 1703 and constructed a fort and docks—then called Kronslot—to protect the approaches to St. Petersburg.

Kronshtadt Rebellion, (March 1921), one of several major internal uprisings against Soviet rule in Russia after the Civil War (1918–20), conducted by sailors from the Kronshtadt naval base. It greatly influenced the Communist Party’s decision to undertake a program of economic liberalization to

Henning Kronstam was a Danish dancer and artistic director of the Royal Danish Ballet. He was known as an outstanding interpreter of roles in a variety of choreographic styles. Kronstam was trained as a dancer at the Royal Danish Ballet School and joined the Royal Danish Ballet in 1952. He was one

Estonia: Finance: …issued its own currency, the kroon, which was replaced by the euro in January 2011. At the centre of the republic’s banking system is the Bank of Estonia (extant before the Soviet period and reestablished in 1990). In addition to a number of commercial banks, there is also the state-owned…

Baldwin IV: …known in Flemish history as Crown Flanders (Kroon-Vlaanderen), the German fiefs as Imperial Flanders (Rijks-Vlaanderen). Baldwin’s son—afterward Baldwin V—rebelled in 1028 against his father at the instigation of his wife, Adela, daughter of Robert II of France; two years later peace was sworn at Oudenaarde, and the old count continued…

Kroonstad, town, northern Free State province, South Africa. Founded in 1855, it served briefly as the Boer capital of the Orange Free State (March 13–May 11, 1900) after the fall of Bloemfontein during the South African War (1899–1902). The Vals River runs through the city, its banks of willows

Kropotkin, city, Krasnodar kray (territory), western Russia, on the Kuban River. Founded in the 19th century as Romanovsky Khutor, it was renamed in 1921 for the geographer and revolutionary anarchist P.A. Kropotkin. It became a town in 1921 and until 1962 was the centre of the Kavkazsky rayon

Peter Alekseyevich Kropotkin was a Russian revolutionary and geographer, the foremost theorist of the anarchist movement. Although he achieved renown in a number of different fields, ranging from geography and zoology to sociology and history, he shunned material success for the life of a

KROQ: Into the doldrums that many believe the music industry suffered in the 1970s, the punk movement injected new life. But its rawness rubbed radio the wrong way, and most commercial stations either resisted it or awkwardly mixed it in. It took programmers such as Rick…

Into the doldrums that many believe the music industry suffered in the 1970s, the punk movement injected new life. But its rawness rubbed radio the wrong way, and most commercial stations either resisted it or awkwardly mixed it in. It took programmers such as Rick Carroll (who once worked for Top

Michel Thomas was a Polish-born linguist, teacher, and member of the French Resistance during World War II, known for his eponymous method of foreign-language instruction. Kroskof was born into a Jewish family who owned a textile factory in Łódź. Because of increasing anti-Semitism in Poland, he

Krosno, city, Podkarpackie województwo (province), extreme southeastern Poland. Set on the sloping plains of the Lower Beskid mountain range amid forests of beech and white fir, the city dates from the 14th century and is one of the oldest in the area. Krosno is the centre of Poland’s mineral-oil

crotal: The krotalon (Latin crotalum) of ancient Greece and Rome was a pair of finger cymbals—i.e., wooden or metal shells held in one hand and manipulated like castanets, though probably not as rapidly. They were used to accompany dancing and were played almost exclusively by women. Cymbals…

crotal: The krotalon (Latin crotalum) of ancient Greece and Rome was a pair of finger cymbals—i.e., wooden or metal shells held in one hand and manipulated like castanets, though probably not as rapidly. They were used to accompany dancing and were played almost exclusively by women. Cymbals…