Danny Hillis: Walt Disney, the Long Now, and Applied Minds: …Hillis and others established the Long Now Foundation, created to develop a multigenerational perspective on many issues facing civilization. The foundation’s most famous project was a mechanical clock designed to last for at least 10,000 years—an appropriate challenge for an unconventional and provocative thinker. In 2000 Hillis left Disney to…

Harry Langdon: Long Pants (1927), again directed by Capra, was Langdon’s third hit comedy. Audiences loved the innocent new screen character that Langdon had created, and, on the strength of these three films, he became one of the most adored comedians in the country, along with Chaplin…

Long Parliament, the English Parliament summoned in November 1640 by King Charles I; it has been so named to distinguish it from the Short Parliament of April–May 1640. The duration of the Long Parliament has been held to have extended either until April 1653, when its remaining members were

Oliver La Farge: Long Pennant (1933) and The Copper Pot (1942) have New Englanders as their main characters. La Farge’s short stories were collected in All the Young Men (1935) and A Pause in the Desert (1957). La Farge’s autobiography, Raw Material, was published in 1945.

Isabel Allende: …Largo pétalo de mar (2019; A Long Petal of the Sea), a man and a woman become exiles following the Spanish Civil War and flee to Chile aboard a refugee ship chartered by poet Pablo Neruda. Allende’s next novel, Violeta (2022), centres on a 100-year-old South American woman who looks…

Philip II: Early life and accession: …the decisive innovations in arms—the sarissa, a pike nearly one and a half times as long as the spear of the Greeks—tactics, and training belong probably to this first year.

Kirksville, city, seat of Adair county, northeastern Missouri, U.S., about 90 miles (145 km) north of Columbia, near the Chariton River. Founded about 1841 as the county seat, it was known as Long Point and Hopkinsville before being renamed for Jesse Kirk, an early resident. A minor American Civil

Long Point, peninsula in Lake Erie, Norfolk county, southern Ontario, Canada. It lies about 45 miles (70 km) southwest of Port Colborne, which is the Lake Erie terminus of the Welland Canal. Formerly an island separated from the mainland by a small channel, it is now a narrow peninsula jutting

figure skating: The long program: The long program (also called the free skate) is designed to display skill and grace as well as jumping ability. Senior men skate four and a half minutes, while women skate for four minutes. Although there are no required elements, judges are looking…

Long Range Mountains, highest range on the island of Newfoundland, Canada, extending about 250 miles (400 km) northward from Cape Ray along the western shore. The mountains have an average elevation of nearly 2,200 feet (670 m) and a maximum height of 2,670 feet (814 m) in the Lewis Hills,

the Eagles: The band reunited again for Long Road Out of Eden (2007), a double album that represented the Eagles’ first collection of completely new material in almost three decades. It was a hit with both critics and fans, and the album also signaled the group’s departure from the traditional industry model…

children’s literature: Contemporary times: …Harriet the Spy (1964) and The Long Secret (1965), by Louise Fitzhugh, showed how a writer adequately equipped with humour and understanding could incorporate into books for 11-year-olds subjects—even menstruation—ordinarily reserved for adult fiction. Similarly trailblazing were the semidocumentary novels of Joseph Krumgold: . . . And Now Miguel (1953),…

Seth Rogen: …2019 included the romantic comedy Long Shot, in which he played an idealistic journalist who becomes a speechwriter for his childhood babysitter, now the U.S. secretary of state (Charlize Theron). Rogen also lent his voice to the character of Pumbaa in the 2019 remake of Disney’s The Lion King. In…

futures: The theory and practice of hedging: …classified in two categories, namely, long and short speculators. The long speculators are those who expect the price to rise above the current level and assume risks by purchasing futures contracts. Short speculators are those who expect the price to fall. They sell futures contracts. In a futures market the…

stela: …is the Lhasa rdo-ring (Long Stone of Lhasa), which stands in front of the main entrance to the Jo-khang temple in Tibet, regarded as the holiest of holy places and the centre of Tibet. On the stela is inscribed the text of a bilingual Tibetan-Chinese peace treaty of 821–822…

Thor rocket: Long Tank Thor, an advanced version of the Thor space launch vehicle, first appeared in the summer of 1966. It was capable of placing 20 percent heavier military payloads into space than TAT, had an overall length of 70.5 feet, and a body diameter of…

20th-century international relations: The end of East–West cooperation: …responded with his famous “Long Telegram” from Moscow (February 22), which for years to come served as a primer on Soviet behaviour for many in Washington. The Kremlin’s “neurotic view of world affairs,” he wrote, was the product of centuries of Russian isolation and insecurity vis-à-vis the more advanced…

long term evolution (LTE), standard for wireless broadband communication technology. Mobile devices are categorized as LTE devices if they improve upon third-generation (3G) technology while still falling short of 4G standards. Specifically, devices use LTE if their mobile data download speed is

virus: Malignant transformation: …flanking nucleotide sequences, known as long terminal repeats (LTR), which code for double-stranded DNA that can recognize host cell DNA sequences for integration of the proviral DNA into the host cell chromosome. Many retroviruses are defective and cannot replicate in cells without helper (nondefective) retroviruses. The helper retroviruses generally transform…

ton: 05 kg) in Britain (the long ton). The metric ton used in most other countries is 1,000 kg, equivalent to 2,204.6 pounds avoirdupois. The term derives from tun, denoting a large barrel used in the wine trade. Ton came to mean any large weight, until it was standardized at 20…

Kali: …of Kali is the ogress Long Tongue, who licks up oblations in the ancient Sanskrit texts known as the Brahmanas. The Devi Mahatmya tells of Kali springing from the anger of the goddess Durga to slay the demon Raktabija (“Blood-Seed”). During the struggle a new demon emerges from each drop…

computer science: Information management: …in the case of a long transaction, for example, when several engineers are working, perhaps over the course of several days, on a product design that may not exhibit data integrity until the project is complete.

Jacob Viner: …than international economics, and in The Long View and the Short (1931) he made what many regard as a fundamental contribution to the theory of costs by clarifying the relationship between long- and short-run costs. This work presented his now-famous envelope cost curve.

Elizabeth Jane Howard: It was followed by The Long View (1956), The Sea Change (1959), After Julius (1965), and Something in Disguise (1969). The last two were later adapted as television plays for which Howard wrote the scripts. She was perhaps best known for the semiautobiographical novels known as the Cazalet Chronicles—The…

Vulgar Latin: On the whole, long vowels became tense and short vowels lax, resulting in a wholesale change in the rhythm of the language. In the texts there is evidence of the confusion of ĭ and ē and of ŭ and ō that has occurred in the western Romance languages.…

John Wayne: Ford’s The Long Voyage Home (1940), a film based on several Eugene O’Neill one-act plays, featured one of Wayne’s most praised performances from the early years of his stardom and offered further evidence of his commanding screen presence.

Sissy Spacek: Spacek’s later movies included The Long Walk Home (1990), Oliver Stone’s JFK (1991), Paul Schrader’s Affliction (1997), and David Lynch’s The Straight Story (1999).

Nelson Mandela: Presidency and retirement: The autobiography Long Walk to Freedom, which chronicles his early life and years in prison, was published in 1994. An unfinished draft of his second volume of memoirs was completed by Mandla Langa and released posthumously as Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years (2017).

Pericles: Revolts within the empire: …immediate construction of a third Long Wall to improve the defenses of Athens and the port of Piraeus. Henceforth, in effect, Athens could be turned into an island at will.

Terry Pratchett: … (2012; with Stephen Baxter) and The Long War (2013; also with Baxter) concern the ramifications of the discovery that humans can access numerous parallel Earths. Dragons at Crumbling Castle (2014) was a collection of comic children’s stories about a young boy’s attempts to defeat a group of dragons.

climate: Characteristics: …with longer wavelengths are called long waves. In addition, short waves progress in the same direction as the mean airflow, which is from west to east in the midlatitudes; long waves retrogress (that is, move in the opposite direction of the mean flow). Although the undulating current of air is…

Nick Hornby: …How to Be Good (2001), A Long Way Down (2005; film 2014), and Juliet, Naked (2009; film 2018). The latter revisits extreme fandom in the Internet age, centring on an insular online community of music fans and the reclusive rock musician that they idolize. Funny Girl (2014) centres on the…

Pierce Brosnan: …ensemble cast of the drama A Long Way Down, based on the novel by Nick Hornby about four suicidal people, and in the thriller The November Man, in which he portrayed a retired CIA agent who is pulled onto a high-stakes mission. The next year Brosnan appeared in No Escape…

Peter Carey: In A Long Way from Home (2017), Carey used a road race in 1950s Australia to explore racism.

Long Xuyen, city, southwestern Vietnam. It is located on the west bank of the Hau Giang (Bassac) River, a channel of the Mekong River. Fishing, the breeding of fish, and rice and fruit growing are major occupations near Long Xuyen. The city is connected by road to Can Tho and Chau Doc. Pop. (1999)

Yunnan: History of Yunnan: …the warlords Tang Jiyao and Long Yun ruled the province as a satrapy, keeping it beyond the control of the central government, fostering cultivation of opium poppies, and inflicting great suffering on the people by the collection of high taxes.

stringed instrument: Zithers: The so-called long-zither family is found only in East Asia; because its characteristic resonating chamber is slightly convex, instruments of this type are sometimes called half-tube zithers. Larger models may be nearly 1 foot (30 cm) wide and more than 6 feet (180 cm) long; there are…

Jesse Owens: 1936 Berlin Games: …it was German long jumper Carl Ludwig (“Luz”) Long who aided Owens through a bad start in the long jump competition. Owens was flustered to learn that what he had thought was a practice jump had been counted as his first attempt. Unsettled, he foot-faulted the second attempt. Before Owens’s…

Crawford Williamson Long was an American physician traditionally considered the first to have used ether as an anesthetic in surgery. After serving in hospitals in New York City, Long returned to Georgia, where he set up practice in Jefferson. There he observed that persons injured in “ether

gravity: The inverse square law: …experiment by the American physicist Daniel R. Long seemed to show a deviation from the inverse square law at a range of about 0.1 metre. Long compared the maximum attractions of two rings upon a test mass hung from the arm of a torsion balance. The maximum attraction of a…

Huey Long: …carried on by his brother Earl K. Long, who served as governor (1939–40, 1948–52, and 1956–60), and his son, Russell B. Long, who served in the U.S. Senate from 1948 to 1987.

race: Transforming race into species: …was given great weight was Edward Long (1734–1813), a former plantation owner and jurist in Jamaica. In a book titled The History of Jamaica (1774), Long asserted that “the Negro” was “void of genius” and “incapable” of civilization; indeed, he was so far inferior as to constitute a separate species…

George Washington De Long was an American explorer whose disastrous Arctic expedition gave evidence of a continuous ocean current across the polar regions. De Long conceived of a plan for reaching the North Pole while serving with a polar expedition that sailed around Greenland in 1873. Setting

Haniel Long was an American poet and writer best known for his book Interlinear to Cabeza de Vaca: His Relation of the Journey from Florida to the Pacific (1936, republished in 1944 as The Power Within Us). The son of Methodist missionaries to Asia, Long was born in Burma but returned with his

Haniel Long was an American poet and writer best known for his book Interlinear to Cabeza de Vaca: His Relation of the Journey from Florida to the Pacific (1936, republished in 1944 as The Power Within Us). The son of Methodist missionaries to Asia, Long was born in Burma but returned with his

Martin Ritt: First films: …Ritt’s work to come was The Long, Hot Summer (1958). Scripted by Harriet Frank, Jr., and Irving Ravetch, with whom Ritt would collaborate repeatedly, the film was a loose adaptation of William Faulkner’s novel The Hamlet and a pair of his short stories. It marked the first on-screen pairing of…

Huey Long was a flamboyant and demagogic governor of Louisiana and U.S. senator whose social reforms and radical welfare proposals were ultimately overshadowed by the unprecedented executive dictatorship that he perpetrated to ensure control of his home state. In spite of an impoverished

Huey Long was a flamboyant and demagogic governor of Louisiana and U.S. senator whose social reforms and radical welfare proposals were ultimately overshadowed by the unprecedented executive dictatorship that he perpetrated to ensure control of his home state. In spite of an impoverished

Vincente Minnelli: Films of the early 1950s: Father of the Bride, An American in Paris, and The Bad and the Beautiful: The Long, Long Trailer (1954) was a descent from the artistic height of The Band Wagon, but it became one of Minnelli’s biggest commercial successes. The film was a slapstick vehicle crafted for television superstars Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz (on summer hiatus from I…

Jesse Owens: 1936 Berlin Games: …it was German long jumper Carl Ludwig (“Luz”) Long who aided Owens through a bad start in the long jump competition. Owens was flustered to learn that what he had thought was a practice jump had been counted as his first attempt. Unsettled, he foot-faulted the second attempt. Before Owens’s…

Michael Long is an Australian Aboriginal athlete and activist who brought attention to racism in Australian rules football. He also undertook the Long Walk in 2004 to raise awareness of the mistreatment of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australian society. Long’s

Alliance Party of Northern Ireland: History: …from 2010 to 2016, and Naomi Long (2016– ).

Longview: …was founded in 1923 by R.A. Long of the Long-Bell Lumber Company on the site of old Monticello, where a convention met to seek creation of Washington Territory in 1852. Long planned the city as a community of 75,000 and set forth regulations on every aspect of construction, including wide…

Donald Judd: Roni Horn, Ilya Kabakov, Richard Long, Claes Oldenburg, Coosje van Bruggen, David Rabinowitch, and John Wesley.

Jeopardy!: The super-champion era: In January 2020 the show brought back Jennings, Holzhauer, and Brad Rutter (the highest-earning winner including tournaments, with about $4.9 million) for a prime-time tournament called Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time. The series of…

Cheers: Graduate student–waitress Diane Chambers (Shelley Long, 1982–87) was the particular object of his affection, and their sparring, filled with sexual tension, provided plenty of humour over the course of their on-again, off-again relationship.

North American Desert: …American pioneer explorer and engineer Stephen H. Long.

Zhou Long is a Chinese American composer known for his works that brought together the music of the East and the West, thus helping to establish a common ground between different musical traditions and cultures. Among Zhou’s most famous compositions was the music he created for Madame White Snake

brittle star: …most widespread species is the long-armed brittle star (Amphipholis squamata), a grayish or bluish species that is strongly luminescent. Two of the best-known littoral species are the green brittle star (Ophioderma brevispina), found from Massachusetts to Brazil, and the common European brittle star (Ophiothrix fragilis). Brittle stars typically hide under…

echidna: Long-beaked echidnas: The three living species of long-beaked echidnas (genus Zaglossus) are found only on the island of New Guinea, and they are usually described as being about 60 cm (24 inches) in length, although one individual was recorded at 100 cm (39 inches). Like…

spider crab: …quite small; for example, the long-beaked spider crab (Macropodia rostrata) of European coastal waters has a body about 1 cm (less than 0.5 inch) in diameter. The largest spider crab, and perhaps the largest known arthropod, is the giant crab (q.v.) of the Pacific waters near Japan. The outstretched claws…

curlew: In the long-billed curlew (N. americanus), a western North American counterpart of the Eurasian curlew, the bill alone is about 20 cm (8 inches) long.

vulture: Old World vultures: bengalensis), the long-billed vulture (G. indicus), and the slender-billed vulture (G. tenuirostris), have been brought close to extinction by feeding on the carcasses of dead cattle that had been given painkilling drugs; the painkillers cause kidney failure in the vultures.

fruit farming: Training and pruning: …(canes) to short spurs, (2) long-cane system, permitting canes to remain relatively long. Whether a spur or long-cane system is followed depends on the flowering habit of the variety. Relatively small trees that respond favourably to severe annual pruning (e.g., the peach and Kadota fig) are usually trained to create…

metabolic disease: Fatty acid oxidation defects: Long-chain 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency may present with heart failure, hypoglycemia, multi-organ system failure, and retinal pigmentary changes. A fetus with LCHAD deficiency can induce liver disease during pregnancy in a mother who is a heterozygous carrier for the condition. This appears to be due…

ground squirrel: Nontropical ground squirrels: …to the single species of long-clawed ground squirrel (genus Spermophilopsis), whereas the deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico are populated by five species of antelope ground squirrel (genus Ammospermophilus). The white-tailed antelope squirrel (A. leucurus) of the southwestern United States is one of the smallest of all…

long-distance running, in athletics (track and field), footraces ranging from 3,000 metres through 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 metres and up to the marathon, which is 42,195 metres (26 miles 385 yards). It includes cross-country races over similar distances. Olympic events are the 5,000- and

fiber optics: …virtually replaced copper wire in long-distance telephone lines, and it is used to link computers within local area networks. Fiber optics is also the basis of the fiberscopes used in examining internal parts of the body (endoscopy) or inspecting the interiors of manufactured structural products.

long-eared bat, any of 19 species of small, usually colony-dwelling vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae). Long-eared bats are found in both the Old World and the New World (Plecotus) and in Australia (Nyctophilus). They are approximately 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 inches) long, not including the 3.5–5.5-cm

elephant shrew: …family Macroscelididae also includes the long-eared elephant shrews (genus Elephantulus), the round-eared sengis (Macroscelides proboscideus, M. flavicaudatus, and M. micus), and the four-toed elephant shrew (Petrodromus tetradactylus); those three genera are classified together in a subfamily separate from Rhynchocyon. Macroscelididae is the only family in the order Macroscelidea.

long-eared owl, (Asio otus), nocturnal bird of prey of the family Strigidae (order Strigiformes). Common to woodlands of northern Europe and America, it is recognized by its long ear tufts. Long-eared owls are brownish above, mottled and streaked. They have white underparts with dark streaks. These

Buli style, African wood sculpture made by the Luba peoples (Baluba) of Congo (Kinshasa). Because the carvings—which were made in the village of Buli (now in Katanga province)—are almost identical to each other and differ from other Luba carvings, they were originally presumed to have been the work

pilot whale: …whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and the long-finned pilot whale (G. melas) are similar in appearance except for the pronounced difference in flipper length between the two species. Both species are found in all the oceans of the world except the Arctic; however, long-finned pilot whales are not found in tropical waters.…

rat kangaroo: The largest species, the long-footed potoroo (P. longipes), was described in 1980; it is very rare, and the IUCN considers it an endangered species. The long-footed potoroo’s habitat is limited to a handful of forested areas in northeastern Victoria and southeastern New South Wales.

chimpanzee: Taxonomy: …Britain; the East African, or long-haired, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes schweinfurthii); and the Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzee (P. troglodytes ellioti, which was formerly classified as P. troglodytes vellerosus).

COVID-19: …hospitalized, are likely to suffer long-term effects. Individuals who required mechanical ventilation might never fully recover; ventilator use is associated with severe muscle atrophy and weakness, which significantly impact survival and quality of life.

wide area network (WAN), a computer communications network that spans cities, countries, and the globe, generally using telephone lines and satellite links. The Internet connects multiple WANs; as its name suggests, it is a network of networks. Its success stems from early support by the U.S.

poppy: Major Papaver species: The long-headed poppy (P. dubium) is an annual similar to the corn poppy but with narrower, tapering capsules and smaller, paler flowers. The Iceland poppy (P. nudicaule), from Arctic North America, is a short-lived perennial 30 cm (12 inches) tall with fragrant white, orange, reddish, or…

long-horned beetle, (family Cerambycidae), any of about 25,000 species of beetles (insect order Coleoptera) whose common name is derived from the extremely long antennae of most species. These beetles occur throughout the world but are most numerous in the tropics. They range in size from 2 to 152

bison: DNA of a 120,000-year-old fossil long-horned bison (B. latifons) from Colorado and a 130,000-year-old fossil of what was likely a steppe bison (Bison priscus) from Yukon suggested that the first bison in North America migrated from Asia across the Bering Land Bridge sometime between 95,000 and 135,000 years ago before…

katydid, (family Tettigoniidae), any of about 6,000 predominantly nocturnal insects that are related to crickets (the two groups are in the suborder Ensifera, order Orthoptera) and are noted for their mating calls. Katydids are also known for their large hind legs and extremely long threadlike

long-horned grasshopper, (family Tettigoniidae), any of approximately 6,000 species of insects (order Orthoptera) that include the katydid, meadow grasshopper, cone-headed grasshopper, and shield-backed katydid. All members of this family, with the exception of the shield-backed grasshopper, are

sand flea: The long-horned sand flea (Americorchestia longicornis), which is found on the Atlantic coast of North America from New England to the Gulf of Mexico, is named for its antennae, which are as long as the body. The species, also known as the Atlantic sandhopper, grows to…

spider: Annotated classification: Family Tetragnathidae (long-jawed orb weavers) 1,000 species worldwide. Males with long chelicerae; epigynum often secondarily lost. Family Pholcidae (daddy longlegs spiders) About 960 species worldwide. Similar to the nonspiders called daddy longlegs of the order Opiliones.

malaria: Vaccines and other forms of prevention: Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs), in which insecticide forms a coating around the net’s fibres or is incorporated into the fibres, can be used for at least three years before re-treatment is required. Frequent washing, however, may render LLINs less effective over time. In addition, a…

long-legged fly, (family Dolichopodidae), any member of a family of insects in the fly order, Diptera, that are tiny and metallic blue, green, or copper in colour. These flies prey on smaller insects and are found around damp, marshy places. The male has conspicuous genitalia at the end of the

solar prominence: …two main types, active and quiescent. Active prominences erupt quickly and have lifetimes lasting from several minutes to a few hours. They are associated with sunspot groups and, like these, are correlated in numbers and activity with the solar cycle. Quiescent prominences tend to emerge smoothly and subside much more…

mechanics of solids: Viscoelasticity: …with the mechanics of very-long-molecule polymers, which do not have significant cross-linking and exist either in solution or as a melt. These are fluids in the sense that they cannot long support shear stress, but at the same time they have remarkable properties like those of finitely deformed elastic…

bandicoot: The long-nosed bandicoots (genus Perameles) are vaguely ratlike animals with long snouts. The common long-nosed bandicoot (P. nasuta) is still tolerably common in lightly forested country in eastern Australia. The eastern barred bandicoot (P. gunnii) is common in Tasmania, but it has been eliminated from the…

butterflyfish: …of the Indo-Pacific and the long-snouted, or long-nosed, butterflyfish (Forcipiger flavissimus) of the Atlantic. Most species have strong, prominent spines on the front portions of their dorsal fins.

chondrichthyan: Annotated classification: Family Rhinochimaeridae (long-nosed chimaeras) Snout projecting into a long, straight point. Lateral line an open groove. Size to about 1.3 metres (about 4 feet). 3 genera, about 8 species. Probably cosmopolitan in middle latitudes of both hemispheres, taken in depths of 685–2,000 metres (2,250 to 6,560 feet).…

dace: …England to Minnesota, and the long-nosed dace (R. cataractae), a widely distributed species with a comparatively long snout. The creek chub is often known also as the horned dace, because of the hornlike projections that develop on the head of the male during breeding season.

ground squirrel: Tropical ground squirrels: …fruit, roots, and insects; plain long-nosed ground squirrels (genus Dremomys) eat fruit, insects, and earthworms. The two species of Sulawesi ground squirrel (genus Hyosciurus) have elongated snouts and use their long, strong claws to dig for beetle larvae in rotting wood; they also eat acorns.

rat kangaroo: The long-nosed potoroo (P. tridactylus) lives in the underbrush of forests in Tasmania and on the eastern mainland from the border between South Australia and Victoria to southern Queensland. A closely related species, Gilbert’s potoroo (P. gilbertii), of southwestern Australia, was long thought to be extinct,…

rat kangaroo: The potoroos (Potorous) have shorter tails and ears and pointier faces than other rat kangaroos have. The long-nosed potoroo (P. tridactylus) lives in the underbrush of forests in Tasmania and on the eastern mainland from the border between South Australia and Victoria to southern Queensland. A…

comet: Dynamics: …than 200 years and the long-period comets with orbital periods longer than 200 years. The short-period comets were split into two groups, the Jupiter-family comets with periods shorter than about 20 years and the Halley-type comets with periods longer than 20 years but shorter than 200 years. In 1996 American…

long-period variable star, any intrinsically variable star whose light fluctuations are fairly regular and require many months or several years to complete one cycle. They are, without exception, red giant and supergiant stars. Those in one fairly distinct group with periods of about 200 days

phonograph: …1948 Columbia Records introduced the long-playing (LP) record, which, with a rotational speed of 33 1 3 RPM and the use of very fine grooves, could yield up to 30 minutes of playing time per side. Shortly afterward RCA Corporation introduced the 45-RPM disc, which could play for up to…

loran, land-based system of radio navigation, first developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during World War II for military ships and aircraft located within 600 miles (about 970 km) of the American coast. In the 1950s a more accurate (within 0.3 mile [0.5 km]), longer-range system

amorphous solid: Distinction between crystalline and amorphous solids: …crystal exhibit a property called long-range order or translational periodicity; positions repeat in space in a regular array, as in Figure 2A. In an amorphous solid, translational periodicity is absent. As indicated in Figure 2B, there is no long-range order. The atoms are not randomly distributed in space, however, as…