lespedeza: striata), and the Korean lespedeza (K. stipulacea, formerly L. stipulacea), which are both native to Asia.

lespedeza: …annual species have been reclassified: common lespedeza, or Japanese clover (Kummerowia striata, formerly L. striata), and the Korean lespedeza (K. stipulacea, formerly L. stipulacea), which are both native to Asia.

Julie de Lespinasse was a French hostess of one of the most brilliant and emancipated of Parisian salons and the author of several volumes of passionate letters that reveal her romantic sensibility and literary gifts. Born out of wedlock to the comtesse d’Albon, she was sent to convent school and

Julie de Lespinasse was a French hostess of one of the most brilliant and emancipated of Parisian salons and the author of several volumes of passionate letters that reveal her romantic sensibility and literary gifts. Born out of wedlock to the comtesse d’Albon, she was sent to convent school and

Philip Larkin: He became well known with The Less Deceived (1955), a volume of verse the title of which suggests Larkin’s reaction and that of other British writers who then came into notice (e.g., Kingsley Amis and John Wain) against the political enthusiasms of the 1930s and what they saw as the…

developing country, a country which, relative to other countries, has a lower average standard of living. There is no consensus on what defines a country as “developing” versus “developed,” but a variety of metrics have been applied to sort countries into these categories. In addition to having

The Secret History: …vein of Brett Easton Ellis’s Less Than Zero and Jay McInerney’s Bright Lights, Big City. In some ways, they were taking it too seriously; in others, perhaps, not seriously enough.

Robert Downey, Jr.: Early life and first films: …as a cocaine addict in Less Than Zero (1987).

Lesse River, river in southeastern Belgium. The Lesse River rises west of Libramont in the Ardennes and follows a short (52-mile [84-km]), meandering northwesterly course to the Meuse River at Anseremme, a few miles south of Dinant. The river’s early northward course lies in a shallow valley of the

landlord and tenant: tenant, the parties to the leasing of real estate, whose relationship is bound by contract. The landlord, or lessor, as owner or possessor of a property—whether corporeal, such as lands or buildings, or incorporeal, such as rights of common or of way—agrees through a lease,…

Ferdinand, viscount de Lesseps was a French diplomat famous for building the Suez Canal across the Isthmus of Suez (1859–69) in Egypt. Lesseps was from a family long distinguished in government service. Appointed assistant vice-consul at Lisbon in 1825, he was sent in 1828 to Tunis and in 1832 to

adelantado: Lesser adelantados (adelantados menores) held similar powers, but they were often stationed along the frontiers, becoming known as frontier adelantados (adelantados fronterizos), and figured prominently in the military conquest of the Americas. In the 16th century the office was replaced by that of alcalde (magistrate).…

stork: …and southeastern Asia, and the lesser adjutant (L. javanicus) are typical scavengers with naked pink skin on the head and neck.

Antarctica: Structural framework: …and Cenozoic mobile belt in West Antarctica—separated by the fault-block belt, or horst, of the Transantarctic Mountains. East and West Antarctica have come to be known respectively as the Gondwana and Andean provinces, indicating general affinities of each sector with other regions; that is, the east seems to have affinity…

Lesser Antilles, long arc of small islands in the Caribbean Sea extending in a north-south direction from the Virgin Islands to Grenada. A number of other islands—Trinidad and Tobago, off the northeastern coast of Venezuela, and the east-west island chain from Margarita Island to Aruba, off the

ape: …features; the gibbons are called lesser apes. The great apes are much more intelligent than monkeys and gibbons. Great apes, for example, are able to recognize themselves in mirrors (monkeys and other nonhumans cannot, with the exception of bottlenose dolphins). They can also reason abstractly, learn quasi-linguistic communication, at least…

tarot: …known as trumps, and the minor arcana, which has 56 cards.

Little Armenia, kingdom established in Cilicia, on the southeast coast of Anatolia, by the Armenian Rubenid dynasty in the 12th century. The Rubenids ruled first as barons and then, from 1199 to 1226, as kings of Cilicia. Thereafter the family of Oshin, another Armenian noble, ruled as the Hethumid

Anti-Atlas, mountain range in Morocco running parallel to and southward of the central range of the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. Although it has a mean elevation of 5,000 feet (1,500 metres), some peaks and passes exceed 6,000 feet (1,800 metres). This rugged, arid region, which encloses the

vesper bat: The lesser bamboo bat, one of the smallest of bats, is about 4 cm (1.5 inches) in head and body length; it weighs about 2 grams (0.07 ounce) and has a wingspan of 15 cm (6 inches). Other species range up to 10 cm (4 inches)…

lemur: Lemur diversity: The gentle lemurs, or lesser bamboo lemurs (genus Hapalemur), and the highly endangered greater bamboo lemurs (Prolemur simus) feed on bamboo stems in the eastern and northwestern rainforests of the island.

bamboo rat: The lesser bamboo rat (genus Cannomys) is smaller—15 to 27 cm long, excluding the 6- to 8-cm tail. Its long, dense fur ranges from chestnut brown to a bright pale gray.

bandicoot rat: The lesser bandicoot rat (B. bengalensis) and Savile’s bandicoot rat (B. savilei) have dark brown or brownish gray body fur, weigh up to 350 grams, and measure up to 40 cm long including their brown tails. The lesser bandicoot rat is found on the Indian subcontinent,…

Ursa Minor, in astronomy, a constellation of the northern sky, at about 15 hours right ascension and 80° north declination, and seven of whose stars outline the Little Dipper. Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris), at the end of the Little Dipper’s handle, marks (roughly) the position of the north

bandicoot: The smaller lesser bilby (M. leucura) probably became extinct sometime between 1931 and 1960.

Nayantara Sahgal: (1985), Mistaken Identity (1988), and Lesser Breeds (2003)—are set in colonial India. When the Moon Shines by Day (2017) is a dystopian satire. In The Fate of Butterflies (2019), Sahgal focused on several people living under a repressive regime. She also wrote Day of Reckoning: Stories (2015).

Franciscan: Orders: …into three independent branches: the Friars Minor (O.F.M.), the Friars Minor Conventual (O.F.M. Conv.), and the Friars Minor Capuchin (O.F.M. Cap.). The Second Order consists of cloistered nuns who belong to the Order of St. Clare (O.S.C.) and are known as Poor Clares (P.C.). The Third Order consists of religious…

bulldog bat: The lesser bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris, formerly N. labialis) is about 9 cm (3.5 inches) long with a wingspan of 40–44 cm (15.7–17.3 inches). The greater bulldog, or fisherman, bat (N. leporinus) is considerably larger, with a length of 11–12 cm (4.3–4.7 inches) and a wingspan…

burdock: Common, or lesser, burdock (Arctium minus) is a weed in North American pastures and hayfields and can be grown as a vegetable. The plant forms a low rosette during its first year and develops a tall branched stem during its second year. The leaves have a wavy…

bush baby: …smaller forms, such as the lesser bush baby (Galago senegalensis), are extremely active and agile. When they descend to the ground, they sit upright, and they move around by jumping with their hind legs like jerboas. Gestation is about three to four months; young usually number one or two.

cane rat: …rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) and the lesser cane rat (T. gregorianus) both inhabit nonforested sub-Saharan Africa except for Namibia and most of South Africa and Botswana. The two species are found together in certain regions, but they occupy different habitats. The greater cane rat lives along rivers and lakes and in…

capybara: The lesser capybara (H. isthmius) is smaller, growing to about 1 metre (about 3 feet) in length and weighing about 28 kg (62 pounds). Some classifications list capybaras as the only members of family Hydrochoeridae, whereas others place them within the subfamily Hydrochoerinae of the family…

Lesser Caucasus, range of folded mountains in the southern part of the Caucasus region, connected with the main Caucasus Mountains by means of the Likhsky Mountains, which form the divide between the basins of the Rioni and Kura rivers. The range covers portions of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.

celandine: The lesser celandine, or pilewort (Ranunculus ficaria), is a member of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It has heart-shaped leaves and typical buttercup flowers. Native to Europe, it has become naturalized in North America.

spike moss: Major species: Lesser club moss, or club spike moss, (Selaginella selaginoides), is a small forest and bog-side plant in northern North America and Eurasia. Its branches trail along the ground, but the upright yellow-green strobili rise up to 8 cm (about 3 inches). The similar rock selaginella…

human skeleton: The hyoid: example of the anchoring function: …of smaller horns, called the lesser cornua. The bone is more or less in the shape of a U, with the body forming the central part, or base, of the letter. In the act of swallowing, the hyoid bone, tongue, and larynx all move upward rapidly.

curlew: The whimbrel (N. phaeopus), or lesser curlew, is the most widely distributed curlew, occurring both in the Old World and in the New World (as two distinct races). Eurasian whimbrels are white-rumped, but the North American race (formerly called the Hudsonian curlew) is dark-rumped.

Delos, island, one of the smallest of the Cyclades (Modern Greek: Kykládes), Greece, an ancient centre of religious, political, and commercial life in the Aegean Sea. Now largely uninhabited, it is a rugged granite mass about 1.3 square miles (3.4 square km) in area. Also called Lesser Delos, it

doxology: The lesser doxology, or Gloria Patri, is used in most Christian traditions at the close of the psalmody:

eagle: …eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus) and the lesser fishing eagle (I. naga).

ciconiiform: Distribution, habitat, and abundance: …such as those of the lesser flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) in Africa, are enormous. At the other extreme, the Japanese ibis (Nipponia nippon) is on the verge of extinction, only one small colony being known. Several other ibis species are rare and are declining in population.

great Indian bustard: Conservation status: …Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), the lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus), and their habitats from further declines. The program was modeled after Project Tiger, a massive national effort initiated in the early 1970s to protect the tigers of India and their habitat.

frigate bird: The great and lesser frigate birds, F. minor and F. ariel, breed on islands worldwide.

goldfinch: The 10-cm (4-inch) dark-backed goldfinch (C. psaltria) ranges from the western U.S. (where it is called lesser goldfinch) to Peru.

broadbill: …represented by the 15-cm (6-inch) lesser green broadbill (Calyptomena viridis), of Malaysia; it is green, with a stubby tail and a puff of feathers over its bill.

gymnure: The short-tailed, or lesser, gymnure (Hylomys suillus) ranges from continental Southeast Asia offshore to Tioman Island to the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java, and northern Borneo in hilly lowlands. The dwarf, or Sumatran, gymnure (H. parvus) occurs in the mountains

tenrec: The lesser and greater hedgehog tenrecs (Echinops telfairi and Setifer setosus, respectively) have densely spined upperparts and can curl into a protective ball. The lesser hedgehog tenrec weighs up to 250 grams and has a body up to 18 cm long. The streaked tenrec is about…

Lesser Himalayas, middle section of the vast Himalayan mountain system in south-central Asia. The Lesser Himalayas extend for some 1,550 miles (2,500 km) northwest-southeast across the northern limit of the Indian subcontinent. Areas include the disputed Kashmir region (Gilgit-Baltistan,

Xiao Hinggan Range, mountain range in the northeastern section of Heilongjiang province, northeastern China. The range has a northwest-southeast axis and is located to the southwest of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang). To the west it is connected to the Da Hinggan Range by the Yilehuli Mountains,

kudu: The lesser kudu stands only about 100 cm (39 inches) high and weighs 92–108 kg (202–238 pounds). Females and young have a bright rufous coat, which darkens to slate-gray in males. The lesser kudu is vividly marked with 11–15 vertical white stripes, broad chest and throat…

moa: …lesser moa formed the family Emeidae, with about two-thirds of the species in the order. The greater moa, in the family Dinornithidae, included the giants of the order. The fossil record for moa is poor; the earliest remains are regarded as originating in the Late Miocene Age (11.6 million to…

Javan rhinoceros, (Rhinoceros sondaicus), one of three Asian species of rhinoceroses, found only on the island of Java in Indonesia. It is the rarest living rhinoceros and one of the world’s most endangered mammals. The species is restricted to Ujung Kulon National Park, a protected area on a small

rasse, small Asiatic mammal, a species of civet

red panda, (Ailurus fulgens), reddish brown, long-tailed, raccoonlike mammal, about the size of a large domestic cat, that is found in the mountain forests of the Himalayas and adjacent areas of eastern Asia and subsists mainly on bamboo and other vegetation, fruits, and insects. Once classified as

periwinkle: The lesser periwinkle (V. minor), with lilac-blue flowers, 2 cm (0.75 inch) across, an evergreen, trailing perennial, is native to Europe and is found in the British Isles. Introduced into North America, it is now widespread over much of the eastern continent. The similar greater periwinkle…

armadillo: Natural history: …long, including the tail, the pink fairy armadillo, or lesser pichiciego (Chlamyphorus truncatus), of central Argentina, is only about 16 cm (6 inches). In contrast, the endangered giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus) can be 1.5 metres (5 feet) long and weigh 30 kg (66 pounds). It lives in the Amazon basin…

gallinule: A related species is the lesser purple gallinule (P. alleni), of Africa.

roadrunner: The lesser roadrunner (G. velox) is a slightly smaller (46 cm [18 inches]), buffier, and less streaky bird of Mexico and Central America.

pochard: …the wing tip; in the lesser scaup (A. affinis), the wing stripe is about half as long. Scaups gather in huge flocks offshore in winter and dive for shellfish (hence scaup, from scallop).

sheathbill: The lesser sheathbill (C. minor) is black-billed and is about 38 cm (15 inches) long.

sign of the cross: …to right, and (2) the lesser sign, made with the thumb alone on the forehead, lips, and breast. In the mass, the former is used when the priest blesses the congregation with the Trinitarian invocation “In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,”…

siren: The lesser siren (S. intermedia) is about 18–65 cm (7.1–25.6 inches) long and is found from South Carolina to Texas and in the Mississippi River valley northward to Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin. The reticulated siren (S. reticulata) is roughly 61 cm (24 inches) long and is…

Lesser Slave Lake, lake in central Alberta, Canada, 130 miles (209 km) northwest of Edmonton and 400 miles (640 km) south of Great Slave Lake (in the Northwest Territories). It is 60 miles (97 km) long by 12 miles (19 km) wide and has an area of 451 square miles (1,168 square km). Fed by many small

snow goose: The lesser snow goose (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) breeds in the Arctic and usually migrates to California and Japan. The greater snow goose (C.c. atlantica) breeds in northwestern Greenland and nearby islands and winters on the east coast of the United States from Chesapeake Bay to North…

spoonbill: alba); the lesser spoonbill (P. minor) of eastern Asia; and two Australian species, the royal, or black-billed, spoonbill (P. regia), and the yellow-billed, or yellow-legged, spoonbill (P. flavipes).

shrew rat: Natural history: …earthworms at night, and the lesser Sulawesian shrew rat (Melasmothrix naso) exploits the same resource during the day.

Asia: Southeast Asia: Java, and the Lesser Sunda Islands—consist of fragments of Alpine folds that constitute a complex assemblage of rock types of different ages. Vigorous Cenozoic volcanic activity, continuing up to the present, has formed volcanic mountains, and their steady erosion has filled the adjacent alluvial lowlands with sediment.

Ras al-Khaimah: …small islands of Greater and Lesser Ṭunb (Ṭunb al-Kubrā and Ṭunb al-Ṣughrā), in the gulf about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Ras al-Khaimah town; these islands had long been claimed by both Ras al-Khaimah and Iran. On November 30, 1971, Iranian troops landed on Greater Ṭunb and met armed…

twayblade: The lesser twayblade (N. cordata), also widespread in Eurasia, has heart-shaped leaves.

Hīnayāna, the more orthodox, conservative schools of Buddhism; the name Hīnayāna was applied to these schools by the followers of the Mahāyāna Buddhist tradition in ancient India. The name reflected the Mahāyānists’ evaluation of their own tradition as a superior method, surpassing the others in

beekeeping: Pests: The larvae of the lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella, cause damage to stored combs similar to that of the greater wax moth. The Mediterranean flour moth larva, Anagasta kuehniella, feeds on pollen in the combs and causes some damage. Control for both of these moths is the same as…

weever: …species include the greater and lesser weevers (Trachinus draco and T. vipera), of both Europe and the Mediterranean.

migration: Birds: …headed “southwest,” their normal direction; lesser whitethroats (S. curruca) headed “southeast,” their normal direction of migration in that season.

wintergreen: Common, or lesser, wintergreen (P. minor) has pinkish globular flowers growing in a dense cluster. The pinkish globular flowers of intermediate wintergreen (P. media) grow in a rather elongated cylindrical cluster. The flowers of round-leaved wintergreen (P. americana) are white, with widely spread petals.

yam: Major species: Lesser yam (D. esculenta), grown on the subcontinent of India, in southern Vietnam, and on South Pacific islands, is one of the tastiest yams. Chinese yam (D. polystachya), also known as cinnamon vine, is widely cultivated in East Asia.

yellowlegs: The lesser yellowlegs (T. flavipes), about 25 cm (10 inches) long, appears in sizable flocks on mud flats during migration between its breeding grounds across Canada and Alaska and its wintering ground from the Gulf of Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina. The greater yellowlegs (T.…

Sol Lesser was an American motion-picture producer best known for his Tarzan movies. Lesser entered the world of motion pictures when in 1907 his father’s death made him the owner of the family nickelodeon. He branched out into distribution and production, producing a series of 19 immensely popular

Natalia Ginzburg: Lessico famigliare (1963; Family Sayings) is a novelistic memoir of her upbringing and career. Ginzburg’s novels of the 1970s and ’80s pessimistically explore the dissolution of family ties in modern society.

Creative Commons: … Law School professor and attorney Lawrence Lessig filed a lawsuit in the federal district court in Washington, D.C., on behalf of online publisher Eric Eldred to challenge the act’s constitutionality. To work on the case, Lessig assembled a team including academics and scholars that he called Copyright Commons. Though a…

Doris Lessing was a British writer whose novels and short stories are largely concerned with people involved in the social and political upheavals of the 20th century. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007. Her family was living in Persia at the time of her birth but moved to a

Doris Lessing was a British writer whose novels and short stories are largely concerned with people involved in the social and political upheavals of the 20th century. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007. Her family was living in Persia at the time of her birth but moved to a

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was a German dramatist, critic, and writer on philosophy and aesthetics. He helped free German drama from the influence of classical and French models and wrote plays of lasting importance. His critical essays greatly stimulated German letters and combated conservative

podzolic soil, soil usually forming in a broadleaf forest and characterized by moderate leaching, which produces an accumulation of clay and, to some degree, iron that have been transported (eluviated) from another area by water. The humus formed produces a textural horizon (layer) that is less

Samuel Beckett: The humour and mastery: The prose fragment “Lessness” consists of but 60 sentences, each of which occurs twice. His series Acts Without Words are exactly what the title denotes, and one of his last plays, Rockaby, lasts for 15 minutes. Such brevity is merely an expression of Beckett’s determination to pare his…

Ernest J. Gaines: …Book Critics Circle Award for A Lesson Before Dying (1993), the story of two African Americans—an intellectually disabled man wrongly accused of murder and a teacher who visits him in prison—living in Bayonne. The novella The Tragedy of Brady Sims (2017) follows a newspaper journalist as he researches “a human…

The Lesson, one-act play by Eugène Ionesco, a comedic parable of the dangers inherent in indoctrination, performed in 1951 as La Leçon and published in 1953. The absurd plot of the play concerns a timid professor who uses the meaning he assigns to words to establish tyrannical dominance over an

Ian McEwan: …McEwan published his 18th novel, Lessons, which follows a man’s life over some 70 years and addresses the lasting impact of a predatory piano teacher and his wife’s abandonment.

Gabriel Josipovici: …World and the Book (1971), The Lessons of Modernism (1977), Writing and the Body (1982), The Mirror of Criticism (1983), The Book of God (1988), and Text and Voice (1992). His novels grew progressively experimental. The first three—The Inventory (1968), Words

Leon Trotsky: The struggle for the succession: …different tack in his essay The Lessons of October 1917, linking the opposition of Zinovyev and Kamenev to the October Revolution with the failure of the Soviet-inspired German communist uprising in 1923. The party leadership replied with a wave of denunciation, counterposing Trotskyism to Leninism, denigrating Trotsky’s role in the…

The 20th century was a time of great triumph and great tragedy. I draw hope and inspiration from the countless advances that have taken place over the past hundred years, but I also recognize that a fundamental change in values will be necessary in order to ensure that the new millennium will be a

Johann Kaspar Bluntschli: Lehre vom modernen Staat, 3 vol. (1875–76; “Lessons of the Modern State”), which was translated into English and French, is considered by some to be his finest work.

Joseph-Louis Lagrange, comte de l’Empire: …calcul des fonctions (1804; “Lessons on the Calculus of Functions”) and were the first textbooks on real analytic functions. In them Lagrange tried to substitute an algebraic foundation for the existing and problematic analytic foundation of calculus—although ultimately unsuccessful, his criticisms spurred others to develop the modern analytic foundation.…

landlord and tenant, the parties to the leasing of real estate, whose relationship is bound by contract. The landlord, or lessor, as owner or possessor of a property—whether corporeal, such as lands or buildings, or incorporeal, such as rights of common or of way—agrees through a lease, an

science fiction: Time travel: Sprague de Camp’s novel Lest Darkness Fall (1941) has an American archaeologist rescuing Imperial Rome in its decline, an act the hero carries out with such luminous attention to techno-historical detail that it resembles a World Bank bailout of an underdeveloped country. In Stephen King’s 11/22/63 (2011; television series…

Canada: Airways: Toronto’s Lester B. Pearson International Airport is by far the busiest in the country, handling annually some one-third of Canada’s passenger traffic and more than two-fifths of its air cargo. Montreal has two major airports: Pierre Elliot Trudeau, the chief business airport, and Mirabel, some 20…

ice hockey: The National Hockey League: …dedication to hockey; and the Lester Patrick Trophy, for outstanding service to U.S. hockey.

Everleigh sisters: American madams whose luxurious and notorious Chicago brothel indulged wealthy and influential patrons from that city and around the world. Ada Everleigh (b. Feb. 15, 1876, near Louisville, Ky., U.S.—d. Jan. 3, 1960, Virginia) and Minna Everleigh (b. July 5/13, 1878, near Louisville, Ky., U.S.—d.…

Everleigh sisters: madams whose luxurious and notorious Chicago brothel indulged wealthy and influential patrons from that city and around the world. Ada Everleigh (b. Feb. 15, 1876, near Louisville, Ky., U.S.—d. Jan. 3, 1960, Virginia) and Minna Everleigh (b. July 5/13, 1878, near Louisville, Ky., U.S.—d. Sept.…

Richard Lester is an American filmmaker who successfully transferred the fast-cut stream-of-consciousness style of television commercials to the big screen. He is best known as the director of the Beatles movies A Hard Day’s Night (1964) and Help! (1965). A piano prodigy, Lester continued his

Patagonian opossum, (Lestodelphys halli), a small insectivorous and carnivorous marsupial (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae) found only in south-central Argentina, occurring farther south than other American marsupials. Adults reach 24.5 cm (10 inches) in length and weigh up to 90 grams