noodle, a cooked egg-and-flour paste prominent in European and Asian cuisine, generally distinguished from pasta by its elongated ribbonlike form. Noodles are commonly used to add body and flavour to broth soups. They are commonly boiled or sautéed and served with sauces and meats or baked in

Pale Horse, Pale Rider: The collection consists of “Noon Wine,” “Old Mortality,” and the title story. For their stylistic grace and sense of life’s ambiguity, these stories are considered some of the best Porter wrote.

Amelia Earhart: Final flight and disappearance: …fly around the world, with Fred Noonan as her navigator, in a twin-engine Lockheed Electra. On June 1 the duo began their 29,000-mile (47,000-km) journey, departing from Miami and heading east. Over the following weeks they made various refueling stops before reaching Lae, New Guinea, on June 29. At that…

Jimmie Noone was an American jazz clarinetist noted for his lyricism and refinement of technique. He is one of the three principal clarinetists of early jazz, the other two being Johnny Dodds and Sidney Bechet. Noone studied with Bechet and began his career with New Orleans bands, including

Devil’s Lair: …to the ancestors of the Noongar people, who are the traditional custodians of the region.

Oodgeroo Noonuccal was an Australian Aboriginal writer and political activist, considered the first of the modern-day Aboriginal protest writers. Her first volume of poetry, We Are Going (1964), is the first book by an Aboriginal woman to be published. Raised on Stradbroke Island (Minjerribah), off

Queen Noor is an American-born architect who was the consort (1978–99) of King Hussein of Jordan. (Read Queen Noor’s Britannica essay on land mines.) Born into a prominent Arab American family, Halaby was raised in an atmosphere of affluence. She attended the elite National Cathedral School in

Noor Inayat Khan was a British resistance agent in Nazi-occupied France during World War II, serving in the Special Operations Executive (SOE). For several months in summer and fall of 1943, she was the only British intelligence agent operating in the Paris area, sending crucial wireless

Queen Noor is an American-born architect who was the consort (1978–99) of King Hussein of Jordan. (Read Queen Noor’s Britannica essay on land mines.) Born into a prominent Arab American family, Halaby was raised in an atmosphere of affluence. She attended the elite National Cathedral School in

Noord-Brabant, provincie (province), southern Netherlands. It is the second largest of the country’s provinces, extending northward from the Belgium border, between the provinces of Zeeland (west) and Limburg (east), to the Maas (Meuse) and Merwede rivers. It is drained by the Mark (Merk) and

Noord-Holland, coastal provincie (province), northwestern Netherlands. It comprises a peninsula surrounded by the North Sea (west), the Waddenzee (north), and the IJsselmeer (Lake IJssel; east). It includes the west Frisian island of Texel off its northern tip. The island of Marken in the

pain: Theories of pain: Dutch neurosurgeon Willem Noordenbos extended the theory of pain as an integration of multiple inputs into the nervous system in his short but classic book, Pain (1959). Noordenbos’s ideas appealed to Canadian psychologist Ronald Melzack and British neuroscientist Patrick David Wall. Melzack and Wall combined the ideas…

IJsselmeer Polders: …miles [193 square km]), the Northeast (Noordoost) Polder (181 square miles [469 square km]), and the East (Oostelijk) Flevoland Polder (204 square miles [528 square km]) were completed in 1930, 1942, and 1957, respectively. The South (Zuidelijk) Flevoland Polder (166 square miles [430 square km]) was completed in 1968. A…

North Sea Canal, waterway in the Netherlands that extends in an east-west direction between Amsterdam and IJmuiden on the North Sea coast. Its construction was first proposed in 1852; work started in 1865; and the canal opened in 1876. It has been enlarged several times. Navigable by 90,000-ton

Jacob Jordaens: …Paul Rubens, under the painter Adam van Noort, and he married his master’s daughter in 1616, the year after his admission to the guild of painters. Early in his career Jordaens executed designs for tapestries, and such paintings as Allegory of Fertility (c. 1625) reveal his training as a decorator.…

nous, in philosophy, the faculty of intellectual apprehension and of intuitive thought. Used in a narrower sense, it is distinguished from discursive thought and applies to the apprehension of eternal intelligible substances and first principles. It is sometimes identified with the highest or

lasso: …in length with a slip noose at one end, used in the Spanish and Portuguese parts of the Americas and in the western United States and Canada for catching wild horses and cattle. It is now less employed in South America than in the vast grazing country west of the…

ghatam, large, narrow-mouthed earthenware water pot used as a percussion instrument in India. Unlike other Indian percussion instruments, such as the tabla and mridangam, the ghatam does not have a membrane over its mouth. Ghatam produce a distinctive metallic sound and are made in several sizes,

Henri van der Noot was a lawyer and political activist of the southern Netherlands who, along with Jean-François Vonck, led the Brabant Revolution of 1789 against the regime of the Austrian Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Joseph II. He failed to maintain national support, however, and yielded to an

Jan Baptista van der Noot was the first Dutch poet to fully realize the new French Renaissance poetic style in Holland. He also influenced the English and German poets of his time. Van der Noot went into political exile in 1567, and his first work was published in England—Het bosken (1570 or 1571;

Cees Nooteboom is a Dutch writer known for his novels and travel writing. Nooteboom was educated at an Augustinian monastery school at Eindhoven, Netherlands. He wrote his first novel, Philip en de anderen (Philip and the Others), in 1955. Then, working as a travel columnist for the Dutch

Cees Nooteboom is a Dutch writer known for his novels and travel writing. Nooteboom was educated at an Augustinian monastery school at Eindhoven, Netherlands. He wrote his first novel, Philip en de anderen (Philip and the Others), in 1955. Then, working as a travel columnist for the Dutch

Governors Island, island in Upper New York Bay, New York, New York, U.S., situated off the southern tip of Manhattan Island. Its area is 172 acres (70 hectares). Known as Pagganck to the Manahatas Indians, the island was acquired (1637) by the Dutch, who called it Nooten (Nutten) for the walnut and

Nuu-chah-nulth, North American Indians who live on what are now the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, Can., and on Cape Flattery, the northwest tip of the state of Washington, U.S. The groups on the southeast end of the island were the Nitinat, those on Cape Flattery the Makah. The

false cypress: The Nootka cypress, yellow cypress, or Alaska cedar (C. nootkatensis), also called yellow cedar, canoe cedar, Sitka cypress, and Alaska cypress, is a valuable timber tree of northwestern North America. Its pale yellow hard wood is used for boats, furniture, and paneling. Some varieties are cultivated…

Nootka Sound, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, on the western coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, some 168 miles (270 km) northwest of Victoria. The sound, which forms a good harbour, is 6 miles (10 km) wide and has three arms, one of which separates Nootka Island from Vancouver

Nootka Sound controversy, (1790), dispute over the seizure of vessels at Nootka Sound, an inlet on the western coast of Vancouver Island, that nearly caused a war between Great Britain and Spain. Its settlement ended the Spanish claim to a monopoly of trade and settlement on the western coast of

Nootka Sound controversy: …the British demands in the Nootka Sound Convention, signed on Oct. 28, 1790. The convention acknowledged that each nation was free to navigate and fish in the Pacific and to trade and establish settlements on unoccupied land.

smart drug, any of a group of pharmaceutical agents used to improve the intellectual capacity of persons suffering from neurological diseases and psychological disorders. The use of such drugs by healthy individuals in order to improve concentration, to study longer, and to better manage stress is

Indra Nooyi is an Indian-born American businesswoman who was instrumental in the lucrative restructuring and diversification of soft-drink manufacturer PepsiCo, Inc.’s brands. Nooyi served as the company’s CEO (2006–18) and chairman of the board (2007–19). Nooyi earned a bachelor’s degree in

organic food: Policy: …regulates organic production through its National Organic Program (NOP), which serves to facilitate national and international marketing and sales of organically produced food and to assure consumers that USDA certified organic products meet uniform standards. To this end, NOP established three specific labels for consumers on organic food products: “100%…

prickly pear, any of several species of flat-stemmed spiny cacti of the genus Opuntia (family Cactaceae) and their edible fruits. Prickly pear cacti are native to the Western Hemisphere. Several are cultivated, especially the Indian fig (O. ficus-indica), which is an important food for many peoples

Black horror: Notable Black horror films: • Nope (2022), written and directed by Peele, tells the story of a brother (played by Kaluuya) and sister (played by Keke Palmer) who train horses for use in Hollywood productions. They discover that an unknown force is killing local residents and livestock alike.

Edinburgh: Expansion from the Old Town: …the lake and encircling marsh—the North Loch, or Nor’ Loch—that choked the valley along the foot of the moraine and the Castle Rock. King James II (reigned 1437–60) originally had the lake created from swampland as a defense against attack. Even when it was drained and the land was firmed,…

windstorm: …Atlantic Coast are called “nor’easters.”

Armenia: Settlement patterns: (now Yerevan), Alexandropol (Gyumri), Kamo, and Goris—accounted for about one-tenth of the total population. Two-thirds of the population are now urbanized.

totemism: Nor-Papua: Among the Nor-Papua of New Guinea, patrilineal, exogamous groups (consanguineous sibs) are spread over several villages and are associated with animals, especially fish. They believe that they are born from totems, and they make them taboo. Children are given an opportunity to decide during…

Nora, ancient site about 22 miles (35 km) southwest of Cagliari (Caralis) on the island of Sardinia. Although tradition ascribes its foundation to Iberians from Tartessus, the site, which lies on a triangular promontory ending in a steep cliff, is characteristically Phoenician. Apart from remains

Vincent Sherman: Women’s pictures: …ventured into film noir with Nora Prentiss (1947). It starred Kent Smith as an unhappily married physician who fakes his death in order to start over with a nightclub singer (Ann Sheridan). Sheridan was also notable in The Unfaithful (1947), playing a woman who kills an intruder, allegedly in self-defense;…

NORAD, binational military organization involving the United States and Canada. Established in 1957, with a formal agreement signed in 1958, NORAD is tasked with providing aerospace warning and control—and, since 2006, maritime warning—for the defense of North America. It is headquartered at

norepinephrine, substance that is released predominantly from the ends of sympathetic nerve fibres and that acts to increase the force of skeletal muscle contraction and the rate and force of contraction of the heart. The actions of norepinephrine are vital to the fight-or-flight response, whereby

Rouyn-Noranda, city, Abitibi-Témiscamingue region, western Quebec province, Canada. It is located on the western shore of Lake Osisko, 315 miles (507 km) northwest of Montreal city. Rouyn and its twin city, Noranda, originated in the 1920s when gold and copper ores were first exploited in the area.

metallurgy: Matte smelting: These are the Noranda, TBRC (top-blown rotary converter), and Mitsubishi processes. The Noranda reactor is a horizontal cylindrical furnace with a depression in the centre where the metal collects and a raised hearth at one end where the slag is run off. Pelletized unroasted sulfide concentrate is poured…

metallurgy: Matte smelting: These are the Noranda, TBRC (top-blown rotary converter), and Mitsubishi processes. The Noranda reactor is a horizontal cylindrical furnace with a depression in the centre where the metal collects and a raised hearth at one end where the slag is run off. Pelletized unroasted sulfide concentrate is poured…

Cáceres, city, capital of Cáceres provincia (province), in Extremadura comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), western Spain. It is built on a low east-west ridge south of the Tagus River and about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Badajoz. Cáceres originated as the Roman town of Norba Caesarina,

Saint Norbert of Xanten ; canonized 1582; feast day June 6, among Premonstratensians July 11) was the archbishop of Magdeburg and founder of the Premonstratensians (Norbertines, or White Canons), a congregation of priests. Norbert was ordained in 1115. Failing to reform his peers at the collegiate

Premonstratensian, a Roman Catholic religious order founded in 1120 by St. Norbert of Xanten, who, with 13 companions, established a monastery at Prémontré, Fr. The order combines the contemplative with the active religious life and in the 12th century provided a link between the strictly

Andrew Greeley: …senior study director of the National Opinion Research Center (NORC; 1961–68), and program director for higher education at NORC (1968–70). In 1985 he became a research associate at NORC’s Center for the Study of Politics and Society. Greeley also taught at the University of Illinois, Chicago, and at the University…

Russell Sage: In 1891 a man named Henry Norcross threatened to explode dynamite in Sage’s office if he was not paid $1.2 million. Sage refused and survived the explosion, which killed Norcross.

Jack Conroy was a leftist American writer best known for his contributions to “proletarian literature,” fiction and nonfiction about the life of American workers during the early decades of the 20th century. Conroy, who was born in a coal camp, was a migratory worker in the 1920s. He first became

Nord–Pas-de-Calais: …encompassing the northernmost départements of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. In 2016 the Nord–Pas-de-Calais région was joined with the région of Picardy to form the new administrative entity of Hauts-de-France.

Fridtjof Nansen: Scientific work: (1911; In Northern Mists) gave a critical review of the exploration of the northern regions from early times up to the beginning of the 16th century.

Russia: Putin’s fourth term as president, novichok attacks, and military action against Ukraine: …Scholz suspended certification of Russia’s Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. On the morning of February 24 Putin delivered a televised address announcing the beginning of a “special military operation,” and within minutes Russian air strikes were carried out against cities across Ukraine, beginning the Russia-Ukraine war. Putin’s unprovoked attack was…

Dominican Republic: Relief, drainage, and soils: …known in Haiti as the Massif du Nord (“Northern Massif”). In Dominican territory its crest line averages some 6,000 feet (1,800 metres) in elevation and rises to 10,417 feet (3,175 metres) at Duarte Peak, the highest mountain in the Caribbean. Other prominent peaks are Yaque, La Rucilla, Bandera, and Mijo.…

Nord-du-Québec, administrative region constituting the northern half of Quebec province, Canada. The name Nouveau-Québec (“New Quebec”) once was used synonymously with Ungava for that part of the Labrador-Ungava peninsula between Hudson Bay and the Labrador Sea, north of the Eastmain and Churchill

Nord-Norge, geographic region of Norway. It reaches from Nordland about 575 miles (925 km) northward to the North Cape (Nordkapp), the northernmost point in Europe. An arm of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Current, which flows past its coast, provides a relatively mild maritime climate.

Moscow theater hostage crisis of 2002, hostage taking by Chechen militants at the Dubrovka Theater in Moscow, Russia, that lasted from October 23 to October 26, 2002. It ended when Russian Spetsnaz (special forces) troops of the anti-terrorist Alfa command filled the theater with a gas. At least

Kiel Canal, important waterway in northern Germany, extending eastward for 98 km (61 miles) to connect the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The canal constitutes the safest, most convenient, shortest, and cheapest shipping route between the two seas. It runs from Brunsbüttelkoog (on the North Sea, at

Kiel Canal, important waterway in northern Germany, extending eastward for 98 km (61 miles) to connect the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The canal constitutes the safest, most convenient, shortest, and cheapest shipping route between the two seas. It runs from Brunsbüttelkoog (on the North Sea, at

Nord–Pas-de-Calais, former région of France, encompassing the northernmost départements of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. In 2016 the Nord–Pas-de-Calais région was joined with the région of Picardy to form the new administrative entity of Hauts-de-France. Flatlands predominate in the north, with much of

Pierre Reverdy: He founded a short-lived review, Nord-Sud (1916; “North-South”), to promote Cubism. After turning to Surrealism in the 1920s, he returned to Cubist-inspired poetic techniques. Reverdy published Étoiles peintes (1921; “Painted Stars”), Les Épaves du ciel (1924; “Shipwrecks from Heaven”), and Flaques de verre (1929; “Glass Puddles”). In 1926 he retired…

canals and inland waterways: Major inland waterways of Europe: …the north-south route of the Nord-Sud Canal (or Elbe-Seitenkanal). The latter canal (completed in 1976) leaves the Elbe about 32 km (20 miles) above Hamburg and, running south, joins the Mittelland Canal near Wolfsburg, Germany, reaching a total of 115 km (71.5 miles) and shortening the route between Hamburg and…

Sigurdur Jóhannesson Nordal was an Icelandic philologist, critic, and writer in many genres, who played a central role in the cultural life of 20th-century Iceland. Nordal received his doctorate in Old Norse philology from the University of Copenhagen in 1914, with a thesis on the saga of Saint

Max Nordau was a physician, writer, and early Jewish nationalist who was instrumental in establishing recognition of Palestine as a potential Jewish homeland to be gained by colonization. In 1880, after serving as Viennese correspondent for a Budapest newspaper and traveling extensively in Europe,

Svalbard: …northern coastlines of Spitsbergen and Nordaust Land are heavily indented by fjords; the east coast of Nordaust Land is formed by a front of inland ice. Many of the glaciers reach the sea, but in Spitsbergen there are large ice-free valleys. Elsewhere, there are extensive coastal plains, formed by the…

Danish literature: Postwar literary trends: …displacement pervades the poems of Henrik Nordbrandt, the leading Danish poet during and after the 1970s. He has been called the “eternal traveler” of Danish literature: the themes of constant mobility, departure, and arrival characterize his poems, which often show the influence of Asian writings.

North German Confederation, union of the German states north of the Main River formed in 1867 under Prussian hegemony after Prussia’s victory over Austria in the Seven Weeks’ War (1866). Berlin was its capital, the king of Prussia was its president, and the Prussian chancellor was also its

Tiger Woods: …that Woods, who had married Elin Nordegren in 2004, had a number of extramarital affairs, and his infidelity—which clashed with his solid-citizen reputation that had helped him earn hundreds of millions of dollars in endorsements over the years—became national news. The following month, Woods announced that he was taking an…

Sweden: Foreign policy into the 1990s: The so-called Nordek plan, submitted in 1969, which also aimed at far-reaching economic cooperation between the Nordic countries, met with opposition, primarily from Finland, and was abandoned in 1970. During negotiations for entry into the European Communities (EC, later European Community; the successor of the EEC), in…

Nordic countries, group of countries in northern Europe consisting of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The designation includes the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which are autonomous island regions of Denmark, and the Åland Islands, an autonomous island region of Finland. The term is

submarine: Toward diesel-electric power: Similarly, the Swedish gun designer Torsten Nordenfelt constructed a steam-powered submarine driven by twin propellers. His craft could be submerged by vertical propellers to a depth of 50 feet and was fitted with one of the first practical torpedo tubes. Several nations built submarines to Nordenfelt’s design.

Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht was a Swedish poet considered to be Sweden’s first feminist and remembered for her sensitive love poems. Though influenced by Enlightenment ideas, she was largely self-educated and had a distinct pietistic and sentimental side; both the intellectual and the highly

N.F.S. Grundtvig: His Nordens mythologi (1808; “Northern Mythology”) marked a turning point in this research; like his early poems, it was inspired by Romanticism.

Adolf Erik, Baron Nordenskiöld was a Swedish geologist, mineralogist, geographer, and explorer who sailed from Norway to the Pacific across the Asiatic Arctic, completing the first successful navigation of the Northeast Passage. In 1858 Nordenskiöld settled in Stockholm, joined an expedition to the

Erland Nordenskiöld was a Swedish ethnologist, archaeologist, and a foremost student of South American Indian culture. As professor of American and comparative ethnology at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (1924–32), he had a marked influence on anthropology in Sweden and Denmark. Son of the

Adolf Erik, Baron Nordenskiöld was a Swedish geologist, mineralogist, geographer, and explorer who sailed from Norway to the Pacific across the Asiatic Arctic, completing the first successful navigation of the Northeast Passage. In 1858 Nordenskiöld settled in Stockholm, joined an expedition to the

Erland Nordenskiöld was a Swedish ethnologist, archaeologist, and a foremost student of South American Indian culture. As professor of American and comparative ethnology at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (1924–32), he had a marked influence on anthropology in Sweden and Denmark. Son of the

timberline: A similar isopleth, the Nordenskjöld line proposed by the Swedish geographer Otto Nordenskjöld (1928), is the line along which the warmest month’s average temperature is equal to (9 - 0.1k)° C, or (51.4 - 0.1k)° F, in which k is the average temperature of the coldest month.

Otto Nordenskjöld was a Swedish geographer and explorer whose expedition to the Antarctic was distinguished by the volume of its scientific findings. A nephew of the scientist-explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, he became a lecturer in mineralogy and geology at the University of Uppsala, Sweden, in

Otto Nordenskjöld was a Swedish geographer and explorer whose expedition to the Antarctic was distinguished by the volume of its scientific findings. A nephew of the scientist-explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, he became a lecturer in mineralogy and geology at the University of Uppsala, Sweden, in

Hamburg: Site: …itself into two branches, the Norderelbe and the Süderelbe, but these branches meet again opposite Altona, just west of the old city, to form the Unterelbe, which flows into the North Sea some 65 miles downstream from Hamburg. Two other rivers flow into the Elbe at Hamburg—the Alster from the…

Norderney, island off the North Sea coast of Germany. It is one of the East Frisian Islands and part of Lower Saxony Land (state). The island is 8 miles (13 km) long and up to 1.25 miles (2 km) wide, with dunes rising to 68 feet (21 metres). It is part of Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park. The

North Frisian Islands, part of the Frisian Islands, lying in the North Sea just off the coast of northern Europe. They are divided between Germany and

Frisia: …Netherlands, and the Ostfriesland and Nordfriesland regions of northwestern Germany. Frisia is the traditional homeland of the Frisians, a Germanic people who speak a language closely related to English.

North Frisian Islands, part of the Frisian Islands, lying in the North Sea just off the coast of northern Europe. They are divided between Germany and

William Nordhaus is an American economist who, with Paul Romer, was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize for Economics for his contributions to the study of long-term economic growth and its relation to climate change. His pioneering work on climate economy models greatly advanced understanding of the

William Nordhaus is an American economist who, with Paul Romer, was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize for Economics for his contributions to the study of long-term economic growth and its relation to climate change. His pioneering work on climate economy models greatly advanced understanding of the

Nordhausen, city, Thuringia Land (state), central Germany. It lies on the Zorge River, at the southern slopes of the Harz Mountains, in the fertile lowland known as the Goldene Aue (“Golden Meadow”). First mentioned in 927 as the site of a royal castle near the older Frankish settlement of

Sondre Norheim was a Norwegian skier who revolutionized ski design and ski equipment and helped to standardize certain aspects of the sport. Norheim in 1860 was the first to use bindings of willow, cane, and birch root around the heel from each side of the toe strap to fasten the boot to the ski,

Ojai, city, Ventura county, southern California, U.S. Situated 12 miles (19 km) north of Ventura and about 85 miles (135 km) northwest of Los Angeles, it lies in the Ojai Valley flanked by mountains. Originally inhabited by Chumash Indians, the site under Spanish rule was an outpost ranchería of

Mutiny on the Bounty: …the Bounty, romantic novel by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, published in 1932. The vivid narrative is based on an actual mutiny, that against Capt. William Bligh of the HMS Bounty in 1789. Related by Roger Byam, a former midshipman and linguist aboard the vessel, the novel describes how…

history of Europe: The Bronze Age: …a distinct local tradition: the Nordic Bronze Age. At this point, the absence of local raw material did not prevent the society from integrating bronze as a basic material in its culture nor did the dependency on trade partners for bronze mean that the local material culture developed without its…

Nordic skiing: The Nordic combined is a separate test consisting of a 10-km cross-country race and special ski-jumping contest, with the winner determined on the basis of points awarded for performance in both. Cross-country racing is sometimes called Nordic racing. There are numerous factors that differentiate the various…

Nordic Council of Ministers, organization of the Nordic states of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden for the purpose of consultation and cooperation on matters of common interest. The Council was established in February 1971 under an amendment to the Helsinki Convention (1962) between

Nordic countries, group of countries in northern Europe consisting of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The designation includes the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which are autonomous island regions of Denmark, and the Åland Islands, an autonomous island region of Finland. The term is

skiing: Alpine skiing: …Oslo (from 1892) and the Nordic Games (held quadrennially from 1901 to 1917 and 1922 to 1926) to be the only proper representation of the sport of skiing. In 1930, however, the Nordic skiing countries of Norway, Sweden, and Finland finally withdrew their resistance and allowed Alpine events to be…

Scandinavian literature, the body of works, both oral and written, produced within Scandinavia in the North Germanic group of languages, in the Finnish language, and, during the Middle Ages, in the Latin language. Scandinavian literature traditionally consists of works in modern Swedish, Norwegian,

museum: History museums: …of traditional life at the Nordic Museum in Stockholm. This was followed 18 years later by the first open-air museum, at Skansen. Museums of both types soon appeared in other countries. The former National Museum of Popular Arts and Traditions in Paris exemplified a national approach within a museum building.…

Northwest Passage: Contemporary issues: …occurred in 2013 when the Nordic Orion, with a load of coal and escorted by icebreakers, sailed from Vancouver, enroute to Finland. The following year a cargo ship, the Nunavik, completed the journey without an icebreaker escort.

Sverre Fehn: …received widespread notice with his Nordic Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 1962; it won the Biennale’s Golden Lion Award for national pavilions.