Bob Woodward: In Obama’s Wars (2010) he discussed divisions within the White House concerning the Afghanistan War policy, and in The Price of Politics (2012) he cast attention on the struggles between the administration and Congress over fiscal matters. In Fear: Trump in the White House (2018) and…

Barack Obama is the 44th president of the United States (2009–17) and the first African American to hold the office. Before winning the presidency, Obama represented Illinois in the U.S. Senate (2005–08). He was the third African American to be elected to that body since the end of Reconstruction

Barack Obama is the 44th president of the United States (2009–17) and the first African American to hold the office. Before winning the presidency, Obama represented Illinois in the U.S. Senate (2005–08). He was the third African American to be elected to that body since the end of Reconstruction

Barack Obama: Early life: Obama’s father, Barack Obama, Sr., was a teenage goatherd in rural Kenya, won a scholarship to study in the United States, and eventually became a senior economist in the Kenyan government. Obama’s mother, S. Ann Dunham, grew up in Kansas, Texas, and Washington state before her family…

Michelle Obama is an American first lady (2009–17), the wife of Barack Obama, 44th president of the United States. She was the first African American first lady. Michelle Robinson, who grew up on Chicago’s South Side, was the daughter of Marian, a homemaker, and Frasier Robinson, a worker in the

Antigua and Barbuda: Land: …143 feet (44 metres) at Lindsay Hill in the northeast, it is 62 square miles (161 square km) in area. Barbuda is without streams or lakes and receives less rainfall than Antigua. Codrington, the only settlement, lies on a lagoon to the west. The climate is similar to that of…

On November 4, 2008, after a campaign that lasted nearly two years, Americans elected Illinois senator Barack Obama their 44th president. The result was historic, as Obama, a first-term U.S. senator, became, when he was inaugurated on January 20, 2009, the country’s first African American

American voters went to the polls on November 6, 2012, to determine—for the 57th time—their country’s president for the next four years. Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama’s reelection bid was, from the outset, expected to be closely contested as the United States faced a number of

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), in the United States, health care reform legislation signed into law by U.S. Pres. Barack Obama in March 2010, which included provisions that required most individuals to secure health insurance or pay fines, made coverage easier and less costly

Gabon: Sports and recreation: …Summer Games in London by Anthony Obame, who won the silver medal in the tae kwon do competition.

coin: Japan: …corners, the largest size being ōban and the smaller koban. Other gold pieces are the small rectangular pieces of one and two bu issued from time to time; round gold is rare and usually of provincial mints. Silver was originally in the form of stamped bars called long silver; these…

José María Obando was a Colombian president (1853–54), whose violent character and career were representative of the political and military leaders of 19th-century Colombia. Obando fought for the Spanish crown during most of the Latin-American war for independence. He finally joined Simón Bolívar’s

Canadian literature: Fiction: Joy Kogawa’s Obasan (1981) is a skillful “docufiction” describing the internment of Japanese Canadians during World War II; in Chorus of Mushrooms (1994), Hiromi Goto examines the relations between three generations of women in rural Alberta. Chinese Canadian perspectives are presented in Choy’s The Jade Peony (1995),…

Olusegun Obasanjo is a Nigerian general, statesman, and diplomat, who was the first military ruler in Africa to hand over power to a civilian government. He served as Nigeria’s military ruler (1976–79) and, as a civilian, as president (1999–2007). Obasanjo attended Baptist Boys’ High School in

William FitzOsbern, 1st earl of Hereford was a Norman soldier and lord, one of William the Conqueror’s closest supporters. The son of Osbern (or Obbern) de Crépon, seneschal of Normandy, FitzOsbern himself became seneschal of Normandy and in 1060 was given the lordship and castle of Bréteuil. He

obbligato, (Italian: “obligatory”), in music, essential but subordinate instrumental part. For example, in an 18th-century aria with trumpet obbligato, the trumpet part, although serving as accompaniment to the voice, may be as brilliant in its writing as that of the voice itself. The term

Ján Kadár: title, The Shop on Main Street; U.K. title, The Shop on High Street), the drama of an ordinary Czechoslovak citizen who is confronted with a personal moral decision regarding the Nazi persecution of the Jews. This film won the New York Film Critics Award and the…

Salekhard, city and administrative centre of Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrug (district), Russia. It lies on the Poluy River at its entrance to the Ob River. Salekhard was founded in 1595 and became a city in 1938. Fish canning and sawmilling reflect the regional economy. It is also a base for the

Triassic Period: Paleogeography: This process of “accretionary tectonics” (or obduction) created more than 50 terranes of various ages in the Cordilleran region, including the Sonomia and Golconda terranes of the northwestern United States, both of which were accreted in the Early Triassic. The former microcontinent of Sonomia occupies what is now…

platypus: Evolution, paleontology, and classification: …61 million years ago) and Obdurodon (which may have first emerged near the boundary of the Oligocene and Miocene epochs some 23 million years ago) and the living Ornithorhychus. The discovery of M. sudamericanum in 62-million-year-old Patagonian sediments confirmed that platypuses were once distributed through the southern continents that were…

obia, in west African folklore, a gigantic animal that steals into villages and kidnaps girls on the behalf of witches. In certain cultures of the Caribbean, the term denotes forms of sorcery and witchcraft, usually overpowering and extremely evil. Potent or bewitched objects buried for the purpose

Judaism: Activity in the world: …community is promised reward for obedience and punishment for disobedience. The intention of the passage is clear: obedience is rewarded by the preservation of order, so that the community and its members find wholeness in life; while disobedience—rebellion against divine sovereignty—shatters order, so that the community is overwhelmed by adversity.…

dragonhead: The related false dragonheads (genus Physostegia) consist of 12 species native to North America. The best known is the obedient plant (P. virginiana), which has large pink bell-like flowers on slender spikes and is grown as an ornamental.

authority: Authority as a psychological question: …later wrote in his book Obedience to Authority (1974), that adults would do almost anything when commanded by an authority, including inflicting painful electric shocks remotely on an unseen person (who, unknown to the subject, did not actually receive any such shocks). He traced this willingness, in no small part,…

dragonhead: The related false dragonheads (genus Physostegia) consist of 12 species native to North America. The best known is the obedient plant (P. virginiana), which has large pink bell-like flowers on slender spikes and is grown as an ornamental.

Julia O’Faolain: The Obedient Wife (1982), in which an Italian woman ends her affair with a priest and returns to her husband, is set in Los Angeles. The novel The Judas Cloth (1992) concerns the 19th-century Roman Catholic clergy. With her husband, Lauro Martines, O’Faolain edited Not…

Al-Ubayyiḍ, town, south-central Sudan. It lies on a sandy, scrub-covered plateau at an elevation of 1,869 feet (570 metres). Founded by the Egyptians in 1821, the town was captured and largely destroyed by the Mahdist forces in 1882, but it was rebuilt after Kordofan was federated with the

Venice: Origin of the city: Finally the doge Obelerio and his brother Beato formed an alliance with the Franks of Italy and placed Venice under the authority of the Italian king Pippin (died 810) in order to free themselves from Byzantine control.

Obelia, genus of invertebrate marine animals of the class Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria). The genus, widely distributed in all the oceans, is represented by many species. The animal begins life as a polyp—a tentacled, stalklike form resembling a small sea anemone attached to the ocean bottom or some

obelisk, tapered monolithic pillar, originally erected in pairs at the entrances of ancient Egyptian temples. The Egyptian obelisk was carved from a single piece of stone, usually red granite from the quarries at Aswān. It was designed to be wider at its square or rectangular base than at its

N.K. Jemisin: …includes The Fifth Season (2015), The Obelisk Gate (2016), and The Stone Sky (2017), the last of which won the Nebula Award for best novel. The books describe a far-future Earth that suffers “fifth seasons,” periods of geologic and climatic catastrophe. A woman with secret powers allowing her to manipulate…

Passion play: …century is that performed at Oberammergau, in the Bavarian Alps. According to tradition, the play has been presented every 10 years since 1634, in fulfillment of a vow made after the village was spared an epidemic of plague (shifting to decennial years in 1700), except in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian…

Graubünden: …1395 by the Oberbund, or Grauerbund (“Gray League”) of the upper Rhine valley. The use of the word gray (German grau, French gris, Romansh grisch) in this context derived from the homespun gray cloth worn by the men and gave rise to the name of the Grisons, or Graubünden (“Gray…

mazurka: …slower kujawiak and the energetic oberek.

Obergefell v. Hodges, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (5–4) on June 26, 2015, that state bans on same-sex marriage and on recognizing same-sex marriages duly performed in other jurisdictions are unconstitutional under the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth

Harz: …highland is known as the Oberharz; the southeastern and more extensive part is the Unterharz. The Brocken group, dividing the two, is generally considered a part of the Oberharz.

Oberhasli, breed of dairy goat from Switzerland, particularly Bern canton, where it is known as the Oberhasli-Brienzer. The most distinctive feature of the Oberhasli is its colour pattern, known as chamoisée. The short, glossy coat is a deep reddish bay broken by black markings on the muzzle and

Karl Leberecht Immermann: …the contemporary social scene and Der Oberhof as a realistic story of village life.

wallpaper: In 1785 Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf invented the first machine for printing wallpaper, and, shortly thereafter, Louis Robert designed a process for manufacturing endless rolls.

cable-stayed bridge: By contrast, the Oberkasseler Bridge, built over the Rhine River in Düsseldorf, Germany, in 1973, used a single tower in the middle of its twin 254-metre (846-foot) spans; the four cables were placed in a harp or parallel arrangement, being equally spaced both up the tower and along…

Wehrmacht: Creation and structure of the Wehrmacht: The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW; Wehrmacht High Command) was designed to exercise command and control of the three branches of the Wehrmacht—the Heer (army), the Luftwaffe (air force), and the Kriegsmarine (navy)—each of which had its own high command.

World War II: German strategy, 1939–42: …and the heads of the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH, or German Army High Command), namely the army commander in chief Walther von Brauchitsch and the army general staff chief Franz Halder, were convinced that the Red Army could be defeated in two or three months, and that, by the end…

Reuss: …southern and larger block, or Oberland, with Schleiz and Greiz as chief towns, was bounded east by the kingdom of Saxony, south by Bavaria, west by Saxe-Meiningen and part of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and northwest by an exclave of Prussian Saxony. The other block, Unterland, around Gera, was bounded east and west…

appeal: The court of appeals (Oberlandesgericht) retries cases both on issues of law and fact in civil matters and on issues of law only in criminal matters. The Supreme Court of the United States hears appeals on fact, interpretation, constitutional cases from lower federal courts, and appeals from state courts…

René Bazin: Les Oberlé (1901) concerns the Germanization of Alsace-Lorraine, in depicting the conflicts of divided loyalty within the Oberlé family. Donatienne (1903) is an account of the fortunes of a young Breton couple. Forced by poverty, the young mother, Donatienne, goes into service in the city,…

Oberlin, city, Lorain county, northern Ohio, U.S., about 35 miles (56 km) west-southwest of Cleveland. In 1833 John J. Shipherd, a Presbyterian minister, and Philo P. Stewart, a former missionary to the Choctaw people, founded the community and established the Oberlin Collegiate Institute (1833;

Oberlin College, private coeducational institution of higher learning at Oberlin, Ohio, offering programs in liberal arts and music. It was founded by Presbyterian minister John J. Shipherd and Philo P. Stewart in 1833 as the Oberlin Collegiate Institute to educate ministers and schoolteachers for

Johann Friedrich Oberlin was a Lutheran pastor and philanthropist who spent his life transforming desperately poor parishes in the Vosges region of France into materially as well as spiritually flourishing communities. Born into a middle-class family, Oberlin studied theology and graduated from the

Étienne Pivert de Senancour: …was a French author of Obermann (1804), one of several early 19th-century novels that describe the sufferings of a sensitive and tormented hero. Rediscovered some 30 years after it first appeared, the book appealed to the taste of the Romantics and their public.

relapsing fever: History: German bacteriologist Otto Obermeier observed the organisms in the blood of relapsing fever patients in 1867–68 and published his observations in 1873. They are easily seen in dark-field microscopic preparations of the patient’s blood collected during the height of the febrile attack, but they disappear from the…

Oberon, king of the elves, or of the “faerie,” in the French medieval poem Huon de Bordeaux. In this poem Oberon is a dwarf-king, living in the woodland, who by magic powers helps the hero to accomplish a seemingly impossible task. In the legendary history of the Merovingian dynasty Oberon is a

Christoph Martin Wieland: His allegorical verse epic Oberon (1780) foreshadows many aspects of Romanticism.

Niklaus Emil Wirth: …development of the Lilith and Oberon operating systems at ETH. Inspiration for these systems came from his sabbatical at Xerox PARC, where he had used an experimental workstation computer that included a personal monitor and a computer mouse.

Oberon, king of the fairies in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Oberon’s conflict with his wife, Titania, sets the play’s action in motion. The character of Oberon was derived largely from Lord Berners’s prose translation of the medieval French poem Huon de Bordeaux, though it is also

Carl Maria von Weber: In form, Oberon was little to his taste, having too many spoken scenes and elaborate stage devices for a composer who had always worked for the unification of the theatrical arts in opera. But into it he poured some of his most exquisite music, and he traveled…

Oberon, outermost of the five major moons of Uranus and the second largest of the group. Oberon was discovered in 1787 by the English astronomer William Herschel, who had found Uranus in 1781; it was named by William’s son, John Herschel, for a character in William Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer

Merle Oberon was a British and American film actress who appeared in more than 30 motion pictures. Her most notable portrayal was that of the beautiful Cathy, who tormented and rejected Heathcliff (Laurence Olivier) in the 1939 classic Wuthering Heights. The daughter of an Indian mother and a

Oberösterreich, Bundesland (federal state), northern Austria. It borders Germany and the Czech Republic on the west and north and is bounded by Bundesländer Niederösterreich (Lower Austria) on the east and Steiermark (Styria) and Salzburg on the south. Oberösterreich lies between the Inn and the

Palatinate: …or Lower, Palatinate and the Upper Palatinate. The Rhenish Palatinate included lands on both sides of the middle Rhine River between its Main and Neckar tributaries. Its capital until the 18th century was Heidelberg. The Upper Palatinate was located in northern Bavaria, on both sides of the Naab River as…

Bohemian Forest: …of the Český les (Oberpfälzerwald Mountains) is separated from the main group (the Šumava and Hinterer Wald) by a depression that extends roughly between the towns of Cham, Furth im Wald, and Domažlice (German: Taus). The gradients there are gentler and the hills largely cleared for upland farming. The…

Eastern Orthodoxy: The reforms of Peter the Great (reigned 1682–1725): …An imperial high commissioner (oberprokuror) was to be present at all meetings and act as the administrator of church affairs. Peter also issued a lengthy Spiritual Regulation (Dukhovny Reglament) that served as bylaws for all religious activities in Russia. Weakened by the schism of the Old Believers, the church…

Berchtesgaden: On the Obersalzberg, 1,640 feet (500 meters) above the town (linked by a cable railway), were the chalets of Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring, Martin Bormann, and other Nazi leaders, with air-raid shelters, barracks, and various installations. Hitler’s chalet, the Berghof, became quite prominent in the years before…

Freiberg: …at its centre; and the Oberstadt (Upper City), with the town hall and St. Peter’s Church as its notable landmarks. Medieval buildings include the town hall (1410–16), Freudenstein Castle (rebuilt 1566–79), the cathedral (1484–1501) with the noted Goldene Pforte (Golden Portal; 1230) from an earlier church, and parts of the…

Hermann Oberth was a German scientist who is considered to be one of the founders of modern astronautics. The son of a prosperous physician, Oberth studied medicine in Munich, but his education was interrupted by service in the Austro-Hungarian army during World War I. After being wounded in the

Oberto I was a marquis of eastern Liguria and count of Luni, a powerful feudal lord of 10th-century Italy under King Berengar II and the Holy Roman emperor Otto I. His descendants, the Obertinghi, founded several famous Italian feudal clans. He was a Lombard and probably not directly descended from

Giuseppe Verdi: Early years: …succeeded in getting an opera, Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio, produced at La Scala in March 1839. Ordinary as the piece may seem today, it succeeded well enough to travel to Genoa and Turin and to gain him a commission for three more operas at Italy’s leading theatre. His rising…

Adderall: History and development: …including the weight loss drug Obertol. In the 1990s, however, Obertol was reformulated and introduced to treat ADHD. Because of its potency and long-lasting effects, the drug quickly became a common medication for ADHD, competing with Ritalin, which was the leading treatment at the time.

obesity, excessive accumulation of body fat, usually caused by the consumption of more calories than the body can use. The excess calories are then stored as fat, or adipose tissue. Overweight, if moderate, is not necessarily obesity, particularly in muscular or large-boned individuals. Obesity was

obesity, excessive accumulation of body fat, usually caused by the consumption of more calories than the body can use. The excess calories are then stored as fat, or adipose tissue. Overweight, if moderate, is not necessarily obesity, particularly in muscular or large-boned individuals. Obesity was

pickwickian syndrome, a complex of respiratory and circulatory symptoms associated with extreme obesity. The name originates from the fat boy depicted in Charles Dickens’s The Pickwick Papers, who showed some of the same traits. (By some definitions, to be obese is to exceed one’s ideal weight by

leptin receptor, molecule that receives and transmits signals from leptin, a hormone released from fat cells that is involved primarily in the regulation of metabolism but also serves roles in bone metabolism, immunity, and reproductive function. The leptin receptor is located in the cell membrane

Obey River, river in north-central Tennessee, U.S., formed by the East Fork Obey and West Fork Obey rivers in southern Pickett county. It flows north and west to join the Cumberland River at Celina after a course of about 60 miles (100 km). Dale Hollow Dam, finished in 1943, impounds Dale Hollow

juju: …younger juju artists and innovators Ebenezer Obey and King Sunny Ade. Obey, most significantly, increased the number of guitars in the ensemble, injected the repertoire with Christian religious messages and social commentary, and pitched his music primarily to the urban upper class. Ade, who had a more populist appeal, further…

Islamic arts: Parodies of classic forms: …in Shīrāz was the satirist ʿObeyd-e Zākānī (died 1371), noted for his obscene verses (even the most moralistic and mystical poets sometimes produced surprisingly coarse and licentious lines) and for his short mas̄navī called Mūsh o-gorbeh (“Mouse and Cat”), an amusing political satire. Because few new forms or means of…

John Munonye: Obi (1969), a sequel to The Only Son, broadens the theme to an extended family. In both books the family emerges as a source of strength in times of turmoil. Munonye’s later novels include Oil Man of Obange (1971) and A Wreath for the Maidens…

obi, wide sash or belt made of satin or a stiff silk material, worn since ancient times in Japan to secure the kimono. A woman’s obi is about 12 feet (370 cm) long and 10 inches (25 cm) wide; a man’s obi is about three-fourths as long and one-sixth as wide. The obi is wound around the waist over

Obi Islands, group of the northern Moluccas, Maluku Utara (North Moluccas) provinsi (province), Indonesia. They lie south of Halmahera Island, north of Ceram Island, and east of the Sula Islands. The principal island of the group is Obi Island, 52 miles (84 km) long and 28 miles (47 km) wide, which

obia, in west African folklore, a gigantic animal that steals into villages and kidnaps girls on the behalf of witches. In certain cultures of the Caribbean, the term denotes forms of sorcery and witchcraft, usually overpowering and extremely evil. Potent or bewitched objects buried for the purpose

Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo is a military leader and politician who has ruled Equatorial Guinea since seizing power from his uncle in a coup in 1979. He is among the longest-serving heads of state (excluding monarchs) in the world. His decades of authoritarian rule have been marked by human

Óbidos, town and river port, west-central Pará estado (state), northern Brazil. It was founded in 1697 as a fortified town. Óbidos overlooks the left (north) bank of the Amazon River 70 miles (110 km) upstream from Santarém near the confluence of the Trombetas River, where the Amazon narrows to a

Obihiro, city, southern Hokkaido, Japan, on the Tokachi River. Founded in 1883, it became a regional administrative centre in 1897. The arrival of two railway lines in the early 1900s made Obihiro a trade centre of agricultural products grown in the surrounding Tokachi Plain. Obihiro’s industries

Battle of Kosovo: …killed by a Serbian knight, Miloš Obilić, in the immediate aftermath of the battle. Although both sides suffered huge losses, the Ottomans possessed the resources to raise another army and Serbia became part of the Ottoman Empire.

Battle of Kosovo: …killed by a Serbian knight, Miloš Obilić, in the immediate aftermath of the battle. Although both sides suffered huge losses, the Ottomans possessed the resources to raise another army and Serbia became part of the Ottoman Empire.

Census of Marine Life: Origins and oversight: …were the formation of the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), a system of databases in which extant knowledge was collected, and the History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP) project, which endeavoured to survey historical data for indications of human impact on the oceans. A further 14 field projects were established…

Gabriel Miró: …Our Father, Saint Daniel) and El obispo leproso (1926; “The Leprous Bishop”), both of which are critical of religious customs. Among his nonfictional works are Figuras de la pasión del Señor (1916; Figures of the Passion of Our Lord) and a series of books describing the life of his region…

obiter dictum, Latin phrase meaning “that which is said in passing,” an incidental statement. Specifically, in law, it refers to a passage in a judicial opinion which is not necessary for the decision of the case before the court. Such statements lack the force of precedent but may nevertheless be

obiter dictum, Latin phrase meaning “that which is said in passing,” an incidental statement. Specifically, in law, it refers to a passage in a judicial opinion which is not necessary for the decision of the case before the court. Such statements lack the force of precedent but may nevertheless be

Shōmu was the 45th emperor of Japan, who devoted huge sums of money to the creation of magnificent Buddhist temples and artifacts throughout the realm; during his reign Buddhism virtually became the official state religion. He ascended the throne in 724, taking the reign name Shōmu. In 729 his

house of Este: Origins: Neither he nor his successor, Obizzo I (died 1193), however, achieved any great distinction, beyond the offices and titles that fell naturally to the upper feudal families, but it was during the lifetime of Obizzo I that the Estensi first acquired political importance in Ferrara, through the marriage of his…

house of Este: Lords of Ferrara: In 1264 Azzo’s heir, Obizzo II (1264–93), was created perpetual lord by the people of Ferrara under the pressure of Guelf strength. The pope, lawful lord of the Ferrarese territory, at first did not oppose this action but afterward began to contest the Estensi government. Obizzo II’s power was…

Odell Beckham, Jr. is an American football wide receiver known for his dynamic play, electrifying catches, and charismatic personality in a National Football League (NFL) career beset by injuries. Beckham was born to student-athlete parents while both were stars in their respective sports at

Uralic languages: Verb inflections: …use of separate subjective and objective conjugations among the Uralic languages (as in Mordvin, Ugric, and Samoyedic) are the result of an original system for singling out the subject or object for emphasis (focus), and not simply a device for object–verb agreement (similar to subject agreement). For example, Nenets tymʔ…

Meret Oppenheim: The result, Object, was part of the first Surrealist exhibition held at New York’s Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), “Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism,” curated by Alfred H. Barr, Jr., in 1936, and it became an overnight art world sensation. MoMA then acquired Object, the museum’s first acquisition…

perceptual constancy, the tendency of animals and humans to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, colour, or location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting. The impression tends to conform to the object as it is or is assumed to be, rather than to

Vostok, any of a series of manned Soviet spacecraft, the initial flight of which carried the first human being into space. Launched on April 12, 1961, Vostok 1, carrying cosmonaut Yury A. Gagarin, made a single orbit of Earth before reentry. The Vostok series included six launchings over a two-year

object language, in semantics and logic, the ordinary language used to talk about things or objects in the world—as contrasted with metalanguage, an artificial language used by linguists and others to analyze or describe the sentences or elements of object language itself. The concept was developed

Anna Quindlen: Her first—Object Lessons, a coming-of-age story—appeared in 1991 and became a best seller. The experience of temporarily dropping out of college to care for her mother, who was dying of cancer, formed the basis of her second novel, One True Thing (1994); a film adaptation starring…

Oswego Movement: …through the development of the object method, which Sheldon introduced in Oswego, New York. The normal school associated with that method, founded in 1861, evolved into the State University of New York at Oswego. Upon completing their programs, teachers who had gone to study in Oswego obtained administrative and teaching…

Nicholas Hytner: He counted The Crucible (1996), The Object of My Affection (1998), and Center Stage (2000) among his film credits. In 1999 he directed the RNT’s The Lady in the Van, and in 2000 he served as Cameron Mackintosh Visiting Professor of Contemporary Theatre at the University of Oxford.

human behaviour: Memory: … called “the idea of the permanent object.” This advance becomes apparent when an infant watches an adult hide an object under a cloth and must wait a short period of time before being allowed to reach for it. A six-month-old will not reach under the cloth for the hidden object,…