Rotary International, civilian service club founded as the Rotary Club of Chicago in 1905 by American attorney Paul P. Harris. For having created the organization, Harris is credited with initiating the idea of a civilian service club, an organization of men or women from varied business and

Rotary International, civilian service club founded as the Rotary Club of Chicago in 1905 by American attorney Paul P. Harris. For having created the organization, Harris is credited with initiating the idea of a civilian service club, an organization of men or women from varied business and

telephone: Rotary dialing: The first automatic switching systems, based on the Strowger switch described in the section Electromechanical switching, were activated by a push button on the calling party’s telephone. More accurate call dialing was permitted by the advent of the rotary dial in 1896. A…

drilling machinery: The simplest rotary drill is the earth auger, which is hand-operated and resembles the wood auger used in carpentry. The earth auger, used principally for drilling holes in relatively soft earth, is armed with either a spiral drill or a pod-type drill and is attached to a…

coal mining: Core drilling and rotary drilling: A second factor associated with a drilling program is the choice between core drilling and rotary drilling. In core drilling, a hollow drill bit is attached to a core barrel so that cylindrical samples of the strata can be obtained. (Since the drill…

rotary engine, internal-combustion engine in which the combustion chambers and cylinders rotate with the driven shaft around a fixed control shaft to which pistons are affixed; the gas pressures of combustion are used to rotate the shaft. Some of these engines have pistons that slide in toroidal

tunnels and underground excavations: Soft-ground moles: …their first success in 1954, moles (mining machines) have been rapidly adopted worldwide. Close copies of the Oahe moles were used for similar large-diameter tunnels in clay shale at Gardiner Dam in Canada and at Mangla Dam in Pakistan during the mid-1960s, and subsequent moles have succeeded at many other…

cultivator: Rotary hoes, used for early cultivation of corn, cotton, soybeans, potatoes, and small grain, have as many as 12 sections, each mounting several hoe wheels, with the whole machine up to 12 metres (40 feet) wide. When the rotary hoe is drawn backward, it gives…

Rotary International, civilian service club founded as the Rotary Club of Chicago in 1905 by American attorney Paul P. Harris. For having created the organization, Harris is credited with initiating the idea of a civilian service club, an organization of men or women from varied business and

pivot joint, in vertebrate anatomy, a freely moveable joint (diarthrosis) that allows only rotary movement around a single axis. The moving bone rotates within a ring that is formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament. The pivot joint is exemplified by the joint between the atlas and the axis

cement: Burning: …means of burning is the rotary kiln. These kilns—up to 200 metres (660 feet) long and six metres in diameter in wet process plants but shorter for the dry process—consist of a steel, cylindrical shell lined with refractory materials. They rotate slowly on an axis that is inclined a few…

baking: Rotary molding: Cookies produced on rotary molders include sandwich-base cakes and pieces made with embossed designs. A steel cylinder, the surface covered with shallow engraved cavities, rotates past the opening in a hopper filled with cookie dough. The pockets are filled with the dough, which is sheared off from the…

history of technology: Mechanical contrivances: …transformation: the widespread introduction of rotary motion. This was exemplified in the use of the treadmill for powering cranes and other heavy lifting operations, the introduction of rotary water-raising devices for irrigation works (a scoop wheel powered by a treadmill), and the development of the waterwheel as a prime mover.…

rotogravure printing, system of printing based on the transfer of fluid ink from depressions in a printing plate to the paper. It is an intaglio process, so-called because the design to be printed is etched or engraved below the surface of the printing plate. At the start of the gravure printing

agricultural technology: Primary tillage equipment: The rotary plow’s essential feature is a set of knives or tines rotated on a shaft by a power source. The knives chop the soil up and throw it against a hood that covers the knife set. These machines can create good seedbeds, but their high…

optical activity, the ability of a substance to rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of light that is passed through it. (In plane-polarized light, the vibrations of the electric field are confined to a single plane.) The intensity of optical activity is expressed in terms of a quantity,

rotary press, printing press that prints on paper passing between a supporting cylinder and a cylinder containing the printing plates. It may be contrasted to the flatbed press, which has a flat printing surface. It is primarily used in high-speed, web-fed operations, in which the press takes paper

agricultural technology: Primary tillage equipment: The rotary plow’s essential feature is a set of knives or tines rotated on a shaft by a power source. The knives chop the soil up and throw it against a hood that covers the knife set. These machines can create good seedbeds, but their high…

filtration: Filter types: The rotary-drum vacuum filter is used extensively in industry for the continuous filtration of large quantities of slurries containing a high content of suspended solids. The filter consists of a cylindrical drum with internal divisions, ports and valves for application of the vacuum and removal of…

helicopter: …more power-driven horizontal propellers or rotors that enable it to take off and land vertically, to move in any direction, or to remain stationary in the air. Other vertical-flight craft include autogiros, convertiplanes, and V/STOL aircraft of a number of configurations.

sator square, early Latin word puzzle or cryptogram. It is the most well-known example of a lettered magic square, with 25 letters that make up a five-by-five grid of acrostic Latin palindromes. The words found in a sator square are SATOR (“sower” or “planter”), AREPO (an unknown word, possibly a

artillery: Mortars: …Hotchkiss-Brandt type, a prerifled copper driving band, wrapped around the bomb, expanded under gas pressure and engaged the grooves in the barrel.

wastewater treatment: Rotating biological contacter: In this treatment system a series of large plastic disks mounted on a horizontal shaft are partially submerged in primary effluent. As the shaft rotates, the disks are exposed alternately to air and wastewater, allowing a layer of bacteria to grow on…

Roy Kerr: …black holes are also called Kerr black holes. In later work (written jointly with A. Schild), he introduced a new class of solutions, known as Kerr–Schild solutions, which have had a profound influence on finding exact solutions to Einstein’s equations.

pneumatic device: Major types of pneumatic devices: A rotating type of compressor, operating in reverse, serves as one type of motor. Compressed air enters the housing, pushes on the vanes, and rotates a central shaft or spindle. A drill, grinding wheel, or other device is fastened to the spindle. A reciprocating-piston compressor, operating…

electric generator: Rotor: An elementary synchronous generator is shown in cross section in Figure 2. The central shaft of the rotor is coupled to the mechanical prime mover. The magnetic field is produced by conductors, or coils, wound into slots cut in the surface of the cylindrical…

electric motor: Induction motors: …position, is to produce a rotating magnetic field with a constant magnitude and a mechanical angular velocity that depends on the frequency of the electric supply.

neutron star: …also seen as objects called rotating radio transients (RRATs) and as magnetars. The RRATs are sources that emit single radio bursts but at irregular intervals ranging from four minutes to three hours. The cause of the RRAT phenomenon is unknown. Magnetars are highly magnetized neutron stars that have a magnetic…

ceilometer: The rotating-transmitter ceilometer has its separate receiver fixed to direct reflections only from directly overhead while the transmitter sweeps the sky. When the modulated beam intersects a cloud base directly over the receiver, light is reflected downward and detected.

motion-picture technology: Introduction of sound: …recording was modulated by a rotating mirror and the slit was parallel to the edge of the film; reproduction employed the perpendicular slit of the variable density sound track. Minor problems of incompatibility between recording and reproduction were solved in late 1928 when the track was narrowed down to stay…

asteroid: Rotation and shape: The rotation periods and shapes of asteroids are determined primarily by monitoring their changing brightness on timescales of minutes to days. Short-period fluctuations in brightness caused by the rotation of an irregularly shaped asteroid or a spherical spotted asteroid (i.e., one with…

linear algebra: Linear transformations and matrices: Another example is a rotation, which leaves all lengths the same but alters the directions of the vectors. Linear refers to the fact that the transformation preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication. This means that if T is a linear transformation sending a vector v to T(v), then for…

joint: Joint movements: …denoted by the anatomical term rotation. An important example of spin is provided by the radius (outer bone of the forearm); this bone can spin upon the lower end of the humerus (upper arm) in all positions of the elbow. When an individual presses the back of the hand against…

billiards: Pocket billiards, or pool: …pool is rotation, or “Chicago,” in which the object is to pocket the balls in numerical order, starting with the lowest number. The numbers of the balls are added up to determine the winner of the game. In so-called straight pool (also called 14.1 continuous pool, or rack pool),…

mineral: Symmetry elements: A rotation axis is an imaginary line through a crystal around which it may be rotated and repeat itself in appearance one, two, three, four, or six times during a complete rotation. (For example, a sixfold rotation occurs when the crystal repeats itself each 60°—that is,…

mechanics: Rotation about a fixed axis: Take the axis of rotation to be the z-axis. A vector in the x-y plane from the axis to a bit of mass fixed in the body makes an angle θ with respect to the x-axis. If the body is rotating, θ changes with time, and the…

optical activity, the ability of a substance to rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of light that is passed through it. (In plane-polarized light, the vibrations of the electric field are confined to a single plane.) The intensity of optical activity is expressed in terms of a quantity,

mechanics: Rotation about a fixed axis: Take the axis of rotation to be the z-axis. A vector in the x-y plane from the axis to a bit of mass fixed in the body makes an angle θ with respect to the x-axis. If the body is rotating, θ changes with time, and the…

kinetic energy: Accordingly, rotational kinetic energy is equal to one-half the product of the moment of inertia and the square of the angular velocity, or 12Iω2.

spectroscopy: Rotational energy states: …diatomic molecule shows that the rotational energy is quantized and is given by EJ = J(J + 1)(h2/8π2I), where h is Planck’s constant and J = 0, 1, 2,… is the rotational quantum number. Molecular rotational spectra originate when a molecule undergoes a transition from one rotational level to another,

chemical analysis: Microwave absorptiometry: …radiation can cause changes in rotational energy levels within molecules, making it useful for other purposes. The rotational energy levels within a molecule correspond to the different possible ways in which a portion of a molecule can revolve around the chemical bond that binds it to the remainder of the…

desertification: Solutions to desertification: Rotational grazing, which is the process of limiting the grazing pressure of livestock in a given area. Livestock are frequently moved to new grazing areas before they cause permanent damage to the plants and soil of any one area. Terracing, which involves the creation of…

angular momentum: rotary inertia of an object or system of objects in motion about an axis that may or may not pass through the object or system. The Earth has orbital angular momentum by reason of its annual revolution about the Sun and spin angular momentum because…

kinetic energy: Accordingly, rotational kinetic energy is equal to one-half the product of the moment of inertia and the square of the angular velocity, or 12Iω2.

plastic: Rotational molding: In order to make a hollow article, a split mold can be partially filled with a plastisol or a finely divided polymer powder. Rotation of the mold while heating converts the liquid or fuses the powder into a continuous film on the interior…

hydraulic power: A rotational motor, sometimes called a rotary hydraulic motor, produces a rotary motion. In such a motor the pressurized fluid supplied by a hydraulic pump acts on the surfaces of the motor’s gear teeth, vanes, or pistons and creates a force that produces a torque on…

spectroscopy: Rotational energy states: …0, 1, 2,… is the rotational quantum number. Molecular rotational spectra originate when a molecule undergoes a transition from one rotational level to another, subject to quantum mechanical selection rules. Selection rules are stated in terms of the allowed changes in the quantum numbers that characterize the energy states. For…

landslide: Types of landslides: …slide), or it can be rotational along a concave-upward set of shear surfaces (a slump). A translational slide typically takes place along structural features, such as a bedding plane or the interface between resistant bedrock and weaker overlying material. If the overlying material moves as a single, little-deformed mass, it…

spectroscopy: Types of microwave spectrometer: For observation of its rotational spectrum, a molecule must possess a permanent electric dipole moment and have a vapour pressure such that it can be introduced into a sample cell at extremely low pressures (5–50 millitorr; one millitorr equals 1 × 10−3 millimetre of mercury or 1.93 × 10−5…

rotational stress, physiological changes that occur in the body when it is subjected to intense gyrational or centrifugal forces, as in tumbling and spinning. Tumbling and spinning are a hazard to pilots who have been ejected from a moving aircraft. Tolerance levels to rotational stress depend

symmetry: …such element of symmetry is rotation; other elements are translation, reflection, and inversion. The elements of symmetry present in a particular crystalline solid determine its shape and affect its physical properties.

time: Rotational time: The Earth’s rotation causes the stars and the Sun to appear to rise each day in the east and set in the west. The apparent solar day is measured by the interval of time between two successive passages of the Sun across the…

Milky Way Galaxy: The stellar luminosity function: …distribution of proper motions and tangential velocities (the speeds at which stellar objects move at right angles to the line of sight) of stars near the Sun.

energy conversion: Watt’s engine: …more difficult to build, Watt’s rotative engine opened up an entirely new field of application: it enabled the steam engine to be used to operate rotary machines in factories and cotton mills. The rotative engine was widely adopted; it is estimated that by 1800 Watt and Boulton had built 500…

rotavirus, any of a group of viruses in the family Reoviridae that are known as the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children worldwide. Rotaviruses grow in the cells lining the intestines, where they give rise to acute gastroenteritis, particularly conditions known as infantile diarrhea and

rotavirus: Vaccination against rotavirus is the most effective form of prevention. Rotavirus vaccine can be given orally and is safe and highly effective.

Joseph Rotblat was a Polish-born British physicist who became a leading critic of nuclear weaponry. He was a founding member (1957), secretary-general (1957–73), and president (1988–97) of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, a London-based worldwide organization of scholars that

Joseph Rotblat was a Polish-born British physicist who became a leading critic of nuclear weaponry. He was a founding member (1957), secretary-general (1957–73), and president (1988–97) of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, a London-based worldwide organization of scholars that

Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC), elective military education program hosted by colleges and universities that prepares students to be commissioned as officers in the U.S. armed forces. ROTC programs are offered by the United States Army, Air Force, and Navy (including the Marine Corps).

rotta, medieval European stringed musical instrument. The name is frequently applied to the boxlike lyres with straight or waisted sides frequently pictured in medieval illustrations of musical instruments. Some surviving writings, however, indicate that contemporary writers may have applied the

Red Army Faction (RAF), West German radical leftist group formed in 1968 and popularly named after two of its early leaders, Andreas Baader (1943–77) and Ulrike Meinhof (1934–76). The group had its origins among the radical elements of the German university protest movement of the 1960s, which

Joseph von Görres: …and published a republican journal, Das rote Blatt (“The Red Page”; renamed Rübezahl), in 1799. After an unsuccessful visit to Paris in 1799 as a political negotiator for the Rhenish provinces, he became disillusioned and withdrew from active politics. He taught natural science in Koblenz and then lectured at Heidelberg…

Manfred, baron von Richthofen was Germany’s top aviator and leading ace in World War I. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Members of a prosperous family, Richthofen and his younger brother Lothar followed their father into military careers. In 1912 Richthofen became a

Manfred, baron von Richthofen was Germany’s top aviator and leading ace in World War I. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Members of a prosperous family, Richthofen and his younger brother Lothar followed their father into military careers. In 1912 Richthofen became a

Manfred, baron von Richthofen was Germany’s top aviator and leading ace in World War I. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Members of a prosperous family, Richthofen and his younger brother Lothar followed their father into military careers. In 1912 Richthofen became a

learning theory: Association: …Ebbinghaus (1850–1909) began to study rote learning of lists of nonsense verbal items (e.g., XOQ, ZUN, ZIB). He maintained that the association of each word with every succeeding word was the primary mechanism in learning these lists. Pavlov in Russia offered temporary associative connections in the nervous system as a…

theatre: The influence of Piscator: In the Rote Rummel Revue (“Red Riot Review”; 1924), produced for the German Communist Party, Piscator began the action with a fight in the auditorium. The protagonists came out of the audience to argue their points of view and commented on the action of the various scenes.…

Kurt Tucholsky: He contributed to Rote Signale (1931; “Red Signals”), a collection of communist poetry, and to Schaubühne, later Die Weltbühne, a journal published by the pacifist Carl von Ossietzky. In 1933 Tucholsky’s works were denounced by the Nazi government and banned, and he was stripped of his German citizenship.…

Sedang language, North Bahnaric language of the Mon-Khmer family, which is itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. Sedang is spoken by some 110,000 people living in south-central Vietnam. The Tadrah language, spoken south of Sedang in the same region, may be a dialect but is usually considered a

Sedang language, North Bahnaric language of the Mon-Khmer family, which is itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. Sedang is spoken by some 110,000 people living in south-central Vietnam. The Tadrah language, spoken south of Sedang in the same region, may be a dialect but is usually considered a

rubella, contagious viral disease that runs a mild and benign course in most people. Although rubella is not usually a serious illness in children or adults, it can cause birth defects or the loss of a fetus if a woman in the early stages of pregnancy becomes infected. German physician Daniel

Asian carp: …a piscicide (fish poison) called rotenone. This effort was designed to assess the current range of the carp and to prevent further encroachment; one specimen of Asian carp was found in the treated area. Weeks later, amid protestations from shipping interests, the state of Michigan filed a lawsuit against Illinois…

lighthouse: Construction: …to the building of the Roter Sand Lighthouse in the estuary of the Weser River in Germany and then to the Fourteen Foot Bank light in the Delaware Bay, U.S. With this method, a steel caisson or open-ended cylinder, perhaps 12 metres (40 feet) in diameter, was positioned on the…

weight throw: The roth cleas, or wheel feat, reputedly was a major test of the ancient Tailteann Games in Ireland. The competition consisted of various methods of throwing: from shoulder or side, with one or two hands, and with or without a run. The implements used varied widely…

Should you convert retirement savings?Funding a Roth IRA is appealing chiefly because doing so can give you tax-free income in retirement. The trade-off, however, is that you fund a Roth with after-tax money, meaning you don’t get a tax deduction today. Plus, if your income is too high, you can’t

The devil is in the (tax) details.So you’ve decided you want to open an individual retirement account (IRA). The question is, should you go with a Roth or a traditional IRA? Both are tax-advantaged retirement savings accounts, but they differ in a few key ways, including eligibility and the way

obscenity: Developments in the 20th century: ” Two decades later, in Roth v. United States (1957), the U.S. Supreme Court held that the standard of obscenity should be “whether, to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient interest.” In subsequent years the court…

sabermetrics: Early analytic efforts: …Rickey also employed statistical analyst Allan Roth, who once said, “Baseball is a game of percentages. I try to find the actual percentage.” In 1954 Life magazine published an article attributed to Rickey, but masterminded by Roth, titled “Goodby to Some Old Baseball Ideas,” which was devoted to the proposition…

Alvin E. Roth is an American economist who was a pioneer of market design, a field that devises systems for matching supply with demand until a stable market has been established. With the American economist Lloyd Shapley, he was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Economics. Roth grew up in Queens,

Alvin E. Roth is an American economist who was a pioneer of market design, a field that devises systems for matching supply with demand until a stable market has been established. With the American economist Lloyd Shapley, he was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize for Economics. Roth grew up in Queens,

Anne Roiphe is an American feminist and author whose novels and nonfiction explore the conflicts between women’s traditional family roles and the desire for an independent identity. Anne Roth graduated from Sarah Lawrence College in 1957 and married Jack Richardson in 1958. The marriage ended in

Eddie Van Halen: Early life: Singer David Lee Roth and bassist Michael Anthony joined in 1974, and the band changed its name to Van Halen. The band progressed from playing backyard parties and high-school gigs around Pasadena to performing at nightclubs in Los Angeles, such as the Starwood, Gazzarri’s, and the…

lithography: Commercial lithography: Joseph Beuys, Gerhard Richter, Dieter Roth, and Kara Walker, had used the offset process to noncommercial ends.

Henry Roth was an American teacher, farmer, machinist, and sporadic author whose novel Call It Sleep (1934) was one of the neglected masterpieces of American literature in the 1930s. The son of Jewish immigrants, Roth graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1928 and held a variety of

Joseph Roth was a journalist and regional novelist who, particularly in his later novels, mourned the passing of an age of stability he saw represented by the last pre-World War I years of the Habsburg empire of Austria-Hungary. Details about Roth’s early years, religious beliefs, and personal life

Klaus Friedrich Roth German-born British mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1958 for his work in number theory. Roth attended Peterhouse College, Cambridge, England (B.A., 1945), and the University of London (M.Sc., 1948; Ph.D., 1950). From 1948 to 1966 he held an appointment at

Philip Roth was an American novelist and short-story writer whose works are characterized by an acute ear for dialogue, a concern with Jewish middle-class life, and the painful entanglements of sexual and familial love. In Roth’s later years his works were informed by an increasingly naked

Philip Roth was an American novelist and short-story writer whose works are characterized by an acute ear for dialogue, a concern with Jewish middle-class life, and the painful entanglements of sexual and familial love. In Roth’s later years his works were informed by an increasingly naked

Pulp Fiction: Two lovers, Pumpkin (played by Tim Roth) and Honey Bunny (Amanda Plummer) decide to rob a diner they are sitting in. Two hitmen, Jules (Samuel L. Jackson) and Vincent Vega (John Travolta), retrieve a stolen briefcase belonging to mob boss Marcellus Wallace (Ving Rhames). Vincent also takes Marcellus’s trophy wife,…

Veronica Roth is an American writer known for her Divergent trilogy of science-fiction novels for young adults, which unfolds as a coming-of-age story set in a postapocalyptic Chicago. Roth, who grew up in Barrington, Illinois, began writing at an early age and was an avid reader. She was a fan of

Chris Coons: …1982 senatorial campaign of Delaware’s William Roth; both of the candidates were Republicans. In the mid-1980s, however, Coons moved to the Democratic Party. In 1996, after having worked in South Africa and for a nonprofit organization concerned with caring for the homeless, he became legal counsel to a Delaware textile…

Rothaar Hills, southernmost mountain region of the Sauerland in the Middle Rhine Highlands of southeastern North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), west-central Germany. The round-topped hills reach their highest point at the heath-covered Kahler Asten (2,759 feet [841 m]). Heavily forested slopes fall

Rothaar Hills, southernmost mountain region of the Sauerland in the Middle Rhine Highlands of southeastern North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), west-central Germany. The round-topped hills reach their highest point at the heath-covered Kahler Asten (2,759 feet [841 m]). Heavily forested slopes fall

Saint Nicholas I: …deposition in 862 of Bishop Rothad II of Soissons by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims, a classic example of the right of bishops to appeal to Rome against their metropolitans. Nicholas, a strict upholder of Rome’s primacy of jurisdiction, ordered an examination that led to Rothad’s restoration in 865 by using,…

the Rockettes: …in New York City was Samuel (“Roxy”) Rothafel, owner of the new Roxy Theater. He acquired the troupe, doubled its size, and dubbed the dancers the Roxyettes. After the 1932 opening of the Radio City Music Hall—then the world’s largest indoor theatre—he enlarged the troupe again in order to fill…

the Rockettes: …in New York City was Samuel (“Roxy”) Rothafel, owner of the new Roxy Theater. He acquired the troupe, doubled its size, and dubbed the dancers the Roxyettes. After the 1932 opening of the Radio City Music Hall—then the world’s largest indoor theatre—he enlarged the troupe again in order to fill…

Sir Henry Gilbert: …research at the newly founded Rothamsted Experimental Station, Hertfordshire, the first organized agricultural experiment station in the world. Their collaboration lasted for more than half a century. In the 1840s they initiated the manufacture of superphosphate fertilizer, one of their inventions. From 1884 to 1890 Gilbert was Sibthorpian professor of…

Italy: The Lombard kingdom, 584–774: …says little, for example, about Rothari (636–652) except that he was militarily successful (it was he who conquered Liguria) and, most importantly, that he was the first king to set out Lombard custom, in his Edict of 643, a substantial law code that survives independently. It is evident, however, that…

Germanic law: …had similar functions, while the Edictum Rothari (643) applied to Lombards only.

anarcho-capitalism: …term anarcho-capitalism was coined by Murray Rothbard, a leading figure in the American libertarian movement from the 1950s until his death in 1995. Rothbard envisioned a “contractual society” in which the production and exchange of all goods and services, including those usually assigned to the state (such as law enforcement,…