Chicago Tribune: …including a free tabloid edition, RedEye (2002), which was geared toward younger readers. However, because of increasing financial difficulties in a struggling newspaper industry, the Tribune subsequently underwent a period of major restructuring that included employee buyouts and job cuts.

rocket and missile system: Passive: Redeye in Central America.

Aryan Nations: In October 2001 Harold Ray Redfaeirn of the Ohio Aryan Nations chapter was appointed the new leader. Redfaeirn appointed August B. (“Chip”) Kreis III as the group’s minister of information. Redfaeirn and Kreis escalated the rhetoric of violence and hatred associated with the Aryan Nations. The Aryan Nations…

Robert Redfield was a U.S. cultural anthropologist who was the pioneer and, for a number of years, the principal ethnologist to focus on those processes of cultural and social change characterizing the relationship between folk and urban societies. A visit to Mexico in 1923 drew Redfield from law

Earth sciences: Observation and study of storms: …established by the American meteorologist William C. Redfield in the case of the September hurricane that struck New England in 1821. He noted that in central Connecticut the trees had been toppled toward the northwest, whereas some 80 kilometres westward they had fallen in the opposite direction. Redfield identified the…

pickerel: … consists of two subspecies: the redfin pickerel (E. americanus americanus) and the grass pickerel (E. americanus vermiculatus). This species reaches a maximum weight of about 0.5 kg (1.1 pounds). See also pike.

redfish, (Sebastes norvegicus), commercially important food fish of the scorpionfish family, Scorpaenidae (order Scorpaeniformes), found in the North Atlantic Ocean along European and North American coasts. Also known as ocean perch or rosefish in North America and as Norway haddock in Europe, the

Robert Redford is an American motion-picture actor and director known for his boyish good looks, diversity of screen characterizations, commitment to environmental and political causes, and for founding the Sundance Institute and Film Festival in Utah. After years of drifting and studying art in

Robert Redford is an American motion-picture actor and director known for his boyish good looks, diversity of screen characterizations, commitment to environmental and political causes, and for founding the Sundance Institute and Film Festival in Utah. After years of drifting and studying art in

Lynn Redgrave was a British-born stage and screen actress who is perhaps best known for her breakout performance in the motion picture Georgy Girl (1966), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award. Although she never achieved the same fame as her elder sister, Vanessa Redgrave, and her elder

Lynn Redgrave was a British-born stage and screen actress who is perhaps best known for her breakout performance in the motion picture Georgy Girl (1966), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award. Although she never achieved the same fame as her elder sister, Vanessa Redgrave, and her elder

Michael Redgrave was a premier British stage and film actor, noted for his intellectual performances. Following a short tenure as a schoolmaster, Redgrave began his stage career in 1934 with the Liverpool Playhouse. He went on to the Old Vic, Stratford-upon-Avon, and the National Theatre,

Sir Henry Cole: …1849 Cole and the painter Richard Redgrave founded The Journal of Design and Manufactures, a publication dedicated to the promotion of “the germs of a style which England of the nineteenth century may call its own.” In 1848 Cole proposed an unprecedented Great Exhibition of the industry of all nations.…

Michael Redgrave was a premier British stage and film actor, noted for his intellectual performances. Following a short tenure as a schoolmaster, Redgrave began his stage career in 1934 with the Liverpool Playhouse. He went on to the Old Vic, Stratford-upon-Avon, and the National Theatre,

Steven Redgrave is an English rower, who was the first in his sport to win gold medals at five consecutive Olympic Games. He is revered in his sport for his intensity and strategic brilliance. Redgrave grew up near the banks of the River Thames and took up rowing at age 16. He first represented

Steven Redgrave is an English rower, who was the first in his sport to win gold medals at five consecutive Olympic Games. He is revered in his sport for his intensity and strategic brilliance. Redgrave grew up near the banks of the River Thames and took up rowing at age 16. He first represented

Vanessa Redgrave is a British actress of stage and screen who received numerous accolades—including an Oscar, two Emmys, a Tony, and a Laurence Olivier Award—for her performances. She was also a longtime political activist, supporting the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Irish

Peter Redgrove was an English poet, novelist, and playwright, known for his exuberant depictions of the natural world and a penchant for verbal pyrotechnics. Redgrove studied natural science at Queens’ College Cambridge and went on to become a scientific journalist in the late 1950s, an experience

Peter Redgrove was an English poet, novelist, and playwright, known for his exuberant depictions of the natural world and a penchant for verbal pyrotechnics. Redgrove studied natural science at Queens’ College Cambridge and went on to become a scientific journalist in the late 1950s, an experience

redhead, (Aythya americana), North American diving duck (family Anatidae), a popular game bird. The redhead breeds in marshes from British Columbia to Wisconsin and winters as far south as the Yucatán Peninsula. Breeding males have a round, red-brown head, gray back, and dark breast and tail;

Anne Tyler: Redhead by the Side of the Road (2020) centres on a tech expert who finds his highly organized life upended, while French Braid (2022) follows a family over six decades.

Francesco Redi was an Italian physician and poet who demonstrated that the presence of maggots in putrefying meat does not result from spontaneous generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies. He read in the book on generation by William Harvey a speculation that vermin such as insects,

Aloys Reding was a Swiss politician and military hero who was for a time (1801–02) head of state of the short-lived Helvetic Republic. After some years in the armies of Spain, Reding returned to Switzerland, where he joined the native struggle against the invading French. On May 2–3, 1798, he led

Ital Reding was a Swiss politician who led hostilities against Zürich during the first civil wars of the Swiss Confederation (1439–40; 1443–50). As Landammann (chief executive) of Schwyz (1412–44), Reding virtually controlled political life in the canton for over 30 years. In the affairs of the

redingote, fitted outer garment. The man’s redingote, worn in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, was a full-skirted, short-waisted, double-breasted overcoat adapted from the English riding coat. The woman’s redingote of the same period was a close-fitting dress that was fastened down the front

animal communication: Evolution of signals: …may also perform displays of redirected aggressive attacks on nearby inanimate objects, reminiscent of an angry person who slams a door instead of causing physical harm to the individual who is serving as the source of frustration. The form of vocal signals can also reveal information about sender state. Vocalizations…

animal communication: Evolution of signals: …may also perform displays of redirected aggressive attacks on nearby inanimate objects, reminiscent of an angry person who slams a door instead of causing physical harm to the individual who is serving as the source of frustration. The form of vocal signals can also reveal information about sender state. Vocalizations…

discount rate, interest rate charged by a central bank for loans of reserve funds to commercial banks and other financial intermediaries. This charge originally was an actual discount (an interest charge held out from the amount loaned), but the rate is now a true interest charge, even though the

Kofi Awoonor: Each poem in Rediscovery and Other Poems (1964), for example, records a single moment in a larger pattern of recognition and rediscovery. Awoonor’s subsequent volumes of poetry include Night of My Blood (1971), Ride Me, Memory (1973), The House by the Sea (1978), and Latin American and Caribbean…

Reform Bill: …to agricultural workers, while the Redistribution Act of 1885 equalized representation on the basis of 50,000 voters per each single-member legislative constituency. Together these two acts tripled the electorate and prepared the way for universal male suffrage.

George Bernard Shaw on socialism: …into public property, and the division of the resultant public income equally and indiscriminately among the entire population. Thus it reverses the policy of Capitalism, which means establishing private or “real” property to the utmost physically possible extent, and then leaving distribution of income to take care of itself. The…

organometallic compound: Redistribution: + 2B(CH3)3 Double displacements involving the same central element are often referred to as redistribution reactions. A commercially important example is the redistribution of silicon tetrachloride and tetramethylsilicon (also known as tetramethylsilane) at elevated temperatures. SiCl4 + (CH3)4Si → CH3SiCl + (CH3)2SiCl2 + (CH3)3

legislative apportionment, process by which representation is distributed among the constituencies of a representative assembly. This use of the term apportionment is limited almost exclusively to the United States. In most other countries, particularly the United Kingdom and the countries of the

Rejang, tribe inhabiting Bengkulu province, southern Sumatra, Indonesia, on the upper course of the Musi River. Of Proto-Malay stock and numbering about 238,000 in the late 20th century, they speak a Malayo-Polynesian dialect called Rejang, whose written form is of Indian origin, predating

Rejang: …speak a Malayo-Polynesian dialect called Rejang, whose written form is of Indian origin, predating Islāmization and its introduction of Arabic characters. Organized into four major patriclans having a common mythical origin, the Rejang belong to localized, kin-based communities. In addition, village communities, each led by an elected headman, today belong…

Redjedef, third king of the 4th dynasty of ancient Egypt who ruled c. 2482–c. 2475 bce. Redjedef was a son of Khufu, builder of the Great Pyramid, by a secondary queen. The original crown prince, Kawab, who had married the heiress Hetepheres II, apparently predeceased his father. At Khufu’s death,

Alfred Redl was the chief of intelligence for the Austrian army from 1907 to 1912 and at the same time the chief spy for tsarist Russia in Austria. Redl was born into a poor family but traveled widely as a young man and learned many languages. His ability and intelligence won him a commission in

Redlands, city, San Bernardino county, southern California, U.S. Located about 60 miles (100 km) east of downtown Los Angeles, it is situated in the southwestern corner of the San Bernardino Valley, surrounded by peaks more than 10,000 feet (3,000 metres) high. Deriving its name from the red soil

Rancho Cucamonga: …also satellite campuses of the University of Redlands and the University of La Verne. The city hosts an annual Grape Harvest Festival (first held in 1939). San Bernardino and Angeles national forests are north of the city. Inc. 1977. Pop. (2010) 165,269; (2020) 174,453.

Joseph Redlich was an Austrian statesman and historian who was an influential politician before and during World War I (1914–18) and wrote important works on local government and parliamentary institutions. Redlich, the son of a prominent Jewish industrialist, studied law and history at the

Cambrian Period: Paleogeography: …margins of Baltica, and the redlichiids vanished from the shallow-shelf ecosystems near Gondwana. Also, diverse and abundant reef-dwelling archaeocyathans (extinct group of sponges thought to have helped construct the first reefs) disappeared from most low-latitude warm-water continental shelves.

redlining, illegal discriminatory practice in which a mortgage lender denies loans or an insurance provider restricts services to certain areas of a community, often because of the racial characteristics of the applicant’s neighbourhood. Redlining practices also include unfair and abusive loan

Keith Jarrett: …the 1970s, performing with saxophonist Dewey Redman, bassist Charlie Haden, and drummer Paul Motian; and he toured and recorded with the Norwegian saxophonist Jan Garbarek. During this period he experimented with a vast array of tonal and structural devices that previously had been associated more with world music than jazz.…

Don Byas: …swing bands, including those of Don Redman and Andy Kirk, and in 1941 he became a tenor saxophone soloist with Count Basie on such songs as “Swinging the Blues,” “Royal Garden Blues,” and, most notably, “Harvard Blues.” He also became associated with bebop innovators such as Charlie Parker and Dizzy…

Eddie Redmayne is a British actor known for his transformative performances in such films as The Theory of Everything (2014), for which he won an Academy Award. Redmayne was raised in London. He began acting at a young age, training at the Jackie Palmer Stage School and performing with the National

Eddie Redmayne is a British actor known for his transformative performances in such films as The Theory of Everything (2014), for which he won an Academy Award. Redmayne was raised in London. He began acting at a young age, training at the Jackie Palmer Stage School and performing with the National

Redmond, city, King county, northwestern Washington, U.S., on the Sammamish River 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Seattle. Founded in 1871 as an agricultural, fishing, and logging centre, it was first called Salmonberg after the abundant local fish. It was renamed for Luke McRedmond, a local farmer

Redmond, city, Deschutes county, central Oregon, U.S., near the Deschutes River. It lies in front of the eastern foothills of the Cascade Range on the western edge of the Great Basin, about 16 miles (26 km) north-northeast of Bend. Redmond was founded in 1904 by pioneers Frank and Josephine

Derek Redmond: Between a Father and His Son: British runner Derek Redmond didn’t win any Olympic medals, and he didn’t set any world records. In fact, he didn’t even make it to the finals of his event, the men’s 400-meter race. Nevertheless, he provided one of the most lasting images in Olympic history.

John Redmond was the leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party (commonly called the Irish Nationalist Party, or the Nationalists) who devoted his life to achieving Home Rule for Ireland. After he was elected to the House of Commons for New Ross, Wexford (1881), Redmond set a record by taking his

universal: Trope nominalism: …as parts a particular “redness trope” and a particular “roundness trope.” According to a trope metaphysics, things are red in virtue of having redness tropes as parts, round in virtue of having roundness tropes as parts, and so on. Such tropes are “abstract particulars”: the shape trope, for example,…

Manuel Scorza: Redoble por Rancas (1970; Drums for Rancas) was the first of five volumes dealing with events in Peru (1955–62) and with the plight of the Indians. A basic theme in this and the other four novels of the series, Historia de Garabombo, el invisible (1972; “Story of Garabombo the…

Odilon Redon was a French Symbolist painter, lithographer, and etcher of considerable poetic sensitivity and imagination, whose work developed along two divergent lines. His prints explore haunted, fantastic, often macabre themes and foreshadowed the Surrealist and Dadaist movements. His oils and

Redonda, the smallest of the three islands that constitute the nation of Antigua and Barbuda. Redonda is located among the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, approximately 35 miles (55 km) from the nearest point in Antigua, to the east. Redonda is a rugged, uninhabited rock, the remnant

redondilla, a Spanish stanza form consisting of four trochaic lines, usually of eight syllables each, with a rhyme scheme of abba. Quatrains in this form with a rhyme scheme of abab, sometimes also called redondillas, are more commonly known as serventesios. Redondillas have been common in

Redondo Beach, city, Los Angeles county, southern California, U.S. It is adjacent to Palos Verde Peninsula (south) and Hermosa Beach (north), on Santa Monica Bay. Originally inhabited by Gabrielino (Tongva) Indians, the area became part of Rancho San Pedro, a Spanish land grant made to Juan

José Moñino y Redondo, conde de Floridablanca was a Spanish statesman and minister who became identified with the reform program of King Charles III. Moñino y Redondo was a leading advocate in Madrid when he was appointed fiscal of the council of Castile in 1766. Having cooperated in the expulsion

French literature: Prose fiction: Marie Redonnet’s prose fictions sit at the edge of popular culture, in a bizarre blend of realism and fantasy, engaging in confident negotiation with the myths and forms of both maternal and paternal inheritance. Chantal Chawaf’s sensually charged prose offers a highly original version of…

Matthew Barney: Barney’s next work, Redoubt (2019), draws on Ovid’s tale of Diana, Roman goddess of the hunt, and Actaeon and utilizes choreography to explore gun ownership and the use of land in the United States.

Aleutian Range: … (8,225 feet [2,507 metres]), and Redoubt (10,197 feet [3,108 metres]). The range, named for the Aleuts who inhabit the island region, embraces Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Katmai National Park and Preserve (including the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes), and the Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve.

Elizabeth Mavor: Mavor’s third novel, The Redoubt (1967), is concerned with betrayal and regrowth; it uses shifting narrators and techniques to contrast the unhappy marriages of two young couples with the contented union of an older couple. In the ironic A Green Equinox (1973), the heroine embarks on sequential love…

Pierre-Joseph Redouté was a French botanical painter. He became a favoured artist at the court of France, patronized by kings from Louis XVI to Louis-Philippe. His delicate botanical prints were not only framed as pictures but also used for china patterns. His Les Liliacées (1802–15) contained 500

marine ecosystem: Benthos: …oxygen-poor layers is called the redox discontinuity layer and appears as a gray layer above the black anaerobic layers. Organisms have evolved various ways of coping with the lack of oxygen. Some anaerobes release hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and other toxic reduced ions through metabolic processes. The thiobiota, made up primarily…

oxidation-reduction reaction, any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a participating chemical species changes. The term covers a large and diverse body of processes. Many oxidation-reduction reactions are as common and familiar as fire, the rusting and dissolution of metals, the

titration: In oxidation-reduction (redox) titrations the indicator action is analogous to the other types of visual colour titrations. In the immediate vicinity of the end point, the indicator undergoes oxidation or reduction, depending upon whether the titrant is an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent. The oxidized…

pigweed: …base of the leafstalks; and rough pigweed, or redroot (A. retroflexus), is a stout plant up to 3 metres (about 10 feet) tall.

Cincinnati Reds, American professional baseball franchise based in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Reds play in the National League (NL) and were founded in 1882. They have won five World Series titles (1919, 1940, 1975, 1976, 1990) and nine NL pennants. The city of Cincinnati lays claim to hosting the first

Elaine May: …him with the script for Reds (1981). She also served as an uncredited script doctor on Dustin Hoffman’s Tootsie (1982). Beatty acted as producer when she wrote and directed the comedy Ishtar (1987), which starred Beatty and Hoffman and was one of the most notorious flops in movie history.

redshank, either of two species of Old World shorebirds of the family Scolopacidae (order Charadriiformes), characterized by its long reddish legs. In the common redshank (Tringa totanus), about 30 cm (12 inches) long, the legs are orange-red, the upper parts are brownish or gray, the rump and hind

redshift, displacement of the spectrum of an astronomical object toward longer (red) wavelengths. It is attributed to the Doppler effect, a change in wavelength that results when a given source of waves (e.g., light or radio waves) and an observer are in motion with respect to each other. The

Halton Christian Arp: …was known as the “redshift controversy.” The controversy faded away in the late 1970s and early 1980s when Arp’s theory could not account for quasars and nearby galaxies that were at the same redshift, the gravitational lensing of quasars by high-redshift galaxies, or the existence of high-redshift intergalactic gas…

Marsala: … and 1,000 of his “Redshirts” in their campaign to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Roman baths in the vicinity have been excavated. The town’s Baroque cathedral, dedicated to St. Thomas Becket, contains fine Flemish tapestries.

redstart, any of about 11 bird species of the Old World chat-thrush genus Phoenicurus (family Muscicapidae) or any of a dozen New World birds of vaguely similar appearance and behaviour. The Old World redstarts, 14 cm (5.5 inches) long, are named for their tail colour (Middle English stert,

women’s rights movement: Reformers and revolutionaries: …most radical liberation groups, the Redstockings, published its principles as “The Bitch Manifesto.” Based in New York City, the Redstockings penned the movement’s first analysis of the politics of housework, held the first public speak-out on abortion, and helped to develop the concept of “consciousness-raising” groups—rap sessions to unravel how…

Alabama: Services and taxation: …Space Flight Center and the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, several veterans’ hospitals, and a part of the TVA operations.

Mackenzie River: The lower course: …trading post at Wrigley, the Redstone and Keele rivers enter from the west; they have deep canyons where they break out of the Mackenzie Mountains but flow across the lowland as shallow, braided streams. These rivers and the others that drain from the Mackenzie Mountains have their peak flows in…

space exploration: The first satellites: …rather than to the army’s Redstone Arsenal, where Braun worked, so that the work would not interfere with Redstone’s higher-priority development of ballistic missiles. The navy project, called Vanguard, would use a new launch vehicle based on modified Viking and Aerobee sounding rockets to orbit a small scientific satellite. Vanguard…

Sumner Redstone was an American media executive whose company, National Amusements, Inc. (NAI), acquired leading film, television, and entertainment properties, notably Viacom and CBS. Redstone’s father, Michael (Mickey), was a liquor wholesaler, nightclub owner, and drive-in movie operator. As a

bentgrass: Redtop (Agrostis gigantea), 1 to 1.5 metres (about 3 to 5 feet) tall, was introduced into North America during colonial times as a hay and pasture grass. It spreads by rhizomes and has reddish flowers. The smaller creeping bent (A. stolonifera), the stolons of which…

reducción, in Latin America, an Indian community set up under ecclesiastical or royal authority to facilitate colonization. Native peoples, many of whom had lived in small villages or hamlets before contact with Europeans, were forcibly relocated to these new settlements. At reducciones, Jesuit

reducción, in Latin America, an Indian community set up under ecclesiastical or royal authority to facilitate colonization. Native peoples, many of whom had lived in small villages or hamlets before contact with Europeans, were forcibly relocated to these new settlements. At reducciones, Jesuit

Juan Pablo Bonet: 1520–84), is detailed in his Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos (1620; “Reduction of the Letters of the Alphabet and Method of Teaching Deaf-Mutes to Speak”). Bonet used every technique available in developing this approach. Beginning with the study of written words, Bonet…

RISC, information processing using any of a family of microprocessors that are designed to execute computing tasks with the simplest instructions in the shortest amount of time possible. RISC is the opposite of CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer). RISC microprocessors, or chips, take advantage

reduced mass, in physics and astronomy, value of a hypothetical mass introduced to simplify the mathematical description of motion in a vibrating or rotating two-body system. The equations of motion of two mutually interacting bodies can be reduced to a single equation describing the motion of one

Slavic languages: The loss of reduced vowels: The next period in Slavic linguistic history began with the loss of the “reduced” vowels ŭ and ĭ, called yers, that resulted from Indo-European short u and i; that loss caused a wide-ranging change in many words and forms. Although that process was…

RISC, information processing using any of a family of microprocessors that are designed to execute computing tasks with the simplest instructions in the shortest amount of time possible. RISC is the opposite of CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer). RISC microprocessors, or chips, take advantage

carbon cycle: …as CO2 by decay, or decomposer, organisms (chiefly bacteria and fungi) in a series of microbial transformations.

foundations of mathematics: Impredicative constructions: …introduce an additional axiom, the axiom of reducibility, which rendered their enterprise impredicative after all. More recently, the Swedish logician Per Martin-Löf presented a new predicative type theory, but no one claims that this is adequate for all of classical analysis. However, the German-American mathematician Hermann Weyl (1885–1955) and the…

hernia: A reducible hernia is one in which the contents can be pushed back into the abdomen and often may be held in place by a truss, a pad of heavy material that is placed over the herniated area. A truss is usually a temporary expedient and…

oxide: Carbon monoxide: …also useful as a metallurgical reducing agent, because at high temperatures it reduces many metal oxides to the elemental metal. For example, copper(II) oxide, CuO, and iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3, are both reduced to the metal by carbon monoxide.

bucchero ware: This is known as a reducing firing, and it converts the red of the clay, due to the presence of iron oxide, to the typical bucchero colours. Although opinions vary about the precise times at which certain features of bucchero appeared, there is a scholarly consensus about the overall development…

combustion: Oxidizing and reducing flame: When a premixed flame burns in open air with an excess of fuel, there appears in addition to the flame zone a zone of diffusion flame; this is accounted for by the diffusion of atmospheric oxygen, as, for example, in the Bunsen flame…

pantograph, instrument for duplicating a motion or copying a geometric shape to a reduced or enlarged scale. It consists of an assemblage of rigid bars adjustably joined by pin joints; as the point of one bar is moved over the outline to be duplicated, the motion is translated to a point on another

accounting: Depreciation: …is recognized each year, and declining-charge depreciation, in which more depreciation is recognized during the early years of life than during the later years, on the assumption that the value of the asset’s service declines as it gets older. It is the responsibility of an independent accountant (the auditor) to…

reductio ad absurdum, (Latin: “reduction to absurdity”), in logic, a form of refutation showing contradictory or absurd consequences following upon premises as a matter of logical necessity. A form of the reductio ad absurdum argument, known as indirect proof or reductio ad impossibile, is one that

reductio ad absurdum: …ad absurdum argument, known as indirect proof or reductio ad impossibile, is one that proves a proposition by showing that its denial conjoined with other propositions previously proved or accepted leads to a contradiction. In common speech the term reductio ad absurdum refers to anything pushed to absurd extremes.

reduction, in syllogistic, or traditional, logic, method of rearranging the terms in one or both premises of a syllogism, or argument form, to express it in a different figure; the placement of the middle, or repeated, term is altered, usually to a preferred pattern. Aristotle took as primary the

phenomenology: Basic method: …his entire lifetime—is the “reduction”: the existence of the world must be put between brackets, not because the philosopher should doubt it but merely because this existing world is not the very theme of phenomenology; its theme is rather the manner in which knowledge of the world comes about.…

Charles X Gustav: …of 1655 he imposed the Reduction, by which the nobles were obliged to return to the crown certain endowed lands and either to pay an annual fee or to surrender one-quarter of the crown lands they had acquired since 1633. These financial measures were not seriously enforced.

reduction, any of a class of chemical reactions in which the number of electrons associated with an atom or a group of atoms is increased. The electrons taken up by the substance reduced are supplied by another substance, which is thereby oxidized. See oxidation-reduction