dysentery: S. flexneri, S. sonnei, and S. boydii are other Shigella bacilli that cause dysentery. Other types of bacterial infections, including salmonellosis (caused by Salmonella) and campylobacteriosis (caused by Campylobacter), can produce bloody stools

dysentery: …bacillary infections are caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (formerly Shigella shigae), which is found chiefly in tropical and subtropical regions. S. flexneri, S. sonnei, and S. boydii are other Shigella bacilli that cause dysentery. Other types of bacterial infections, including salmonellosis (caused by

dysentery: flexneri, S. sonnei, and S. boydii are other Shigella bacilli that cause dysentery. Other types of bacterial infections, including salmonellosis (caused by Salmonella) and campylobacteriosis (caused by Campylobacter), can produce bloody stools and are sometimes also described as forms of

shigellosis, infection of the gastrointestinal tract by bacteria of the genus Shigella. The illness produces cramplike abdominal pain as well as diarrhea consisting of either watery stools or scant stools containing mucus and blood. Fever and dehydration are other common symptoms. Shigellosis

Shigemitsu Mamoru was a Japanese diplomat who served as minister of foreign affairs in various cabinets and was one of the signers of Japan’s surrender to the Allies at the end of World War II. Shigemitsu, a graduate of Tokyo University, joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1911. By 1918 he

Japanese music: Biwa, vocal, and folk music: …late Tokugawa period style was shigin, the singing of Chinese poems in an intense solo style quite unrelated to the Heian rōei tradition of Chinese-based songs. Shigin was later accompanied by shakuhachi, and during the increased military spirit of the Meiji period it was combined with a posturing sword dance,…

Stone Age: Asian cultures: …cultural branches were evident: the middle Ural (or Shigir) and that of the Ob River basin. During the 3rd and 2nd millennia bce the culture of the middle Ural region is famous for its elk and water-bird sculptures portrayed in wood, found in the peat bogs of Gorbunovo and Shigir,…

Japanese art: Calligraphy and painting: …Genji scroll is the 12th-century Shigisan engi emaki (“Legends of Shigisan Temple”). Drawing on folkloric sources, it is a tale of miracles attributed to the Shingon monk Myōren, who resided on Mount Shigi near Nara in the latter part of the 9th century. The uninhibited depiction of action and movement…

Kinoshita Junji: A later play, Shigosen no matsuri (1977; “The Dirge of the Meridian”), is a historical play whose protagonist represents Kinoshita’s ideas on the dramatic hero. In addition to his plays, he is noted for his studies of the Japanese language, translations of Western playwrights, including Shakespeare, and essays…

Ten Kingdoms, (907–960), period in Chinese history when southern China was ruled by nine small independent kingdoms, with one more small kingdom in the far north. It corresponded generally with the Five Dynasties period, or rule, in the north; and, like the northern period, it was a time of unrest

Luxing: In life, Luxing was a scholar who bore the name Shi Fen. In the 2nd century bc he was a favourite of Emperor Jing and was made a high official at the royal court. His family prospered through imperial generosity. Perhaps because the Chinese have many gods…

Shi Dakai was one of the leaders of the Taiping Rebellion, the widespread uprising that gripped South China between 1850 and 1864. The most literate of the Taipings, Shi was an avowed enemy of the alien Qing (Manchu) rulers of China. In the early part of the 20th century, he came to be revered as a

Shih Tzu, Tibetan dog breed developed from the Pekingese and the Lhasa Apso. Listed in the toy group by the American Kennel Club, the Shih Tzu, called in Chinese shih-tzu kou (“lion dog”; Pinyin shizi gou), is a longhaired, characteristically active and alert little dog standing about 10 inches (25

Shiwang, in Chinese mythology, the 10 kings of hell, who preside over fixed regions where the dead are punished by physical tortures appropriate to their crimes. The Chinese hell (diyu; “earth prison”) is principally a Buddhist concept that has been modified by Daoism and indigenous folk beliefs,

Chinese painting: Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12): The landscapes of Kuncan (Shiqi), who became a somewhat misanthropic abbot at a Buddhist monastery near Nanjing, also express a feeling of melancholy. His works were typically inspired by the densely tangled brushwork of Wang Meng of the Yuan (exemplified by his painting Bao’en Temple, Sumitomo Collection, Ōiso,…

Shiji, early history of China written about 85 bce by Sima Qian. A two-volume English translation, Records of the Grand Historian of China, was published in 1961. A masterpiece that took 18 years to produce, the Shiji deals with major events and personalities of about 2,000 years (down to the

Shijiazhuang, city and capital of Hebei sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated south of the Hutuo River in the west-central part of the province, on the edge of the North China Plain and at the foot of the Taihang Mountains, which lie to the west. The city is relatively young; it was

Shijing, the first anthology of Chinese poetry. It was compiled by the ancient sage Confucius (551–479 bc) and cited by him as a model of literary expression, for, despite its numerous themes, the subject matter was always “expressive of pleasure without being licentious, and of grief without being

Shihezi, city, northwestern Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, far northwestern China. It was established as a new city in 1976 and is situated north of the Tien Shan range in the south-central Junggar (Dzungarian) Basin near the Manasi River. Prior to 1949 the area was sparsely inhabited by

Qin Shi Huang was the emperor (reigned 221–210 bce) of the Qin dynasty (221–207 bce) and creator of the first unified Chinese empire (which collapsed, however, less than four years after his death). Zhao Zheng was born the son of Zhuangxiang (who later became king of the state of Qin in

T’ao-yüan: The Shih-men (Shimen) Reservoir, on the Tan-shui (Danshui, or Tamsui) River, provides irrigation and hydroelectric power to nearby textile, cement, and small machinery industries. The T’ai-pei (Taibei) oil and gas fields are in the northeast. Coal, iron ore, and nickel are mined.

Shitao was a Chinese painter and theoretician who was, with Zhu Da, one of the most famous of the Individualist painters in the early Qing period. Like Zhu, Shitao was of the formerly imperial Ming line and became a Buddhist monk; but unlike Zhu he seems to have led a life typical of his class and

wenrenhua, ideal form of the Chinese scholar-painter who was more interested in personal erudition and expression than in literal representation or an immediately attractive surface beauty. First formulated in the Northern Song period (960–1127)—at which time it was called shidafuhua—by the

Shih Tzu, Tibetan dog breed developed from the Pekingese and the Lhasa Apso. Listed in the toy group by the American Kennel Club, the Shih Tzu, called in Chinese shih-tzu kou (“lion dog”; Pinyin shizi gou), is a longhaired, characteristically active and alert little dog standing about 10 inches (25

al-ʿUmarī was a scholar and writer whose works on the administration of the Mamlūk dominions of Egypt and Syria became standard sources for Mamlūk history. A scion of a family of bureaucrats, al-ʿUmarī, as his name implies, traced his origin to ʿUmar, the second Islamic caliph. His father held the

as-Suhrawardī was a mystic theologian and philosopher who was a leading figure of the illuminationist school of Islamic philosophy, attempting to create a synthesis between philosophy and mysticism. After studying at Eṣfahān, a leading centre of Islamic scholarship, as-Suhrawardī traveled through

Lebanon: Ottoman period: …prince a member of the Shihāb (also spelled Chehab) family, who were Sunni Muslims but with Druze followers, and this family ruled until 1842. Throughout this period European influence was growing. European trading colonies were established in Sidon and other coastal towns, mainly to trade in silk, the major Lebanese…

Iraq: The revolution of 1968: …Colonel Saʿdūn Ghaydān, and Colonel Hammād Shihāb. The first two agreed to cooperate on condition that al-Nāyif be the new premier and al-Dāʾūd the minister of defense. Shihāb agreed to help on the condition that ʿĀrif not be harmed. The Baʿath Party accepted this arrangement as a means to achieve…

Naomi Shihab Nye is a Palestinian American poet, children’s author, essayist, and educator whose work often revolves around her upbringing and experiences as an Arab American. Naomi Shihab was born to a Palestinian father and an American mother in St. Louis, Missouri. She and her family moved to

Bidar: …of the Bahmanīs, whose ruler Aḥmad Shah Bahmanī moved the site of his capital from Gulbarga (now Kalaburagi) to Bidar about 1425. He rebuilt and extended the fort that still dominates the city’s layout. Bidar became an independent sultanate in 1531 under the Barīd Shāhī dynasty. The city was annexed…

Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām was the Ghūrid conqueror of the north Indian plain; he was one of the founders of Muslim rule in India. Muʿizz al-Dīn’s elder brother, Ghiyāth al-Dīn, acquired power east of Herāt in the region of Ghūr (Ghowr, in present Afghanistan) about 1162. Muʿizz al-Dīn always

Shihezi, city, northwestern Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, far northwestern China. It was established as a new city in 1976 and is situated north of the Tien Shan range in the south-central Junggar (Dzungarian) Basin near the Manasi River. Prior to 1949 the area was sparsely inhabited by

India: The Deccan problem: …him in a skirmish at Shihonda (January 1631).

Qin Shi Huang was the emperor (reigned 221–210 bce) of the Qin dynasty (221–207 bce) and creator of the first unified Chinese empire (which collapsed, however, less than four years after his death). Zhao Zheng was born the son of Zhuangxiang (who later became king of the state of Qin in

Musandam Peninsula: …is mainly inhabited by the Shiḥūḥ, who are fishermen and herdsmen and are probably descended from the original inhabitants of northern Oman, pushed into the mountains by successive Muslim and Portuguese invasions. Fishing is the peninsula’s main industry, which includes packing plants at Al-Khaṣab and Bayʿah. There are reserves of…

shiitake mushroom, (Lentinula edodes), edible and medicinal wood-dwelling fungus, native to East Asia. The shiitake mushroom is among the most commonly cultivated fungi in the world. Important in a number of Asian and vegetarian dishes, shiitake mushrooms are high in dietary fiber, B vitamins

Shiji, early history of China written about 85 bce by Sima Qian. A two-volume English translation, Records of the Grand Historian of China, was published in 1961. A masterpiece that took 18 years to produce, the Shiji deals with major events and personalities of about 2,000 years (down to the

space debris: …in January 2022 the Chinese Shijian-21 satellite pulled the defunct Beidou-2 G2 far past the usual graveyard orbit to a new orbit 3,000 km (2,000 miles) higher than the belt of geostationary satellites.

Shijiazhuang, city and capital of Hebei sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated south of the Hutuo River in the west-central part of the province, on the edge of the North China Plain and at the foot of the Taihang Mountains, which lie to the west. The city is relatively young; it was

Shijing, the first anthology of Chinese poetry. It was compiled by the ancient sage Confucius (551–479 bc) and cited by him as a model of literary expression, for, despite its numerous themes, the subject matter was always “expressive of pleasure without being licentious, and of grief without being

Shijō school, Japanese school of naturalistic painting that was founded in the late 18th century by Maruyama Masataka (Ōkyo) and was made popular by his pupils, among them Matsumura Gekkei, called Goshun, from whose residence on Fourth Street (Shijō), in Kyōto, the movement took its name. Among the

shikhara, in North Indian temple architecture, the superstructure, tower, or spire above the sanctuary and also above the pillared mandapas (porches or halls); it is the most dominant and characteristic feature of the Hindu temple in the north. The North Indian shikhara is basically of two types:

shikhara, in North Indian temple architecture, the superstructure, tower, or spire above the sanctuary and also above the pillared mandapas (porches or halls); it is the most dominant and characteristic feature of the Hindu temple in the north. The North Indian shikhara is basically of two types:

Shikārpur, city, northern Sindh province, southern Pakistan. The city lies 18 miles (29 km) west of the Indus River and is connected by road and rail with Sukkur (20 miles [32 km] southeast), Jacobābād, and Lārkāna. It is a historical trade centre, founded in 1617 on a caravan route through the

Northumberland: …is named for an 18th-century Iroquois leader who governed the Susquehannock (Susquehanna) Indian village of Shamokin there; the site is now occupied by Sunbury, the county seat. The county was created in 1772 and named for Northumberland, Eng. Other communities include Shamokin, Mount Carmel, Milton, Kulpmont, and Watsontown.

shikhara, in North Indian temple architecture, the superstructure, tower, or spire above the sanctuary and also above the pillared mandapas (porches or halls); it is the most dominant and characteristic feature of the Hindu temple in the north. The North Indian shikhara is basically of two types:

star anise: …is a major source of shikimic acid, which is used in the synthesis of the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu). It is one of the five dried spices—including fennel, cassia, cloves, and Sichuan pepper—that make up the famed Chinese five-spice powder.

Ise Shrine: …in a ritual called the shikinen sengū. That tradition has been carried on almost continuously since then, although there were interruptions in the cycle during the so-called “warring states era” (sengoku-jidai) in the 15th and 16th centuries. Trees used for building materials are raised in the extensive forests that are…

Haruki Murakami: …no junrei no toshi (2013; Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage) delves into a young man’s existential quandaries, precipitated by his ejection from a circle of friends. Murakami explored art and loneliness in his 14th novel, Kishidanchō goroshi (2017; Killing Commendatore), about a painter in the midst of…

Japanese art: Calligraphy and painting: …specially prepared square papers (shikishi) later affixed to a painting. Although virtually no examples of this custom survive from the Heian period, it is known through documentary sources and through revivals of the practice in subsequent centuries. Poetry was also inscribed on elaborately decorated sheets of paper which were…

Hōjō Family: Rise to power.: …staff was headed by the shikken, or regent to the shogun. Thus, this office controlled the law, the peace, and the revenues of Japan, and the Hōjō family came to monopolize the office of shikken and to make it hereditary among them.

Suo Masayuki: Suo wrote and directed Shiko funjatta (1992; Sumo Do, Sumo Don’t), an amusing tale about a young man forced to participate in his university’s lamentably bad sumo wrestling team. Shiko funjatta won a Japanese Academy Award for best film in 1992 and was a surprise hit at the Cannes…

Battle of Bahadurpur: …Pradesh state, by Dārā’s son Sulaymān Shikōh. Shikōh was later captured and executed by his uncle Aurangzeb, who in June 1658 imprisoned Shah Jahān and a month later crowned himself emperor. Aurangzeb also defeated Dārā, Murād, and Shujāʿ (who became a fugitive and died in Myanmar [Burma] in 1660).

Suzuki Harunobu was a Japanese artist of the Ukiyo-e movement (paintings and wood-block prints of the “floating world”), who established the art of nishiki-e, or polychrome prints. He created a fashion for pictures of lyrical scenes with figures of exquisite grace. It is believed that Harunobu

Shikoku, island, the smallest of the four main islands of Japan. It is separated from Honshu by the Inland Sea (north) and the Kii Strait (east) and from Kyushu by the Bungo Strait (west). The island is divided into the prefectures of Ehime, Kagawa, Kōchi, and Tokushima. Shikoku is also one of the

Comoros: People of Comoros: …inhabitants speak island-specific varieties of Comorian (Shikomoro), a Bantu language related to Swahili and written in Arabic script. Comorian, Arabic, and French are the official languages. French is the language of administration. Most Comorians are Sunni Muslims, and Islam is the state religion.

sparrowhawk: The Levant sparrowhawk, or shikra (A. brevipes), is gray above and brown barred white below. It occurs from southeastern Europe throughout most of continental southern Asia and subequatorial Africa. For the small falcon called sparrow hawk in the United States, see kestrel.

Swami-Narayani: …in an anthology called the Shikshapatri.

Muhammad Iqbal: Early life and career: …significant poems from this period, Shikwah (“The Complaint”), Jawāb-e shikwah (“The Answer to the Complaint”), and Khizr-e rāh (“Khizr, the Guide”), were published later in 1924 in the Urdu collection Bāng-e darā (“The Call of the Bell”). In those works Iqbal gave intense expression to the anguish of Muslim powerlessness.…

Berber languages: …languages include Tashelhit (Tashelhiyt, Tashelhait, Shilha), Tarifit, Kabyle, Tamazight, and Tamahaq. The family may also include extinct languages such as the Guanche languages of the Canary Islands, Old Libyan (Numidian), and Old Mauretanian, which are known from inscriptions but have not yet been studied thoroughly enough to make any affirmative

Siliguri, city, northern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies just west of the Mahananda River. Siliguri is the terminus of the roads from Kalimpang (Kalimpong) and Sikkim and of road and rail connections with Darjiling (Darjeeling) and Jalpaiguri and is the hub for trade with Darjiling,

Kunming: The contemporary city: …of the city is the Shilin (“Stone Forest”) karst formation, consisting of rock caves, arches, and pavilions; a popular tourist destination, it and other karst areas in the region were collectively designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2007.

China: The Shiliuguo (Sixteen Kingdoms) in the north (303–439): The term Sixteen Kingdoms traditionally denotes the plethora of short-lived non-Chinese dynasties that from 303 came to rule the whole or parts of northern China. Many ethnic groups were involved, including ancestors of the Turks (such as the Xiongnu,…

Shilka River, river, Chita oblast (province), southeastern Russia, formed by the union of the Onon and Ingoda rivers. It flows 348 miles (560 km) northeast to unite with the Argun to form the Amur River on the Russia–China border. The area of its drainage basin is 80,000 square miles (206,000

Elam: Shilkhak-In-Shushinak campaigned vigorously, and for at least a short period his domain included most of Mesopotamia east of the Tigris River and reached eastward almost to Persepolis. This greatest period of Elamite conquest ended when Nebuchadrezzar I of Babylon (reigned c. 1119–c. 1098 bce) captured…

Robert J. Shiller is an American economist who, with Eugene F. Fama and Lars Peter Hansen, was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize for Economics. Shiller, Fama, and Hansen were recognized for their independent but complementary research on the variability of asset prices and on the underlying rationality

Robert J. Shiller is an American economist who, with Eugene F. Fama and Lars Peter Hansen, was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize for Economics. Shiller, Fama, and Hansen were recognized for their independent but complementary research on the variability of asset prices and on the underlying rationality

shilling, former English and British coin, nominally valued at one-twentieth of a pound sterling, or 12 pence. The shilling was also formerly the monetary unit of Australia, Austria, New Zealand, and Ireland. Today it is the basic monetary unit in Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. A silver coin

shilling shocker, a novel of crime or violence especially popular in late Victorian England and originally costing one shilling. Shilling shockers were usually characterized by sensational incidents and lurid writing. Compare dime novel; penny

Yarqon River: They include the Wadi Shillo (Dayr Ballūṭ) in the east, usually considered by geographers to mark the boundary between historic Judaea and Samaria, and the Wadi Ayyalon (Aijalon) in the southeast. In the valley of the latter, according to the Bible, the moon stood still during Joshua’s conquest…

Shillong, city, capital of Meghalaya state, northeastern India. The city is located in the east-central part of the state on the Shillong Plateau, at an elevation of 4,990 feet (1,520 metres). Shillong first became prominent in 1864, when it succeeded Cherrapunji as the district headquarters. In

Shillong Plateau: The highest point is Shillong Peak, at 6,433 feet (1,961 metres) located 3 miles (5 km) south of the city of Shillong.

Shillong Plateau, highland region in eastern Meghalaya state, northeastern India. It is a rolling tableland and the highest portion of the hill mass that comprises most of Meghalaya. The plateau’s western, northern, and southern escarpments are called the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills,

Shilluk, Nilotic people living along the west bank of the Nile between Lake No and latitude 12° N in South Sudan. They speak an Eastern Sudanic language of the Nilo-Saharan language family. The Shilluk are sedentary agriculturists with strong pastoral interests (cattle, sheep, and goats). Men hunt,

Aḥad Haʿam: …he founded the periodical Ha-Shiloaḥ, in which he severely criticized the political Zionism of Theodor Herzl, the foremost Jewish nationalist leader of the time. Aḥad Haʿam remained outside the Zionist organization, believing that a Jewish state would be the end result of a Jewish spiritual renaissance rather than the…

Mossad: Reuven Shiloah, who had been involved in special operations and secret diplomacy during the pre-state period, served as the first director. Bureaucratic conflicts hampered the new agency in its early days; it took more than a year for the agency to become operational, and it…

Shiloh, Canaanite town that became the central sanctuary site of the Israelite confederacy during the period of the judges (12th–11th century bce). After the Israelite conquest of Canaan, the Tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant were installed in Shiloh until the Ark was captured by the

Shelby Foote: Shiloh (1952), Foote’s first popular success, uses the monologues of six soldiers to recreate the Civil War battle of its title. Foote next set out to write what proved to be his masterwork, The Civil War: A Narrative (1958–74), which consists of three volumes—Fort Sumter…

Bobbie Ann Mason: Mason received critical acclaim for Shiloh and Other Stories (1982), her first collection of stories, which describes the lives of working-class people in a shifting rural society now dominated by chain stores, television, and superhighways. In Country (1985; film 1989), her first novel, is also steeped in mass culture, which…

Zion: The massive 8,000-seat Shiloh Tabernacle was completed in 1900 and became Zion’s religious centre until it burned in 1937. Settlement began in 1901, and from its origins the city was theocratically governed, with the church controlling all business activities. With few exceptions, streets in the city were named…

Battle of Shiloh, (April 6–7, 1862), second great engagement of the American Civil War, fought in southwestern Tennessee, resulting in a victory for the North and in large casualties for both sides. In February, Union General Ulysses S. Grant had taken Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort

Murray Bookchin was an American anarchist, political philosopher, trade-union organizer, and educator best known for his organizing activities on behalf of labour unions and his vehement critiques of capitalism, globalization, and humanity’s treatment of the environment. Bookchin was the son of

Congress of the People: …party founded in 2008 by Mbhazima Shilowa, Mluleki George, and Mosiuoa Lekota, former high-ranking members of South Africa’s ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), who disagreed with the direction of that organization. The new party positioned itself as “progressive” and diverse, pledging to reach out to minorities and women,…

South Asian arts: Bangladesh: …and inner tensions in his Shilpi (“The Artist”), in which the artist is torn between love for his wife and for his art. Especially popular are historical themes of political significance, inspiring Muslims who for centuries were subjugated by the Hindus of East Bengal. Ebrahim Khan wrote Kamal Pasha (1926),…

nuclear reactor: Reactor control elements: Shim rods are designed to compensate for the effects of burnup (i.e., energy production). Reactivity changes resulting from burnup can be large, but they occur slowly over periods of days to years, as compared with the seconds-to-minutes range over which safety actions and routine regulation…

Shimabara, port city, Nagasaki ken (prefecture), Kyushu, Japan, on the eastern coast of the Shimabara Peninsula, some 40 miles (65 km) east of Nagasaki. The city, which was a castle town of the Matsudaira family, contains the ruins of the Moridake Castle. The city is noted as the site of the

Shimabara Rebellion, (1637–38), uprising of Japanese Roman Catholics, the failure of which virtually ended the Christian movement in 17th-century Japan and furthered government determination to isolate Japan from foreign influences. The revolt began as a result of dissatisfaction with the heavy

Shimada, city, Shizuoka ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the lower Ōi River, opposite the former city of Hamada; in 2005 Hamada was merged administratively into the city of Shimada. During the Edo (Tokugawa) era (1603–1867) it was an important post town on the Tōkaidō (Eastern Sea

industrial relations: Japan: Shimada Haruo, a leading Japanese industrial relations scholar, has maintained that one cannot comprehend Japanese industrial and organizational practices without recognizing that Japanese managers regard human resources as the most critical asset affecting the performance of their enterprises. Therefore, management in large Japanese companies is…

Shimane, ken (prefecture), southwestern Honshu, Japan, facing the Sea of Japan (East Sea). It includes the Oki Islands. The interior is composed chiefly of a volcanic mountain chain, and the coast is dotted with numerous associated hot springs. In the north, the Shimane Peninsula encloses Lake

Shimazaki Tōson was a Japanese poet and novelist, whose fiction illuminated the clash of old and new values in a Japan feverishly modernizing itself during the period of the Meiji Restoration (1868–1912). Tōson was educated in Tokyo at Meiji Gakuin, where he was also baptized, although Christianity

Shimazaki Tōson was a Japanese poet and novelist, whose fiction illuminated the clash of old and new values in a Japan feverishly modernizing itself during the period of the Meiji Restoration (1868–1912). Tōson was educated in Tokyo at Meiji Gakuin, where he was also baptized, although Christianity

Shimazu Family, powerful warrior clan that controlled the southern tip of the Japanese island of Kyushu from the 12th to the 19th century. Ensconced in their isolated stronghold on the frontier of Japan, the Shimazu were the only feudal family to play a leading role in Japanese history in both

Shimazu Hisamitsu was a noted Japanese lord who in 1867–68 led his clan in the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate, the military dictatorship that had dominated Japan since the early 17th century. He then helped organize the newly restored imperial government. In 1858 Hisamitsu succeeded as daimyo

Shimazu Nariakira was a mid-19th century Japanese daimyo (lord) of the Satsuma han, or feudal fief. His adoption of Western military techniques and armaments helped make Satsuma one of the strongest fiefs in the country and put the han in a position to play a leading role in the overthrow of the

Shimazu Shigehide was a Japanese lord of the great han, or feudal fief, of Satsuma. Shimazu’s strong leadership and his interest in Western studies put Satsuma in a position to play a leading role in Japanese affairs from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century. Succeeding his father as head of

Shimazu Family: …the late 12th century by Shimazu Tadahisa (1179–1227), who adopted the surname of Shimazu after he was appointed governor of the southern portion of Kyushu. The clan prospered by taking advantage of trade with Korea and the Ryukyu Islands. By the 16th century the Shimazu had become the major power…

Ethiopia: The Zagwe and Solomonic dynasties: …Denegel was defeated at the battle of Shimbra Kure, and the Muslims pushed northward into the central highlands, destroying settlements, churches, and monasteries. In 1541 the Portuguese, whose interests in the Red Sea were imperiled by Muslim power, sent 400 musketeers to train the Ethiopian army in European tactics. Emperor…

history of Mesopotamia: The Hurrian and Mitanni kingdoms: The sun god Shimegi and the moon god Kushuh, whose consort was Nikkal, the Ningal of the Sumerians, were of lesser rank. More important was the position of the Babylonian god of war and the underworld, Nergal. In northern Syria the god of war Astapi and the goddess…

T’ao-yüan: The Shih-men (Shimen) Reservoir, on the Tan-shui (Danshui, or Tamsui) River, provides irrigation and hydroelectric power to nearby textile, cement, and small machinery industries. The T’ai-pei (Taibei) oil and gas fields are in the northeast. Coal, iron ore, and nickel are mined.