Rome: San Pietro in Vincoli: Originally the Basilica Eudoxiana, San Pietro in Vincoli (St. Peter in Chains) minor basilica was built in 432–440 with money from the empress Eudoxia for the veneration of the chains of the apostle Peter’s Jerusalem imprisonment. Later his Roman chains were…

Saint Peter Port, chief town, resort, parish, and capital of Guernsey, Channel Islands, located on the east coast of the island of Guernsey where a narrow valley reaches the sea between moderately high cliffs. Early in the 13th century, Castle Cornet was built on an offshore tidal islet, reinforced

metalwork: United States: …structures, such as those on St. Peter Street, were built above the sidewalks. Balconies sometimes not only extended across an entire facade but continued around a corner.

Old Saint Peter’s Basilica, first basilica of St. Peter’s in Rome, a five-aisled basilican-plan church with apsed transept at the west end that was begun between 326 and 333 at the order of the Roman emperor Constantine and finished about 30 years later. The church was entered through an atrium

Peterborough: …city site is dominated by St. Peter’s Cathedral, a structure begun in 1118 and consecrated in 1238. It is in part a good example of Late Norman style; but it was added to in virtually every succeeding architectural period, and the total effect is discordant. The cathedral contains the Hedda…

Malmö: …a museum) and the 14th-century St. Peter’s Church (a fine example of early Baltic Gothic architecture). The city is home to Malmö College. Pop. (2020 est.) mun., 347,949.

Westminster School, distinguished public (privately endowed) school near Westminster Abbey in the borough of Westminster, London. It originated as a charity school (1179) founded by Benedictine monks. In 1540 Henry VIII made it secular, and in 1560 it was refounded by Elizabeth I and extensively

London: The historical base: St. Peter’s Italian Church (1863) was the first Italian church ever to be built outside Italy.

Saint Peter’s University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. It is a liberal arts college affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic Church. The college offers undergraduate degree programs in business, computer science, education,

Worms: The Cathedral of St. Peter (also known as Worms Cathedral) ranks with those of Speyer and Mainz as one of the finest Romanesque churches of the Rhine. The original building was consecrated in 1018 and was completed and remodeled in the 12th century. Additions were made…

Leuven: The Church of St. Peter, which originally dated from the early 11th century, was twice destroyed before being rebuilt as a Gothic structure (1425–97), and it was again damaged in both world wars. The church contains two fine paintings by Dieric Bouts and ironwork and brasswork—much…

Saint Benedict Biscop: Peter (at Wearmouth) and Paul (at Jarrow on Tyne, nearby); he is considered to be the father of Benedictine monasticism in England.

Papal States, territories of central Italy over which the pope had sovereignty from 756 to 1870. Included were the modern Italian regions of Lazio (Latium), Umbria, and Marche and part of Emilia-Romagna, though the extent of the territory, along with the degree of papal control, varied over the

Bathurst, city in Gloucester county, northeastern New Brunswick, Canada. It lies at the mouth of the Nepisiguit River, on Bathurst Harbour, a southern arm of Nepisiguit Bay. The original French settlement, founded in 1619, was called Nepisiguit and then St. Peters. After 1755 the British displaced

Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra, symphony orchestra based in St. Petersburg. The Philharmonic Society was founded there in 1802, and its orchestra included musicians from eastern Europe as well as from Russia. After the Russian Revolution of February 1917, the society’s orchestra became the

Saint Petersburg porcelain, pottery ware produced from 1744 to the present day by the principal Russian factory, the Imperial Porcelain Factory (from 1925, the M.V. Lomonosov State Porcelain Factory), in St. Petersburg. It was established under the patronage of the daughter of Peter I the Great,

Saint Petersburg State University, coeducational state institution of higher learning in St. Petersburg, founded in 1819 as the University of St. Petersburg. During World War II the university was evacuated to Saratov. The university’s buildings were severely damaged during the Siege of Leningrad

law of war: Law by treaty: In 1868 the Declaration of St. Petersburg prohibited the use of explosive projectiles weighing less than 400 grams, while in 1899 two major treaties were concluded at The Hague, one concerning asphyxiating gases and another concerned with expanding bullets. The second Hague conference, in 1907, proved to be…

Greece: Factionalism in the emerging state: In 1826, by the Protocol of St. Petersburg, Britain and Russia committed themselves to a policy of mediation, to which France became a party through the Treaty of London of 1827. A policy of “peaceful interference,” as the British prime minister Lord Canning described it, culminated in the somewhat…

Russia: The Petrine state: …successful war against Persia (Treaty of St. Petersburg, 1723).

Saint Petersburg State University, coeducational state institution of higher learning in St. Petersburg, founded in 1819 as the University of St. Petersburg. During World War II the university was evacuated to Saratov. The university’s buildings were severely damaged during the Siege of Leningrad

Niki de Saint Phalle was a French-American artist whose diverse practice encompassed a wide variety of mediums, including painting, sculpture, performance, and film. Her work explores femininity, gender oppression, violence, and joy. Saint Phalle was born the second of five children to American

Niki de Saint Phalle was a French-American artist whose diverse practice encompassed a wide variety of mediums, including painting, sculpture, performance, and film. Her work explores femininity, gender oppression, violence, and joy. Saint Phalle was born the second of five children to American

Francesco Borromini: An independent architect: The concave facade of St. Philip Neri represented to him the welcoming gesture of outstretched arms: the central unit stood for the chest, the two-part wings for arm and forearm.

Western architecture: The early Byzantine period (330–726): …recently discovered remains of the church of St. Polyeuktos show. The church was founded by the princess Juliana Anicia (granddaughter of Valentinian III), whose name is known from an illuminated manuscript dated 512. The change was advanced still further some 30 years later, thanks to the patronage of the emperor…

Vienna: Layout and architecture: Vienna’s oldest church is St. Ruprecht’s. Dating from the 13th century with parts from the 11th century, it is believed to have originally been erected in 740.

Sir Samuel Argall: …a new French settlement at St. Sauveur. He destroyed the settlement and took some French prisoners and goods to Jamestown. The council of the Virginia Company then commissioned him to destroy all French settlements south of the 46th parallel, including Port Royal (now Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia), which he captured…

Basilian: (3) St. Savior in the Melchite Rite was founded by the Archbishop of Tyre and Sidon in 1684 and placed under the rule of Basil in 1743. Members engaged in parochial ministry in Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, and the city of Damascus prior to 1832. The Vatican…

Perugino: Early work: …work by Perugino is a Saint Sebastian, at Cerqueto, near Perugia. This fresco (a mural painted on wet plaster with water-soluble pigments) dates from 1478 and is typical of Perugino’s style. He must have attained a considerable reputation by this time, since he probably worked for Pope Sixtus IV in…

Maastricht: The cathedral, dedicated to St. Servatius, was founded by Bishop Monulphus in the 6th century; it is the oldest church in the Netherlands, although rebuilt and enlarged from the 11th to the 15th century. The Protestant Church of St. John, with a 246-foot (75-metre) tower, originally…

Quedlinburg: …and by the former abbey church of St. Servatius (1070–1129, incorporating the remains of a 10th-century church). The church, castle, and old town were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1994. The poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock and the geographer Carl Ritter were born in Quedlinburg. Pop. (2011) 20,539.

Erfurt: …by the cathedral and the Church of St. Severus, which stand side-by-side atop a hill called Domberg (“Cathedral Hill”). The cathedral (1154–1476) contains 15th-century glass and numerous notable works of art. Other buildings of note in the city include the Augustinian monastery where Martin Luther was a monk (1505–08), now…

Hagia Sophia, an important Byzantine structure in Istanbul and one of the world’s great monuments. It was built as a Christian church in the 6th century ce (532–537) under the direction of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. In subsequent centuries it became a mosque, a museum, and a mosque again.

Belarus: Architecture: …in the country is the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Polatsk, dating from the 11th century and built in the Eastern Orthodox style. The church of Boris and Gleb (Barys and Hlyeb) in Hrodna dates from the 12th century. Most of the other early buildings that remain, mostly as ruins,…

Western architecture: Kievan Rus and Russia: …of Novgorod began with the cathedral of St. Sophia. It was built in 1045–52, replacing a wooden, 13-dome church of the same name. The new cathedral followed its Kievan namesake in plan, but the divergences from the Byzantine pattern are quite apparent; it has double aisles but only three apses.…

Western architecture: Kievan Rus and Russia: The cathedral of St. Sophia is the only structure of this period that still stands and retains, at least in the interior, something of its original form. The central part of the cathedral was in the form of a Greek cross. The nave and four aisles…

József Hild: …designs that construction began on St. Stephen’s Basilica in Pest in 1848 (it was completed by Miklós Ybl in 1905), and he also designed the Eger Basilica (1831–36) and Szatmárnémeti (now Satu Mare, Rom.). One of the most notable of his large-scale ecclesiastical works was the reconstruction of the new…

Saint Stephen’s Cathedral, cathedral in Vienna that was burned out in the course of the Battle of Vienna in April 1945 and was reconstructed by 1952. Saint Stephen’s was established in 1147; only the west facade remains of the late Romanesque edifice that burned in 1258. A Gothic nave was built

Saint Stephen’s Crown, greatly venerated crown of Hungary, the symbol of Hungarian nationhood, without which no sovereign was truly accepted by the Hungarian people. It is made from an 11th-century jeweled circlet of Byzantine style, augmented early in the 12th century by the addition of arches and

Dublin: City layout: …of the city’s squares is St. Stephen’s Green, recorded in 1224 as common grazing land but enclosed and bordered with houses in the 1660s. Most of the imposing mansions now surrounding it were built in the 18th century. By 1887 the parkland was run down, and the Guinness family, whose…

Big Ben, tower clock, famous for its accuracy and for its massive bell. Strictly speaking, the name refers to only the great hour bell, which weighs 15.1 tons (13.7 metric tons), but it is commonly associated with the whole clock tower at the northern end of the Houses of Parliament, in the London

Western architecture: England: …restrained but intricate form in St. Stephen’s, Walbrook, London (1672), with its multiple changing views and spatial and structural complexity. Wren’s greatest achievement, St. Paul’s Cathedral, London (1675–1711), owes much to French and Italian examples of the Baroque period; but the plan shows a remarkable adaptation of the traditional English…

Western painting: International Gothic: …the decoration of the royal Chapel of St. Stephen’s (c. 1360) was apparently, for the period, outstandingly Italianate. (Surviving fragments are in the British Museum, London.) Subsequently, however, in the Chapter House of Westminster Abbey (probably executed c. 1370) there was strong Germanic influence, which has been tentatively compared with…

St. Swithin’s Day, (July 15), a day on which, according to folklore, the weather for a subsequent period is dictated. In popular belief, if it rains on St. Swithin’s Day, it will rain for 40 days, but if it is fair, 40 days of fair weather will follow. St. Swithin was bishop of Winchester from 852

Saint Thomas, chief island of the U.S. Virgin Islands, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It lies 40 miles (64 km) east of Puerto Rico. The island is volcanic, rising to a maximum elevation of 1,550 feet (474 metres); a chain of rugged hills with little vegetation runs east-west. Temperatures vary

Charlotte Amalie, city, capital of the U.S. Virgin Islands and of St. Thomas Island, situated at the head of St. Thomas Harbor on the island’s southern shore. The largest city in the Virgin Islands, it is built on three low volcanic spurs called Frenchman Hill (Foretop Hill), Berg Hill (Maintop),

Saint Thomas, city, seat of Elgin county, southeastern Ontario, Canada, on Kettle Creek, just north of Lake Erie. Founded in 1817 as Sterling, it was renamed after Colonel Thomas Talbot, who made it the capital of the extensive settlement that he founded in 1803. A major railway division point and

Thomas Christians, indigenous Indian Christian groups who have traditionally lived in Kerala, a state on the Malabar Coast, in southwestern India. Claiming to have been evangelized by St. Thomas the Apostle, Thomas Christians ecclesiastically, liturgically, and linguistically represent one of the

Rome: The Caelian: The Hospital of St. Thomas, established at the same period, has disappeared save for its mosaic gateway, signed by Cosmate, of the Cosmati school of carvers and decorators, and by his father, Jacobus. Nearby stands the Arch of Dolabella (10 ce), and not far away are…

Minnesota: Education of Minnesota: …more than 10,000 students, the University of St. Thomas (1885), in St. Paul, is Minnesota’s largest private university.

Ronald Searle: …imaginary boarding school he called St. Trinian’s.

Ursuline, Roman Catholic religious order of women founded at Brescia, Italy, in 1535, by St. Angela Merici. The order was the first institute for women dedicated exclusively to the education of girls. Inspired by a mystical vision that she would found a society of virgins, Angela and 28 companions

Valentine’s Day, holiday (February 14) when lovers express their affection with greetings and gifts. Given their similarities, it has been suggested that the holiday has origins in the Roman festival of Lupercalia, held in mid-February. The festival, which celebrated the coming of spring, included

Saint Vincent, island of the Windward group in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Saint Lucia and about 100 miles (160 km) west of Barbados. The island has an area of 133 square miles (344 square km). It is 18 miles (30 km) long and has a maximum

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, island country lying within the Lesser Antilles, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It consists of the island of Saint Vincent and the northern Grenadine Islands, which stretch southward toward Grenada. The island of Saint Vincent lies about 20 miles (32 km) southwest

vertically striped blue-yellow-green national flag with three green lozenges (diamonds) in the centre. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.The coat of arms of Saint Vincent shows peace and justice represented by two women, one holding an olive branch (peace) and the other making a sacrifice

Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, Roman Catholic religious congregation founded at Paris in 1633 by St. Vincent de Paul and St. Louise de Marillac. The congregation was a radical innovation by 17th-century standards: it was the first noncloistered religious institute of women devoted

Antoine Frédéric Ozanam: …and scholar who founded the Society of St. Vincent de Paul.

São Vicente Island, island of Cape Verde, in the Atlantic Ocean, between the islands of Santo Antão and Santa Luzia, about 400 miles (640 km) off the western African coast. It rises to Monte Verde (2,539 feet [774 metres]). The main economic activities are subsistence agriculture (corn [maize],

Cape Saint Vincent, cape, southwesternmost Portugal, forming with Sagres Point a promontory on the Atlantic Ocean. To the Greeks and Romans it was known, from the presence of a shrine there, as the Sacred Promontory. Tourism, pastoralism, and fishing are the economic mainstays of the region, which

Gulf Saint Vincent, triangular inlet of the Indian Ocean, on the southeast coast of South Australia, between Yorke Peninsula to the west and the mainland. About 90 mi (145 km) long and 45 miles (73 km) wide, it is linked with the ocean by Investigator Strait to the southwest, passing north of

Bohemian school: …(Karlštejn Castle, near Prague) and St. Vitus’s Cathedral (Prague). The cathedral and parts of Karlštejn Castle were begun according to routine French design by the Flemish master mason Mathieu d’Arras; when Mathieu died in 1352, the work on both buildings was taken over by the influential German architect Petr Parléř,…

Kyiv: City layout: …too is the cathedral of St. Volodymyr (still in use as a church), built in 1862–96 in Byzantine style and containing impressive paintings by Viktor Vasnetsov, Mikhail Vrubel, and other artists. Notable among the many statues in central Kyiv are those that commemorate the Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the…

Kyiv: City layout: …too is the cathedral of St. Volodymyr (still in use as a church), built in 1862–96 in Byzantine style and containing impressive paintings by Viktor Vasnetsov, Mikhail Vrubel, and other artists. Notable among the many statues in central Kyiv are those that commemorate the Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the…

miracle play, one of three principal kinds of vernacular drama of the European Middle Ages (along with the mystery play and the morality play). A miracle play presents a real or fictitious account of the life, miracles, or martyrdom of a saint. The genre evolved from liturgical offices developed

Eva Marie Saint is an American film and television actress known for bringing emotional depth and complexity to her roles, in which she generally played women who appear fragile but have great inner strength. Saint began acting while she was a student at Bowling Green State University (B.A., 1946).

Tunisia: The protectorate (1881–1956): In response, the resident general, Lucien Saint, surrounded the bey’s palace with troops, and the demand was withdrawn. Saint thus introduced restrictive measures, together with minor reforms, that pacified Tunisian sentiment and weakened the nationalist movement for several years.

the Saint, fictional English gentleman-adventurer who was the protagonist of short stories and mystery novels by Leslie Charteris. A good-natured, gallant figure, Templar defies social convention and lives outside the law, and yet he emerges untarnished from his shadowy adventures. Meet the Tiger

Saint-Acheul, locality near Amiens in the Somme River valley, Somme département, Picardy région, northern France. Saint-Acheul is the type locality at which a number of distinctive early Paleolithic hand axes were found. These axes characteristically are large, bifacially flaked, ovoid stone tools

Saint-Affrique, town, Aveyron département, Occitanie région, southern France. The town is situated about 60 miles (96 km) northwest of Béziers on the southeastern coast and about 6 miles (10 km) from the town of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon, which is noted for its production of ewes’-milk cheese.

Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, town and spa, Nord département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France. It lies at the junction of the Elnon River with the canalized Scarpe River. It is situated 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Lille and 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Valenciennes, near the Belgian border.

Saint-Amand-les-Eaux, town and spa, Nord département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France. It lies at the junction of the Elnon River with the canalized Scarpe River. It is situated 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Lille and 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Valenciennes, near the Belgian border.

Saint-Amand-les-Eaux ware, tin-glazed earthenware and porcelain made in the French town of that name in the 18th and 19th centuries. The factory was begun in 1718 by Pierre-Joseph Fauquez of nearby Tournai and was continued by P.-F.-J. Fauquez after 1741 and by Jean-Baptiste Fauquez from 1771 to

Saint-Amand-Montrond, town, Cher département, Centre région, central France. The town, which is situated some 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Bourges, grew up around a monastery founded by St. Amand, a follower of St. Columban, in the 7th century. The town is of historical significance, but its

Saint-Amand-Montrond, town, Cher département, Centre région, central France. The town, which is situated some 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Bourges, grew up around a monastery founded by St. Amand, a follower of St. Columban, in the 7th century. The town is of historical significance, but its

Marc-Antoine Girard, sieur de Saint-Amant was one of the most original and interesting of French early 17th-century poets and one of the first members of the French Academy. The early poems of Saint-Amant are realistic and hilarious descriptions of the pleasures of the table and the tavern. A

Bordeaux: …towers: that of Pey-Berland, near Saint-André Cathedral, and the Saint-Michel Tower, with a spire of 357 feet (109 metres). A late 20th-century urban development plan called for the renovation of the city centre and extension of new districts northward around a large lake and along the west bank of the…

André Jeanbon Saint-André was a French Protestant clergyman who became a member of the Committee of Public Safety that ruled France during the period of the Jacobin dictatorship (1793–94). The son of a Huguenot businessman named Jeanbon, André was a captain in the French merchant marine before he

Jacques d’Albon, seigneur de Saint-André was a favourite of King Henry II of France, who made him successively member of the royal council, marshal of France, premier gentleman of the chamber, governor of Lyonnais, and ambassador to England. After the death of Francis II in 1560, he joined with

Saint-Andrew’s-cross, (Hypericum hypericoides), plant of the family Hypericaceae, native to southeastern North America and Central America, sometimes cultivated for its four-petaled yellow flowers. It reaches 75 cm (2.5 feet) and has many branches, two-angled stems, oblong to narrow leaves, and

Valence: …is dominated by the ancient cathedral of Saint-Apollinaire, which was consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1095 and completed early in the 12th century. Damage done to the cathedral during the Wars of Religion (1569–98) was repaired in the 17th century. The Champ de Mars, a vast esplanade south of…

Armand-Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud was an army officer and later marshal of France who was minister of war under Napoleon III and commander in chief of the French forces in the Crimean War. In March 1833 he became aide-de-camp to Gen. Bugeaud de la Piconnerie. He later joined the Foreign Legion

Saint-Barthélemy, island of the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea. An overseas collectivity of France since 2007, it was formerly a commune and, together with Saint-Martin, an arrondissement of the French overseas département of Guadeloupe. The island, 11 miles (17.5 km) long and 2.5

Avignon: Four arches of the famed Saint-Bénézet bridge (of the song “Sur le pont d’Avignon”) still reach out from the town, its Romanesque St. Nicholas Chapel still perched on the second pier. The Rhône currents had defied bridging until St. Bénézet and his disciples built the bridge in the late 12th…

Avignon: Four arches of the famed Saint-Bénézet bridge (of the song “Sur le pont d’Avignon”) still reach out from the town, its Romanesque St. Nicholas Chapel still perched on the second pier. The Rhône currents had defied bridging until St. Bénézet and his disciples built the bridge in the late 12th…

Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, village, Loiret département, Centre région, north-central France. It lies on the right bank of the Loire River, 25 miles (40 km) east of Orléans. The splendid Romanesque basilica is the only survival of the Benedictine abbey of Fleury, founded about 651. The abbey acquired

Saint-Brieuc, town, capital of Côtes d’Armor département, Brittany région, northwestern France. It is situated on a promontory between the ravines of the Gouët River and its tributary the Gouëdic, near Saint-Brieuc Bay on the English Channel. Saint-Brieuc is named after a Welsh monk, St. Briocus,

Saint-Césaire, paleoanthropological site in southwestern France where in 1979 the remains of a young adult male Neanderthal were found buried in a small pit. The skeleton was recovered during archaeological salvage excavations at the back of the Roche-à-Pierrot rock shelter, near the village of

Norman: …III the Simple made the Treaty of St. Clair-sur-Epte with Rollo, ceding him the land around the mouth of the Seine and what is now the city of Rouen. Within a generation the Vikings, or Normans, as they came to be known, had extended their rule westward to the districts…

Henri Pitot: …work was construction of an aqueduct for the city of Montpellier (1753–86), including a stone-arch Roman-type section one kilometre (more than one-half mile) in length.

Saint-Cloud, town, Hauts-de-Seine département, Île-de-France région, northern France. It is a western residential suburb of Paris, located on the left bank of the Seine River. The northern part is separated from Paris by Longchamps racecourse and by the Bois de Boulogne, the southern part by the

Saint-Cloud porcelain, soft-paste porcelain made in the town of Saint-Cloud, Fr., from the last quarter of the 17th century until 1766. Pierre Chicaneau began the manufacture, which passed by marriage to the family of Henri Trou (c. 1722 onward). Much of the porcelain, which was yellowish or creamy

education: Female education: …a school in 1686 at Saint-Cyr near Versailles—a higher school principally for orphan girls descended from noble families. Besides such basic subjects as reading and writing, the girls were prepared for their future lives as wives and mothers or as members of genteel professions. In 1692 this school was taken…

Saint-Cyr, French national military academy at Coëtquidan, founded in Fontainebleau in 1803 by Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1808 Napoleon moved it to the town of Saint-Cyr-l’École near Versailles, on the site of a famous school founded in the 17th century by Madame de Maintenon, wife of Louis XIV. The

Jean Duvergier de Hauranne, abbé de Saint-Cyran was a French abbot of Saint-Cyran and a founder of the Jansenist movement. His opposition to Cardinal de Richelieu’s policies caused his imprisonment. Duvergier studied theology at Leuven (Louvain), Belg., then settled in Paris after taking holy

Saint-Denis, town, capital of the French overseas département of Réunion in the western Indian Ocean. The town lies in a basin at the mouth of the Saint-Denis River on the north coast of the island, wedged between the ocean and a mountain rising abruptly behind it. It was originally the main port

Saint-Denis, city, a northern suburb of Paris, Seine-Saint-Denis département, Île-de-France région, north-central France. The city lies on the right bank of the Seine River. Until the mid-19th century, when industries developed there, it was only a small township centred on its famous abbey church,

Saint-Denis: …township centred on its famous abbey church, which had been the burial place of the kings of France. The church is of major importance in the history of architecture, being the first major edifice marking the transition from the Romanesque to the Gothic style and serving as a model for…

Argenteuil: Enshrined in the monastery’s Church of Saint-Denis is the putative seamless robe of Christ, which was given to the convent by Charlemagne after he had received it from the Byzantine empress Irene.

Battle of Saint-Denis, (14 August 1678). Saint-Denis was the last battle of the Franco-Dutch War, fought days after the Dutch and France had signed a peace treaty. France had not made peace with Spain, so when France besieged Mons, the Dutch-Spanish army engaged in battle. France triumphed, but was