Alfred Binet: …1905 and 1911 he and Théodore Simon developed highly influential scales for the measurement of intelligence of children. Binet also published works on suggestibility (1900) and hysteria (1910) and was working on a revision of his scales at the time of his death.

Sino-Tibetan languages: Phonological correspondences: …and Old Tibetan made by Walter Simon in 1929, although limited in some ways, pointed to enough sound resemblances in important items of basic vocabulary to eliminate the possibility of coincidental similarities between unrelated languages. A few examples of similar words in Old Tibetan and Old Chinese, respectively, follow: “bent,”…

plague: History: The following year Paul-Louis Simond, a French researcher sent by the Pasteur Institute to India, announced the results of experiments demonstrating that Oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) carried the plague bacillus between rats. It was then demonstrated definitively that rat fleas would infest humans and transmit plague through…

J.-C.-L. Simonde de Sismondi was a Swiss economist and historian who warned against the perils of unchecked industrialism. His pioneering theories on the nature of economic crises and the risks of limitless competition, overproduction, and underconsumption influenced such later economists as Karl

William Holabird: …own practice in 1880 with Ossian C. Simonds, who subsequently left for a career in landscape architecture. Roche joined the firm in 1881. Holabird and Roche were responsible for many innovations identified with the Chicago School, such as the so-called Chicago School windows, which resulted in a facade almost entirely…

Leaning Tower of Pisa: Giovanni di Simone, the engineer in charge when construction resumed, sought to compensate for the lean by making the new stories slightly taller on the short side, but the extra masonry caused the structure to sink still further. The project was plagued with interruptions, as…

Nina Simone was an American singer who created urgent emotional intensity by singing songs of love, protest, and Black empowerment in a dramatic style, with a rough-edged voice. A precocious child, Simone played piano and organ in girlhood. She became sensitive to racism when at age 12 she gave a

Simonianism, the doctrine professed by followers of Simon Magus

Polish literature: Kochanowski and his followers: …notable of Kochanowski’s followers was Szymon Szymonowic (Simonides). He introduced in his Sielanki (1614; “Idylls”) a poetic genre that was to retain its vitality until the end of the 19th century. These pastoral poems exemplify the processes of imitation, adaptation, and assimilation by which Renaissance writers brought foreign models into…

Simonides of Ceos was a Greek poet, noted for his lyric poetry, elegiacs, and epigrams; he was an uncle of the Greek lyric poet Bacchylides. Simonides began writing poetry on Ceos, but he was soon called to the court of the Peisistratids (the tyrants of Athens), which was a lively cultural and

Albert-Charles Simonin was a French writer who brilliantly exploited the language of the Parisian underworld in tough, fast-talking thrillers that rivaled those of the leading American practitioners in the genre. The authenticity of Simonin’s work was guaranteed by his upbringing in La Chapelle

Damon Albarn: …also featured former Clash bassist Paul Simonon, and the eponymously titled Rocket Juice & the Moon (2012), which employed the Red Hot Chili Peppers’ Flea on bass.

the Chemical Brothers: Ed Simons (b. June 9, 1970, London, England) and Tom Rowlands (b. January 11, 1971, Oxfordshire) met at Manchester University in 1989. Already fans of hip-hop, the pair quickly became avid participants in the “Madchester” rave scene, then buzzing thanks to the synergy of house…

Menno Simons was a Dutch priest and an early leader of the peaceful wing of Dutch Anabaptism, whose followers formed the Mennonite church. Little is known about Menno’s early life. He was born into a Dutch peasant family, and his father’s name was Simon. At an early age he was enrolled in a

Raf Simons is a Belgian fashion designer who worked for various labels, notably serving as creative director of Jil Sander (2005–12), as artistic director of Christian Dior (2012–15), as chief creative officer of Calvin Klein (2016–18), and as cocreative director of Prada (2020– ). Simons studied

Walter Simons was a German jurist who served as interim president of the Weimar Republic, from March to May 1925. After serving in the German foreign ministry from 1911 to 1921, he became president of the German Supreme Court (1922–29). When President Friedrich Ebert died, Simons became temporary

Lee Simonson was a designer influential in freeing American stage design from constraints imposed by traditional realism. In 1915, after studying at Harvard University and in Paris, Simonson began designing sets for the Washington Square Players in New York. Four years later, he helped found the

Thor: The Simonson era: Fan favourite Walt Simonson took over as writer and penciller of Thor in 1983 with issue no. 337. In his first issue, Simonson upended the established order by having Thor suffer defeat at the hands of a bizarre-looking alien called Beta Ray Bill. In a stunning twist,…

Simon’s Town, town and naval base, Western Cape province, South Africa. It is located on the eastern side of the Cape Peninsula, on False Bay of the Atlantic Ocean, 25 miles (40 km) south of Cape Town. Named for Governor Simon van der Stel, it was a Dutch naval anchorage from 1741, and its harbour

Simon’s Town, town and naval base, Western Cape province, South Africa. It is located on the eastern side of the Cape Peninsula, on False Bay of the Atlantic Ocean, 25 miles (40 km) south of Cape Town. Named for Governor Simon van der Stel, it was a Dutch naval anchorage from 1741, and its harbour

Menno Simons was a Dutch priest and an early leader of the peaceful wing of Dutch Anabaptism, whose followers formed the Mennonite church. Little is known about Menno’s early life. He was born into a Dutch peasant family, and his father’s name was Simon. At an early age he was enrolled in a

simony, buying or selling of something spiritual or closely connected with the spiritual. More widely, it is any contract of this kind forbidden by divine or ecclesiastical law. The name is taken from Simon Magus (Acts 8:18), who endeavoured to buy from the Apostles the power of conferring the

Charles Simonyi is a Hungarian-born American software executive and space tourist. Simonyi left Hungary in 1966 to work at the Danish computer company Regnecentralen. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, with a degree in engineering mathematics and later earned a doctorate in

Charles Simonyi is a Hungarian-born American software executive and space tourist. Simonyi left Hungary in 1966 to work at the Danish computer company Regnecentralen. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, with a degree in engineering mathematics and later earned a doctorate in

Hungary: Revolution, counterrevolution, and the regency, 1918–45: …the Smallholders), took office under Sándor Simonyi-Semadam.

simoom, extremely hot and dry local wind in Arabia and the Sahara. Its temperature often reaches 55 °C (about 130 °F), and the humidity of the air sometimes falls below 10 percent. It is caused by intensive ground heating under a cloudless sky. Simoom is an Arabic word that means “poison wind.” It

phoenix: …phoenix was identified with the ʿanqāʾ (Persian: sīmorgh), a huge mysterious bird (probably a heron) that was originally created by God with all perfections but thereafter became a plague and was killed.

Henri-René Lenormand: Lenormand’s play Le Simoun (1920; “The Simoom”) depicts the demoralizing influence of the life and climate of the tropics on a European man who becomes obsessed with an incestuous passion for his adult daughter. Le Lâche (1925; “The Coward”) is a psychological study of fear in a…

Prince Paul Karadjordjević: Dušan Simović and other air force officers. Paul fled to Greece, where he was captured by British forces. He spent the remainder of the war interred in Kenya and South Africa. After the war, he was declared an enemy of the state by the communist…

Langston Hughes: Semple, familiarly called Simple, who appeared in Hughes’s columns in the Chicago Defender and the New York Post and later in book form and on the stage. The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, edited by Arnold Rampersad and David Roessel, appeared in 1994. Some of his political exchanges…

Nathaniel Ward: …with the Mosaic law, and The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America (1647), a vigorously written pamphlet defending the status quo and attacking, among other things, tolerance.

continued fraction: In a simple continued fraction (SCF), all the bi are equal to 1 and all the ai are positive integers. An SCF is written, in the compact form, [a0; a1, a2, a3, …]. If the number of terms ai is finite, the SCF is said to terminate,…

meteorite crater: The impact-cratering process: …resulting landform is called a simple crater. The smallest craters require no more than a few seconds to form completely, whereas craters that are tens of kilometres wide probably form in a few minutes.

dislocation: A dislocation is called simple when the joint surfaces are not exposed to the air; it is called compound when the joint surfaces are exposed by the destruction of overlying skin or by the end of a bone piercing the skin.

Linda Ronstadt: Ronstadt published the autobiographies Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir (2013) and Feels Like Home: A Song for the Sonoran Borderlands (2022; cowritten with Lawrence Downes); the latter also included recipes.

Oceanic art and architecture: Australia: …engravings and paintings in the Simple Figurative style are widely found at sites in the north, east, and west of Australia but rarely in the interior. The style apparently followed the Panaramittee, but it cannot be dated precisely. It is characterized by somewhat loose silhouettes of human and animal forms…

arithmetic: Rational numbers: …n/d and is called a common fraction. It may be considered as the quotient of n divided by d. The number d is called the denominator (it determines the fractional unit or denomination), and n is called the numerator (it enumerates the number of fractional units that are taken). The…

fracture: A fracture is called simple (closed) when the overlying skin is not broken and the bone is not exposed to the air; it is called compound (open) when the bone is exposed. When a bone weakened by disease breaks from a minor stress, it is termed a pathological fracture.…

economic integration: Simple free-trade area: The most basic type of economic integration is a simple free-trade area. In this form, attention is focused almost exclusively on a reduction of the tariffs and quotas that restrict trade. Emphasis is placed almost entirely on increasing the exchange of goods.…

angiosperm: Fruits: Simple fruits develop from a single carpel or from a compound ovary. Aggregate fruits consist of several separate carpels of one apocarpous gynoecium (e.g., raspberries where each unit is a single carpel). Multiple fruits consist of the gynoecia of more than one flower and represent…

goitre: …common type of goitre is endemic goitre, caused by iodine deficiency. Iodine is an essential nutrient that is required for the production of thyroid hormone. When iodine intake is low, thyroid hormone production is low, and in response the pituitary gland secretes greater quantities of the hormone thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone,…

graph theory: …two vertices is called a simple graph. Unless stated otherwise, graph is assumed to refer to a simple graph. When each vertex is connected by an edge to every other vertex, the graph is called a complete graph. When appropriate, a direction may be assigned to each edge to produce…

algebra: New challenges and perspectives: …subgroups is known as a simple group. Simple groups are the basic components of group theory, and since Galois’s time it was known that the general quintic was unsolvable by radicals because its Galois group was simple. However, a full characterization of simple groups remained unattainable until a major breakthrough…

numerals and numeral systems: Simple grouping systems: In its pure form a simple grouping system is an assignment of special names to the small numbers, the base b, and its powers b2, b3, and so on, up to a power bk large enough to represent all numbers actually required…

halide mineral: The simple halides are salts of the alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals. Most are soluble in water; the transition-metal halides are unstable under exposure to air. Halite, sodium chloride (NaCl), is the most familiar example; it often occurs with other evaporite minerals in enormous beds…

halide mineral: …modes of occurrence, include the simple halides, the halide complexes, and the oxyhydroxy-halides.

simple harmonic motion, in physics, repetitive movement back and forth through an equilibrium, or central, position, so that the maximum displacement on one side of this position is equal to the maximum displacement on the other side. The time interval of each complete vibration is the same. The

mechanics: Simple harmonic oscillations: The potential energy of a harmonic oscillator, equal to the work an outside agent must do to push the mass from zero to x, is U = 1 2 kx 2. Thus, the total initial energy in the situation described above is 1 2 kA 2; and since the kinetic…

epistemology: Rationalism and empiricism: …dragon can be reduced to simple concepts (such as wings, the body of a snake, the head of a horse), all of which derive from impressions. On such a view, the mind is still considered primarily passive, but it is conceded that the mind has the power to combine simple…

angiosperm: Leaves: …petiole, the leaf is called simple. Simple leaves may be variously lobed along their margins. The margins of simple leaves may be entire and smooth or they may be lobed in various ways. The coarse teeth of dentate margins project at right angles, while those of serrate margins point toward…

statistics: Regression model: In simple linear regression, the model used to describe the relationship between a single dependent variable y and a single independent variable x is y = β0 + β1x + ε. β0 and β1 are referred to as the model parameters, and ε is a probabilistic…

simple machine, any of several devices with few or no moving parts that are used to modify motion and the magnitude of a force in order to perform work. They are the simplest mechanisms known that can use leverage (or mechanical advantage) to increase force. The simple machines are the inclined

mastectomy: Other mastectomy methods include simple mastectomy, or the removal of only the breast; simple mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection; and local incision, sometimes called “lumpectomy,” in which only the tumour is removed.

crystal: Metallic bonds: The simple metals are bonded with sp-electrons. The electrons of these metal atoms are in filled atomic shells except for a few electrons that are in unfilled sp-shells. The electrons from the unfilled shells are detached from the metal ion and are free to wander throughout…

metre: Simple metres are duple (e.g., 22, 24), triple (34, 38), or quadruple (44, 48). Compound metres are also duple (6

microscope: The simple microscope: The simple microscope consists of a single lens traditionally called a loupe. The most familiar present-day example is a reading or magnifying glass. Present-day higher-magnification lenses are often made with two glass elements that produce a colour-corrected image. They can be…

law of multiple proportions, statement that when two elements combine with each other to form more than one compound, the weights of one element that combine with a fixed weight of the other are in a ratio of small whole numbers. For example, there are five distinct oxides of nitrogen, and the

oxide mineral: …minerals can be grouped as simple oxides and multiple oxides. Simple oxides are a combination of one metal or semimetal and oxygen, whereas multiple oxides have two nonequivalent metal sites. The oxide structures are usually based on cubic or hexagonal close-packing of oxygen atoms with the octahedral or tetrahedral sites…

Annie Ernaux: …works as Passion simple (1991; A Simple Passion), a bestseller in France that describes the obsessive affair she had with a married diplomat, years after her own marriage had ended. It was lauded for its finesse in skirting the usual clichés of illicit love affairs and for uncovering the tensions…

mechanics: Motion of a pendulum: …period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is proportional to the square root of its length and does not depend on its mass.

Sam Raimi: The Quick and the Dead and A Simple Plan: …next projects, the crime drama A Simple Plan (1998) and the baseball romance For the Love of the Game (1999), were stylistic departures, but the former was a critical hit, and it earned a pair of Academy Award nominations.

pneumothorax: …be described as either a simple pneumothorax, without effects on the heart or mediastinal structures, or as a tension pneumothorax, which is a life-threatening condition. Tension pneumothorax can occur as a result of trauma, lung infection, or medical procedures, such as high-pressure mechanical ventilation, chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),…

statistics: Sampling and sampling distributions: …most fundamental type is a simple random sample.

public opinion: Probability sampling: …of probability sampling, known as random sampling, requires that each member of the universe have an equal chance of being selected. This could be accomplished by assigning a number to each person in the universe or writing each person’s name on a slip of paper, placing all the numbered or…

culture: Evolution of minding: First is the simple reflexive stage, in which behaviour is determined by the intrinsic properties of both the organism and the thing reacted to—for example, the contraction of the pupil of the eye under increased stimulation by light. Second is the conditioned reflex stage, in which the response…

schizophrenia: Schizophrenia subtypes: The simple or undifferentiated subtype of schizophrenia typically is characterized by an insidious and gradual reduction in external relations and interests. The patient’s emotions lack depth, and ideation is simple and refers to concrete things. There are a relative absence of mental activity, a progressive lessening in the…

monosaccharide, any of the basic compounds that serve as the building blocks of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones; that is, they are molecules with more than one hydroxyl group (―OH), and a carbonyl group (C=O) either at the terminal carbon atom (aldose) or at the

history of logic: The theory of supposition: …to do with persons), (2) simple supposition, and (3) material supposition. These types are illustrated, respectively, by the occurrences of the term horse in the statements “Every horse is an animal” (in which the term horse refers to individual horses), “Horse is a species” (in which the term refers to…

clarinet: The simple, or Albert, system, named for its Brussels maker, Eugène Albert, is a modernization of the earlier 13-key system of the clarinetist-builder Iwan Müller. It is used in German-speaking countries, with a complex accretion of auxiliary keywork but with conservative features in bore, mouthpiece, and reed (the…

heredity: Repetitive DNA: Microsatellite DNA is composed of tandem repeats of two nucleotide pairs that are dispersed throughout the genome. Minisatellite DNA, sometimes called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs), is composed of blocks of longer repeats also dispersed throughout the genome. There is no known function for satellite…

metre: Simple metres are duple (e.g., 22, 24), triple (34, 38), or quadruple (44, 48). Compound metres are also duple (6

angiosperm: Vegetative structures: …performing only one function are simple tissues, while those composed of more than one cell type and performing more than one function, such as support and conduction, are complex tissues. Xylem and phloem are examples of complex tissues.

sound: Dynamic range of the ear: …varying absolute intensities of a pure tone that has the same loudness to the ear at various frequencies. The determination of each curve, labeled by its loudness level in phons, involves the subjective judgment of a large number of people and is therefore an average statistical result. However, the curves…

fat: Chemical composition of fats: Simple triglycerides are those in which each molecule of glycerol is combined with three molecules of one acid—e.g., tripalmitin, C3H5(OCOC15H31)3, the glyceryl ester of palmitic acid, C15H31COOH. Only a few of the glycerides occurring in nature are of the simple type; most are mixed triglycerides…

wave: Wind waves and swell: …starts with the concept of simple waves, those forming a strictly periodic pattern with one wavelength and one wave period and propagating in one direction. Real waves, however, always have a more irregular appearance. They may be described as composite waves, in which a whole spectrum of wavelengths, or periods,…

Michael Ritchie: Later work: After the little-seen fantasy A Simple Wish (1997), Ritchie helmed Comfort, Texas (1997), a made-for-TV movie. His final directing credits were two episodes (1999) of the television series Beggars and Choosers.

telenovela: The Peruvian telenovela Simplemente María (1969–71; “Simply Maria”)—which centered on a main character who moved from a rural area to Lima, put herself through night school, became a seamstress, and eventually launched a successful fashion line—not only attracted audiences but also was credited with increased rural-to-urban migration and…

simplex method, standard technique in linear programming for solving an optimization problem, typically one involving a function and several constraints expressed as inequalities. The inequalities define a polygonal region, and the solution is typically at one of the vertices. The simplex method is

mammal: The female tract: Higher primates have a simplex uterus in which there is no separation between the horns and thus a single chamber.

Elizabeth Stern: …linking a specific virus (herpes simplex virus) to a specific cancer (cervical cancer). For another phase of her research she studied a group of more than 10,000 Los Angeles county women who were clients of the county’s public family planning clinics. In a 1973 article in the journal Science,…

caricature and cartoon: Germany: …of the Munich satirical publication Simplicissimus (from 1896) were all somewhat influenced by Toulouse-Lautrec in their use of white space, spatters, and often random outline; they all commented on those features of German life that were most disliked outside Germany—the didactic professor, the tourist, and the military dandy. Their caricatures…

Simplicissimus, novel by Hans Jacob Christoph von Grimmelshausen, the first part of which was published in 1669 as Der abentheurliche Simplicissimus Teutsch (“The Adventurous Simplicissimus Teutsch”). Considered one of the most significant works of German literature, it contains a satirical and

history of logic: Categorical forms: …to be converted “simply” (simpliciter). But propositions of form A cannot be converted in this way; if every β is an α, it does not follow that every α is a β. It does follow, however, that some α is a β. Such propositions, which can be converted provided…

Simplicius Of Cilicia was a Greek philosopher whose learned commentaries on Aristotle’s De caelo (“On the Heavens”), Physics, De anima (“On the Soul”), and Categories are considered important, both for their original content and for the fact that they contain many valuable fragments of pre-Socratic

Saint Simplicius ; feast day March 10) was pope from 468 to 483. He became Pope St. Hilary’s successor on March 3, 468, during a period that was turbulent ecclesiastically and politically. During Simplicius’ pontificate the Eastern church was torn between orthodoxy and Monophysitism, a doctrine

Simplon Pass, mountain pass in southern Switzerland between the Pennine and Lepontine Alps at 6,581 ft (2,006 m) on the watershed between a north-flowing tributary of the Rhône and a south-flowing tributary of the Toce. It was not until the mid-13th century that the pass attained any importance as

Simplon Tunnel, railway tunnel from Iselle, Italy, to Brig, Switzerland, one of the longest railway tunnels in the world and one of history’s great engineering feats. Running about 20 km (12.5 miles) long, it was the largest of the great Alpine tunnels when it opened to traffic in 1906. The Simplon

Orient-Express, luxury train that ran from Paris to Constantinople (Istanbul) for more than 80 years (1883–1977). Europe’s first transcontinental express, it initially covered a route of more than 1,700 miles (about 2,740 km) that included brief stopovers in such cities as Munich, Vienna, Budapest,

bridge: Beam: …supports, it is called a simply supported beam bridge. If two or more beams are joined rigidly together over supports, the bridge becomes continuous.

number game: Mazes: …detached walls—the maze is “simply connected”; otherwise the maze is “multiply connected.” A classic general method of “threading a maze” is to designate a place where there is a choice of turning as a node; a path or node that has not yet been entered as a “new” path…

African literature: Zulu: …Zulu history are Muntu ’s uSimpofu (1969); L.S. Luthango’s uMohlomi (1938), a biography of Mohlomi, the adviser of the Sotho chief Moshoeshoe; and Imithi ephundliwe (1968; “Barked Trees”), an imaginative work by Moses Hlela and Christopher Nkosi based on the Zulu War. The historical trickster Chakijana, who became famous during…

sifaka: The larger diademed sifaka (P. diadema), silky sifaka (P. candidus), and Milne-Edwards’s sifaka (P. edwardsi) live in the rainforests of eastern Madagascar. Milne-Edwards’s sifaka is black or brown, generally with a white patch on the back and flanks, whereas the diademed sifaka, or simpoon, has a beautiful…

Simpson Desert, largely uninhabited arid region covering some 55,000 square miles (143,000 square km) in central Australia. Situated mainly in the southeastern corner of the Northern Territory, it overlaps into Queensland and South Australia and is bounded by the Finke River (west), the MacDonnell

Simpson Desert: …it from South Australia are Simpson Desert Conservation Park (1967), covering 2,675 square miles (6,927 square km), and Simpson Desert Regional Reserve (1988), which stretches over 11,445 square miles (29,642 square km) of the desert’s vast southern plains. The 3,000-square-mile (7,770-square-km) Witjira National Park (1985), also in northern South Australia,…

Simpson Desert: Simpson Desert National Park (1967) occupies 3,907 square miles (10,120 square km) in western Queensland. Adjoining it from South Australia are Simpson Desert Conservation Park (1967), covering 2,675 square miles (6,927 square km), and Simpson Desert Regional Reserve (1988), which stretches over 11,445 square miles…

Simpson Desert: …miles (6,927 square km), and Simpson Desert Regional Reserve (1988), which stretches over 11,445 square miles (29,642 square km) of the desert’s vast southern plains. The 3,000-square-mile (7,770-square-km) Witjira National Park (1985), also in northern South Australia, covers an area on the western edge of the desert.

Portia Simpson Miller is a Jamaican politician who served as the country’s first female prime minister (2006–07; 2012–16). Portia Simpson received her early education at Marlie Hill Primary School and St. Martin’s High School. After her graduation from high school, she studied at the Jamaica

Simpson’s paradox, in statistics, an effect that occurs when the marginal association between two categorical variables is qualitatively different from the partial association between the same two variables after controlling for one or more other variables. Simpson’s paradox is important for three

Christian and Missionary Alliance: …developed from the work of Albert B. Simpson (died 1919), a Presbyterian minister who left Presbyterianism to become an independent evangelist in New York City. In 1887 Simpson and others organized two societies, one for domestic activities and one for foreign missions, which were merged to form the Christian and…

permafrost: Effects of climate: …mean annual air temperatures at Cape Simpson and Prudhoe Bay are similar, but permafrost thickness is 275 metres (about 900 feet) at Cape Simpson and about 650 metres (about 2,130 feet) at Prudhoe Bay because rocks at Prudhoe Bay are more siliceous and have a higher conductivity and a lower…