SIV: SIV vaccines: with either SIVmac251, SIVsmE660, or SIVmac239, which share key features with HIV-1, the predominant human virus. In the 1990s, studies in macaques revealed that vaccines made from specific strains of live attenuated SIV could provide near-complete protection against infection with those strains. However, the development of preventative SIV vaccines that…

SIV: SIV vaccines: …using macaques infected with either SIVmac251, SIVsmE660, or SIVmac239, which share key features with HIV-1, the predominant human virus. In the 1990s, studies in macaques revealed that vaccines made from specific strains of live attenuated SIV could provide near-complete protection against infection with those strains. However, the development of preventative…

SIV: SIV vaccines: infected with either SIVmac251, SIVsmE660, or SIVmac239, which share key features with HIV-1, the predominant human virus. In the 1990s, studies in macaques revealed that vaccines made from specific strains of live attenuated SIV could provide near-complete protection against infection with those strains. However, the development of preventative SIV…

Shiva, one of the main deities of Hinduism, whom Shaivites worship as the supreme god. Among his common epithets are Shambhu (“Benign”), Shankara (“Beneficent”), Mahesha (“Great Lord”), and Mahadeva (“Great God”). Shiva is represented in a variety of forms: in a pacific mood with his consort

Siwa Oasis, oasis in Maṭrūḥ muḥāfaẓah (governorate), western Egypt. It lies near the Libyan frontier, 350 miles (560 km) west-southwest of Cairo. The oasis is 6 miles (10 km) long by 4–5 miles (6–8 km) wide and has about 200 springs. Two rock outcrops provide the sites of the old walled settlements

tidal power: Electricity generation potential: …in the world is the Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station in South Korea, which generates 254 MW of electricity. A tidal barrage power station at La Rance in France has been operating since the 1960s, with 240 MW of capacity; its typical output is 0.5 terawatt-hour per year. Larger electricity…

Siwalik Range, sub-Himalayan range of the northern Indian subcontinent. It extends west-northwestward for more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from the Tista River in Sikkim state, northeastern India, through Nepal, across northwestern India, and into northern Pakistan. Though only 10 miles (16 km)

Siwalik Range, sub-Himalayan range of the northern Indian subcontinent. It extends west-northwestward for more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from the Tista River in Sikkim state, northeastern India, through Nepal, across northwestern India, and into northern Pakistan. Though only 10 miles (16 km)

Himalayas: Geologic history: The formations of the Siwalik Series were overthrust and folded, and in between the Lesser Himalayas downwarped to shape the midlands. Now barred from flowing due south, most minor rivers ran east or west through structural weaknesses in the midlands until they could break through the new southern barrier…

Siwan, city, northwestern Bihar state, northeastern India. It lies on the eastern bank of the Daha River about 40 miles (65 km) northwest of Chapra. The city’s name is derived from savayana (Sanskrit: “bier”); according to legend, the bier of the Buddha, during its journey to Kusinara (now Kasia,

Sudan: Nimeiri’s overthrow and its aftermath: ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Siwar al-Dahab. Although the new military government held elections in 1986 that returned Ṣādiq al-Mahdī as prime minister, the next three years were characterized by political instability, indecisive leadership, party manipulations resulting in short-lived coalitions, and abortive attempts to reach a peaceful settlement…

Macbeth: In 1046 Siward, earl of Northumbria, unsuccessfully attempted to dethrone Macbeth in favour of Malcolm (afterward King Malcolm III Canmore), eldest son of Duncan I. By 1050 Macbeth felt secure enough to leave Scotland for a pilgrimage to Rome. But in 1054 he was apparently forced by…

Sigfrid Siwertz was a Swedish writer best known for the novel Selambs (1920; Downstream) and for his short stories. Siwertz studied at the University of Uppsala and the Collège de France in Paris. His early works display the decadence and pessimism typical of turn-of-the-century Swedish literature.

Sigfrid Siwertz was a Swedish writer best known for the novel Selambs (1920; Downstream) and for his short stories. Siwertz studied at the University of Uppsala and the Collège de France in Paris. His early works display the decadence and pessimism typical of turn-of-the-century Swedish literature.

number symbolism: 6: By a wonderful conjunction of mathematical coincidences, 6 is both the sum (1 + 2 + 3) and the product (1 × 2 × 3) of the first three numbers. It is therefore considered “perfect.” In mathematics, a perfect number is one that equals…

Rei Kawakubo: …she launched her own magazine, Six, a biannual large-format publication that displayed her seasonal collections. Intended as a reference to the sixth sense, Six was as much a contemporary art and ideas journal as a fashion magazine. Most issues contained no words, only illustrations, art, and photography, including that of…

United Kingdom: The political situation: The Six Acts of 1819, associated with Henry Addington, Viscount Sidmouth, the home secretary, were designed to reduce disturbances and to check the extension of radical propaganda and organization. They provoked sharp criticism even from the more moderate Whigs as well as from the radicals, and…

Japanese pottery: Kamakura and Muromachi periods (1192–1573): …more important known as the Six Ancient Kilns of Japan. These were Seto; Tokoname (also in Aichi prefecture), which may have exceeded Seto in the size of its production; Bizen (Okayama prefecture), which produced an excellent unglazed stoneware from the Heian period to the 20th century; Tamba (Kyōto prefecture);

Thomas Cranmer: Archbishop of Canterbury: …far from comfortable after the Act of Six Articles (1539), which attacked those advocating marriage of the clergy and those denying transubstantiation, and Cromwell’s fall in 1540.

history of Europe: Political, economic, and social background: …able to write, in his Six Books of the Commonweal, that the king of France had absolute sovereignty because he alone in the kingdom had the power to give law unto all of his subjects in general and to every one of them in particular.

Aristarchus of Samos: In his manuscript of Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs (1543), Copernicus cited Aristarchus as an ancient authority who had espoused the motion of Earth. However, Copernicus later crossed out this reference, and Aristarchus’s theory was not mentioned in the published book.

Nicetas of Remesiana: …his principal doctrinal work, the Competentibus ad baptismum instructionis libelli sex (“Six Books of Instructions for Baptismal Candidates”). The lengthy excerpts from this catechetical series, particularly “On the Meaning of Faith,” “On the Power of the Holy Spirit,” and the “Commentary on the Apostolic-Nicene Creed,” indicate that Nicetas stressed the…

Stoicism: Revival of Stoicism in modern times: …civilis doctrinae libri sex (1589; Six Books of Politics or Political Instruction) were widely known in many editions and translations. His defense of Stoic doctrine in Manuductio ad Stoicam Philosophiam (1604; Digest of Stoic Philosophy) and Physiologia Stoicorum (1604; Physics of the Stoics) provided the basis for the considerable Stoic…

Hugo Weisgall: …completed his first full-length opera, Six Characters in Search of an Author, an adaptation of Luigi Pirandello’s play by that name. His next opera, Purgatory (1958), based on a poem by William Butler Yeats, marked his first attempt at 12-tone composition, an atonal musical style that characterized much of his…

Six Characters in Search of an Author, play in three acts by Luigi Pirandello, produced and published in Italian in 1921 as Sei personaggi in cerca d’autore. Introducing Pirandello’s device of the “theatre within the theatre,” the play explores various levels of illusion and reality. It had a great

Sir William Fox: …leading up to the constitution, The Six Colonies of New Zealand, was published in 1851.

Gena Rowlands: …younger daughter, Zoe Cassavetes), and Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks (2014).

Kevin Bacon: Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon: …1990s) gave rise to the Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon, the game created by a group of students at Albright College in Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1994. Based on the concept of six degrees of separation—the idea that any human being is six or fewer social connections removed from any other…

American literature: The Off-Broadway ascendancy: …and fresh social drama in Six Degrees of Separation (1990); and Ntozake Shange, whose “choreopoem” For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide/When the Rainbow Is Enuf moved to Broadway in 1976. Other well-received women playwrights included Marsha Norman, Beth Henley, Tina Howe, and

John Guare: …1993 adaptation of his play Six Degrees of Separation.

Six Dynasties, (ad 220–589), in China, the period between the end of the Han dynasty in ad 220 and the final conquest of South China (589) by the Sui (established in 581 in North China). The name is derived from the six successive dynasties of South China that had their capitals at Jianye (later

Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, baron de l’Aulne: Ministry: He introduced his Six Edicts in 1776. Four of them (suppressing certain dues and offices) were of no great importance, and the fifth (suppressing the guilds of Paris) encountered no serious opposition. It was against the sixth edict, that abolishing the corvée, that his enemies, who defended privilege,…

Six Feet Under, highly praised American television drama that aired on HBO for five seasons (2001–05) and won numerous awards, including nine Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. Created by Alan Ball, who won an Academy Award for his screenplay for American Beauty (1999), Six Feet Under

Santa Clarita: …the largest single employer is Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park, which opened in 1971. The city is the seat of the California Institute of the Arts (1961) and several other colleges. The William S. Hart Ranch and Museum contains art and exhibits with western themes. Castaic Lake is a…

roller coaster: Introduction of steel coasters: …which arrived in 1966 at Six Flags over Texas. Toomer, who designed some 80 rides for Arrow, worked on the company’s helix-shaped corkscrew coaster, which first appeared at Knott’s Berry Farm (Buena Park, Calif.) in 1975. It added 360-degree rolls to the coaster design canon—the first inversion of the modern…

Gregory Maguire: …Seven Spiders Spinning (1994) and Six Haunted Hairdos (1997) and finishing with One Final Firecracker (2005). Later children’s books included What-the-Dickens: The Story of a Rogue Tooth Fairy (2007) and Egg & Spoon (2014). In Cress Watercress (2022) a young bunny deals with the loss of her father.

Iroquois Confederacy, confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five original Iroquois nations were the Mohawk

history of Europe: Political, economic, and social background: …able to write, in his Six Books of the Commonweal, that the king of France had absolute sovereignty because he alone in the kingdom had the power to give law unto all of his subjects in general and to every one of them in particular.

Six Masters of the early Qing period, Group of major Chinese artists who worked in the 17th and early 18th centuries (Qing dynasty). Also known as “orthodox masters,” they continued the tradition of the scholar-painter, following the injunctions of the artist-critic Dong Qichang late in the Ming

Six Masters of the early Qing period, Group of major Chinese artists who worked in the 17th and early 18th centuries (Qing dynasty). Also known as “orthodox masters,” they continued the tradition of the scholar-painter, following the injunctions of the artist-critic Dong Qichang late in the Ming

Granite City, city, Madison county, southwestern Illinois, U.S. Situated on the Mississippi River just northeast of St. Louis, Missouri, it lies within that city’s metropolitan area. Granite City was first settled in the early 19th century as a farming community and known as Six Mile Prairie,

The Six Million Dollar Man, American television show, a science-fiction thriller about a secret agent whose body was equipped with a number of electromechanical aids. The show aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network for five seasons (1974–78). In The Six Million Dollar Man, Col.

Judi Dench: Her later movie credits included Six Minutes to Midnight, a World War II drama, and the comedy Blithe Spirit (both 2020), which was based on a Noël Coward play. For her performance in Branagh’s Belfast (2021), a drama inspired by his childhood during the Troubles in Northern Ireland, Dench earned…

Nellie Bly: …articles were subsequently collected in Six Months in Mexico (1888).

Éric Rohmer: …scripts were later published as Six Moral Tales (1977).

Iroquois Confederacy, confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five original Iroquois nations were the Mohawk

Six Nations Championship, annual rugby competition between the national teams of the six most prominent European rugby-playing countries (England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales). It is the most significant international rugby competition that takes place solely in the Northern

George Burns: …Broadcast (1932), International House (1933), Six of a Kind (1934), Love in Bloom (1935), and College Swing (1938). A Damsel in Distress (1937) provided the team with their best screen roles; the film is particularly memorable for two intricate dance routines performed by Burns, Allen, and Fred Astaire.

Agreed Framework: …larger process known as the Six Party Talks, which included the U.S, South Korea, Japan, China, and Russia.

Muqi Fachang: …paintings associated with Muqi include Six Persimmons; a triptych with a white-robed Guanyin at the centre flanked on either side by a scroll of monkeys and a crane; and a surviving set of four sections of an original set of Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers. However the…

Anton Webern: Legacy of Anton Webern: …even “programmatic,” such as the Six Pieces for Orchestra (1909), which, according to the composer himself, describe episodes connected with his mother’s death. Formal plans, revealing definite extramusical associations, preface sketches to various instrumental compositions, even in the later period. Similarly, literary affinities result in a preponderance of vocal works.

art criticism: …century), who offered the “Six Principles” for great art—a major principle being the qi yun sheng dong (“spirit resonance, life-motion”)—and to literati, who wrote biographies of great artists. For these and other regional approaches to art evaluation and historiography, see art, African; arts, Central Asian; arts, East Asian; arts,

Adolfo Bioy Casares: …para Don Isidro Parodi (1942; Six Problems for Don Isidro Parodi) and Crónicas de Bustos Domecq (1967; Chronicles of Bustos Domecq), both of which satirize a variety of Argentine personalities. The two also edited Los mejores cuentos policiales (1943; “The Greatest Detective Stories”), a two-volume book of gaucho poetry (Poesía…

āstika, in Indian philosophy, any orthodox school of thought, defined as one that accepts the authority of the Vedas (sacred scriptures of ancient India); the superiority of the Brahmans (the class of priests), who are the expositors of the law (dharma); and a society made up of the four

Chinese writing: Characteristics: …characters into six types (called liu shu, “six scripts”), the most common of which is xingsheng, a type of character that combines a semantic element (called a radical) with a phonetic element intended to remind the reader of the word’s pronunciation. The phonetic element is usually a contracted form of…

Lucy Lippard: Publication of Six Years (1973), an innovative book she edited and annotated to record the contemporaneous evolution of conceptual art, further cemented her reputation.

Les Six, group of early 20th-century French composers whose music represents a strong reaction against the heavy German Romanticism of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss, as well as against the chromaticism and lush orchestration of Claude Debussy. Les Six were Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc,

Continental Airlines, Inc.: …came under the control of Robert Forman Six (president 1938–82), who gave the airline the name Continental and, in the following decades, transformed the shoestring operation into one of the major American transportation companies, headquartered first in Denver and then (from 1963) in Los Angeles, California. By the 1970s it…

six-day race, form of indoor bicycle racing in which riders race continuously for six days with only brief stops for rest and refreshment. The contestant who covers the greatest distance in the allotted time is the winner. This type of competition achieved early popularity in the United States,

Six-Day War, brief war that took place June 5–10, 1967, and was the third of the Arab-Israeli wars. Israel’s decisive victory included the capture of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Old City of Jerusalem, and Golan Heights; the status of these territories subsequently became a major

spider: Annotated classification: Family Sicariidae (six-eyed crab spiders) About 130 species of Southern Hemisphere deserts; includes genus Loxosceles (recluse spiders). Large, 6 eyes, low carapace; legs extended toward sides; burrow in sand. Family Theridiosomatidae (ray spiders) More than 100 species. Globular abdomen; high

hexatonic scale, musical scale containing six different tones within an octave. Using the syllables ut, re, me, fa, sol, and la to refer to the pitches, the 11th-century Italian theorist Guido d’Arezzo identified three hexatonic scales—which he called hexachords—built of whole- and half-step

bezique: …four (rubicon bezique), six (Chinese bezique), and even eight decks. Bezique all but died out in the 20th century under the pressure of rummy games, which are quicker and simpler.

Texas Rangers: They made the six-shooter (the Colt revolver) the weapon of the West, and at their peak in the 1870s they effectively brought law and order to hundreds of miles of Texas frontier. Although their importance declined in the 20th century, the Rangers have assumed a prominent position in Texas legend…

leafhopper: The six-spotted leafhopper (Macrosteles fascifrons) is greenish yellow with six black spots. It produces several generations per year. It infects asters and other garden plants and transmits aster yellow virus, which causes excessive branching, stunted growth, and foliage to turn yellow.

tiger beetle: The six-spotted tiger beetle (C. sexguttata), which is a commonly occurring species in eastern North America, is distinguished by its shiny bluish green colour and by six white markings on its elytra.

hexatonic scale, musical scale containing six different tones within an octave. Using the syllables ut, re, me, fa, sol, and la to refer to the pitches, the 11th-century Italian theorist Guido d’Arezzo identified three hexatonic scales—which he called hexachords—built of whole- and half-step

social network: Early pioneers: com and SixDegrees.com. Classmates.com, founded in 1995, used an aggressive pop-up advertising campaign to draw Web surfers to its site. It based its social network on the existing connection between members of high school and college graduating classes, armed service branches, and workplaces. SixDegrees.com was the first…

Philadelphia 76ers, American professional basketball team based in Philadelphia. The franchise has won three National Basketball Association championships (1955, 1967, and 1983) and has advanced to the NBA finals on nine occasions. Often referred to simply as the Sixers, the team is the oldest

O. Henry: …three more collected volumes appeared: Sixes and Sevens (1911), Rolling Stones (1912), and Waifs and Strays (1917). Later seven fugitive stories and poems, O. Henryana (1920), Letters to Lithopolis (1922), and two collections of his early work on the Houston Post, Postscripts (1923) and

quasicrystal: Translational periodicity and symmetry: …Figure 1 has axes of sixfold rotational symmetry passing through each atomic position. The arrows represent translational symmetries of this crystalline structure. That is, if the entire array of atoms is displaced along one of these arrows, say the one labeled a, all new atomic positions coincide with the locations…

Jennifer Johnston: …an Irish family’s struggles, and A Sixpenny Song (2013) centres on a woman who uncovers family secrets after inheriting her estranged father’s house following his death. She also wrote short stories and plays, such as Three Monologues: Twinkletoes; Mustn’t Forget High Noon; Christine (1995) and The Desert Lullaby: A Play…

France: The Wars of Religion: …a central committee called the Sixteen set up a Committee of Public Safety and conducted a reign of terror in a manner similar to the much more famous one that occurred during the revolution 200 years later. Paradoxically, this genuinely populist and revolutionary element in the Holy League paved the…

number symbolism: 16: Because 16 is the square of 4, it inherits favourable attributes. It was popular in ancient India; the Vedas talk of 16-fold incantations, and the Chinese-Indian goddess Pussa has 16 arms. The Rosicrucians believed that nature consisted of 16 elements.

Brat Pack: Brat Pack films: …this definition include Class (1983), Sixteen Candles (1984), Oxford Blues (1984), Pretty in Pink (1986), Blue City (1986), About Last Night… (1986), Wisdom (1986), and Fresh Horses (1988).

China: The Shiliuguo (Sixteen Kingdoms) in the north (303–439): The term Sixteen Kingdoms traditionally denotes the plethora of short-lived non-Chinese dynasties that from 303 came to rule the whole or parts of northern China. Many ethnic groups were involved, including ancestors of the Turks (such as the Xiongnu,…

Sixteenth Amendment, amendment (1913) to the Constitution of the United States permitting a federal income tax. Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution empowers Congress to “lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare

Sixth Amendment, amendment (1791) to the Constitution of the United States, part of the Bill of Rights, that effectively established the procedures governing criminal courts. Based on the principle that justice delayed is justice denied, the amendment balances societal and individual rights in its

human nervous system: Abducens nerve (CN VI or 6): From its nucleus in the caudal pons, the abducens nerve exits the brainstem at the pons-medulla junction, pierces the dura mater, passes through the cavernous sinus close to the internal carotid artery, and exits the cranial vault via the…

Crusades: The Crusade of Frederick II: The failure of the Fifth Crusade placed a heavy responsibility on Frederick II, whose motives as a Crusader are difficult to assess. A controversial figure, he has been regarded by some as the archenemy of the popes and by others as…

Arnold Schwarzenegger: … (1990), True Lies (1994), and The 6th Day (2000).

Richard Leakey: …book with Roger Lewin was The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind (1995), in which he argued that human beings are responsible for a catastrophic reduction in the number of plant and animal species living on Earth. Leakey later collaborated with Virginia Morell to write his…

extinction: Human-induced extinctions: …to call modern times the sixth mass extinction. This high extinction rate is largely due to the exponential growth in human numbers: growing from about 1 billion in 1850, the world’s population reached 2 billion in 1930 and more than 7.8 billion in 2020 and is expected to reach about…

South Korea: Constitutional framework: …1987 is known as the Sixth Republic. The constitutional structure is patterned mainly on the presidential system of the United States and is based on separation of powers among the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The government system, highly centralized during most of South Korea’s existence, is less so…

Toni Collette: Her performance in The Sixth Sense (1999)—in which she evinced the distress of a mother whose son can see ghosts—brought her an Academy Award nomination for best supporting actress. She received a Tony Award nomination for The Wild Party (2000), her Broadway debut. Though occasionally relegated to one-dimensional…

rhythm: Time: …the second movement of Tchaikovsky’s Sixth Symphony. Rimsky-Korsakov, in Sadko, and Stravinsky, in Le Sacre du printemps, use 11 as a unit. Ravel’s piano trio opens with a signature of 88 with the internal organization 3 + 2 + 3. Folk song and folk

Alois Hába: … (1940), is written in a sixth-tone system.

Ukraine: Ukraine under Shelest: …“generation of the ’60s” (shestydesyatnyky) who, without the formative firsthand experience of Stalin’s reign of terror, experimented with themes and forms that at times provoked the ire of the preceding generation. More proscribed figures from the past were rehabilitated as literary scholars, and historians explored previously forbidden topics. New…

St. Sixtus I ; feast day April 3) was the pope from approximately 115 to about 125. He succeeded St. Alexander I and ruled the church under the Roman emperor Hadrian. Although authoritative sources vary on the dates of his pontificate, they all agree that he reigned for 9 or 10 years. Sixtus’s

St. Sixtus II ; feast day August 7) was the pope from 257 to 258, and is one of the early Roman church’s most venerated martyrs. He was elected in August 257 to succeed St. Stephen I, during whose pontificate there arose a conflict with certain Eastern churches over the rebaptism of converted

Saint Sixtus III ; feast day March 28) was the pope from 432 to 440. A chief Roman priest when he succeeded Pope St. Celestine I on July 31, 432, Sixtus had previously been suspected of favouring Pelagianism (heretical doctrine that minimized the role of divine grace in man’s salvation), but on

Sixtus IV was the pope from 1471 to 1484 who effectively made the papacy an Italian principality. Becoming a Franciscan, he subsequently taught and was chosen minister general of his order in 1464. He was made cardinal in 1467 by Pope Paul II, whom he succeeded on Aug. 9, 1471. Neither a crusader

Melozzo da Forlì: …first major work in Rome, Sixtus IV Founding the Vatican Library (completed 1477), a fresco showing the investiture of Bartolomeo Sacchi (called the Platina) as librarian to the pope, was painted in Sixtus IV’s library in the Vatican. This painting reveals Melozzo’s mastery of perspective, showing six figures—the pope and…

Sixtus V was the pope from 1585 to 1590, who reformed the Roman Curia. He entered the Franciscan order in 1533 and was ordained at Siena in 1547. He served twice (1557–60) as inquisitor general in Venice, his severity there causing his recall. Pope Pius V made him vicar general of the Franciscans

sixty-six, two-player card game, ancestral to bezique and pinochle, that was first recorded in 1718 under the name Mariagen-Spiel (German: “the marriage game”). It is still popular in Germany, even more so in Austria under the name Schnapsen (“booze”). The game uses a deck of 24 cards, ranked

Mohamed Siad Barre was the president of Somalia who held dictatorial rule over the country from October 1969, when he led a bloodless military coup against the elected government, until January 1991, when he was overthrown in a bloody civil war. Siad was born about 1919 (or earlier) into a nomadic

Arabic literature: Popular narratives: … of Arab lore (in Arabic, siyar shaʿbiyyah). These include the exploits of the legendary poet-cavalier ʿAntar (see Romance of ʿAntar), the much-traveled tribal confederacy of the Banū Hilāl, the warrior-princess Dhāt al-Himmah, and the wily ʿAlī Zaybaq. In the context of such a public tradition of multi-episodic storytelling, the status…

Zhu Shijie: …“Introduction to Mathematical Science”) and Siyuan yujian (1303; “Precious Mirror of Four Elements”). The former is an introductory mathematics textbook, proceeding from elementary arithmetic to algebraic calculations. Through its layout and progression it clearly testifies to the author’s didactic concern. Following the southern Chinese tradition of mathematics, this book contains…

siyyum, (Hebrew: “termination”), joyous celebration observed by Jews, either when a study group completes a tractate of the Talmud (rabbinic compendium of law, lore, and commentary) or when the writing of a Torah scroll (first five books of the Bible) is completed. The study of the Talmud is

Álvaro Siza is a Portuguese architect and designer whose structures, ranging from swimming pools to public housing developments, are characterized by a quiet clarity of form and function, a sensitive integration into their environment, and a purposeful engagement with both cultural and