Şäki, city, north-central Azerbaijan. It is situated on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Range. Şäki, one of the oldest cities in Azerbaijan, was a trading centre on the road to Dagestan. In the 18th and 19th centuries it served as the capital of the khanate of Sheki, which was ceded to

sake, Japanese alcoholic beverage made from fermented rice. Sake is light in colour, is noncarbonated, has a sweet flavour, and contains about 14 to 16 percent alcohol. Sake is often mistakenly called a wine because of its appearance and alcoholic content; however, it is made in a process known as

saki, any of 22 species of arboreal South American monkeys having long nonprehensile furred tails. The 16 species of “true” sakis of the genus Pithecia are approximately 30–50 cm (12–20 inches) long, not including the bushy, tapering tail of 25–55 cm (about 10–22 inches). Females generally weigh

sakia, mechanical device used to raise water from wells or pits. A sakia consists of buckets fastened to a vertical wheel or to a rope belt about the wheel, which is itself attached by a shaft to a horizontal wheel turned by horses, oxen, or asses. Sakias made of metal, wood, and stone are found

Colorado Avalanche: …defensive complement to high-scoring centres Joe Sakic and Peter Forsberg, and the Avalanche easily won another division title. In the postseason the Avs became the first relocated team to win an NHL title in its first season in its new city by sweeping the Florida Panthers in the 1996 Stanley…

sakia, mechanical device used to raise water from wells or pits. A sakia consists of buckets fastened to a vertical wheel or to a rope belt about the wheel, which is itself attached by a shaft to a horizontal wheel turned by horses, oxen, or asses. Sakias made of metal, wood, and stone are found

Halley’s Comet: …1986: two Japanese spacecraft (Sakigake and Suisei), two Soviet spacecraft (Vega 1 and Vega 2), and a European Space Agency spacecraft (Giotto) that passed only 596 km [370 miles] from the comet’s nucleus. Close-up images of the nucleus obtained by Giotto showed a dark potato-shaped object with dimensions of…

Ryukyu Islands: …central Okinawa islands, and the Sakishima islands in the south. Administratively, the Ryukyus are part of Japan, the Amami group constituting a southern extension of Kyushu’s Kagoshima prefecture (ken) and the Okinawa and Sakishima islands making up Okinawa prefecture.

Sakcagöz, village in the Southeastern Taurus Mountains some 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Gaziantep, south-central Turkey. Archaeologists first took note of Sakcagöz as the site of a Late Hittite slab relief depicting a royal lion hunt. John Garstang, a British archaeologist, traced the relief to a

Indra, in Hindu mythology, the king of the gods. He is one of the main gods of the Rigveda and is the Indo-European cousin of the German Wotan, Norse Odin, Greek Zeus, and Roman Jupiter. In early religious texts, Indra plays a variety of roles. As king, he leads cattle raids against the dasas, or

history of Mesopotamia: Administration: …in the hands of a šakkana, a man whose title is rendered partly by “governor” and partly by “general.”

Ṣaqqārah, part of the necropolis of the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis, 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Cairo and west of the modern Arab village of Ṣaqqārah. The site extends along the edge of the desert plateau for about 5 miles (8 km), bordering Abū Ṣīr to the north and Dahshūr to the south. In

sakkos, outer liturgical vestment worn by bishops of the Eastern Orthodox church. It is a short, close-fitting tunic with half sleeves, buttoned or tied with ribbons on the sides, and usually heavily embroidered. Small bells on the sleeves or sides imitate those worn by Jewish high priests. It is

Chakma, largest of the indigenous populations of Bangladesh, also settled in parts of northeastern India and in Myanmar (Burma). Their Indo-Aryan language has its own script, but the Chakma writing system has given way, for the most part, to Bengali script. The earliest history of the Chakma people

Bert Sakmann is a German medical doctor and research scientist who was a corecipient, with German physicist Erwin Neher, of the 1991 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for research into basic cell function and for their development of the patch-clamp technique—a laboratory method widely used in

Sakmarian Stage, second of the four stages of the Early Permian (Cisuralian) Epoch, encompassing all rocks deposited during the Sakmarian Age (295.5 million to 290.1 million years ago) of the Permian Period. Rocks deposited during the Sakmarian were marine sandstones, siltstones, shales, and

sakoku, a Japanese policy consisting of a series of directives implemented over several years during the Edo period (also known as the Tokugawa period; 1603–1867) that enforced self-isolation from foreign powers in the early 17th century. The directives included banning the religion of Christianity

Sakonnet River, inlet of the Atlantic Ocean extending approximately 14 miles (23 km) north to Mount Hope Bay, southeastern Rhode Island, U.S. Although called a river, the Sakonnet is actually a saltwater strait that separates Rhode (Aquidneck) Island from the mainland to the east. Sakonnet is an

Indra, in Hindu mythology, the king of the gods. He is one of the main gods of the Rigveda and is the Indo-European cousin of the German Wotan, Norse Odin, Greek Zeus, and Roman Jupiter. In early religious texts, Indra plays a variety of roles. As king, he leads cattle raids against the dasas, or

British American Tobacco PLC: …Marshall Field and Company and Saks Fifth Avenue. In 1976 the firm was reorganized as a holding company and renamed B.A.T Industries. It entered the field of financial services with the purchase, in 1989, of the insurer Farmers Group Inc. B.A.T sold its interest in Saks and Marshall Field in…

Hinduism: Shaivism: Shakti is in turn personified in the form of many different goddesses, often said to be aspects of her.

Shaktism, worship of the Hindu goddess Shakti (Sanskrit: “Power” or “Energy”). Shaktism is, together with Vaishnavism and Shaivism, one of the major forms of modern Hinduism and is especially popular in Bengal and Assam. Shakti is conceived of either as the paramount goddess or as the consort of a

Sakuma Zōzan was an early and influential proponent of Westernization in Japan whose slogan Tōyō no dōtoku, seiyō no geijutsu (“Eastern ethics, Western techniques”) became the basis of the Japanese modernization effort in the late 19th century. Sakuma’s ideas, especially as they became known

Sakuma Zōzan was an early and influential proponent of Westernization in Japan whose slogan Tōyō no dōtoku, seiyō no geijutsu (“Eastern ethics, Western techniques”) became the basis of the Japanese modernization effort in the late 19th century. Sakuma’s ideas, especially as they became known

Sakuma Zōzan was an early and influential proponent of Westernization in Japan whose slogan Tōyō no dōtoku, seiyō no geijutsu (“Eastern ethics, Western techniques”) became the basis of the Japanese modernization effort in the late 19th century. Sakuma’s ideas, especially as they became known

Sakurada Jisuke I was a kabuki dramatist who created more than 120 plays and at least 100 dance dramas. After completing his studies with Horikoshi Nisōji in 1762, Sakurada moved to Kyōto to write plays for a theatre there. On his return to Edo three years later he became chief playwright at the

Sa-skya-pa: …its name from the great Sa-skya (Sakya) monastery founded in 1073, 50 miles (80 km) north of Mount Everest. The sect follows the teachings of the noted traveler and scholar ’Brog-mi (992–1072). He translated into Tibetan the important Tantric work Hevajra Tantra, which remains one of the basic texts of…

Sa-skya-pa, Tibetan Buddhist sect that takes its name from the great Sa-skya (Sakya) monastery founded in 1073, 50 miles (80 km) north of Mount Everest. The sect follows the teachings of the noted traveler and scholar ’Brog-mi (992–1072). He translated into Tibetan the important Tantric work

Mongolia: The successor states of the Mongol empire: …sought spiritual guidance from the Sakya Pandita, leader of the Sa-skya-pa (Sakyapa; Red Hat) school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Sakya Pandita, accompanied by his nephew, Phagspa Lama, journeyed to Godan’s camp (in what is now Gansu province, China). He and Godan created a patron-priest relationship in which the Sakya Pandita,…

Buddha was the founder of Buddhism, one of the major religions and philosophical systems of southern and eastern Asia and of the world. Buddha is one of the many epithets of a teacher who lived in northern India sometime between the 6th and the 4th century before the Common Era. His followers,

Sa-skya-pa, Tibetan Buddhist sect that takes its name from the great Sa-skya (Sakya) monastery founded in 1073, 50 miles (80 km) north of Mount Everest. The sect follows the teachings of the noted traveler and scholar ’Brog-mi (992–1072). He translated into Tibetan the important Tantric work

India: Political systems: …of the Koliyas, Moriyas, Jnatrikas, Shakyas, and Licchavis. The Jnatrikas and Shakyas are especially remembered as the tribes to which Mahavira (the founder of Jainism) and Gautama Buddha, respectively, belonged. The Licchavis eventually became extremely powerful.

postal system: Development of airmail: …mid-1970s, the concept of “surface air-lifted” (SAL) mails was developed in conjunction with the International Air Transport Association (IATA). This arrangement allows some mails to receive, for little or no surcharge, speedier transmission than by surface, but without the priority of fully surcharged mails. Use of SAL varies from…

Himalayas: Plant life: …where the valuable timber tree sal (Shorea robusta) is the dominant species. Wet sal forests thrive on high plateaus at elevations of about 3,000 feet (900 metres), while dry sal forests prevail higher up, at 4,500 feet (1,400 metres). Farther west, steppe forest (i.e., expanse of grassland dotted with trees),…

ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), the salt of ammonia and hydrogen chloride. Its principal uses are as a nitrogen supply in fertilizers and as an electrolyte in dry cells, and it is also extensively employed as a constituent of galvanizing, tinning, and soldering fluxes to remove oxide coatings from

Sal Island, northeasternmost island of Cape Verde, in the Atlantic Ocean, about 400 miles (640 km) off the coast of western Africa. It rises to an elevation of 1,332 feet (406 metres). Sal (Portuguese for “salt”) is noted for its saltworks near the towns of Pedra Lume and Santa Maria, the island’s

washing soda, sodium carbonate decahydrate, efflorescent crystals used for washing, especially textiles. It is a compound of sodium

Sal Island, northeasternmost island of Cape Verde, in the Atlantic Ocean, about 400 miles (640 km) off the coast of western Africa. It rises to an elevation of 1,332 feet (406 metres). Sal (Portuguese for “salt”) is noted for its saltworks near the towns of Pedra Lume and Santa Maria, the island’s

Perugino: Mature work: …a fresco cycle in their Sala dell’Udienza that is believed to have been completed during or shortly after 1500, the date that appears opposite Perugino’s self-portrait in one of the scenes. The importance of these frescoes lies less in their artistic merit than in the fact that the young Raphael,…

Kajol: In 2022 Kajol starred in Salaam Venky, a family drama.

Ed Bullins: …a Buffalo (produced 1968) and Salaam, Huey Newton, Salaam (produced 1991), as well as the short-story collection The Hungered One (1971) and the novel The Reluctant Rapist (1973).

India: The Anglo-French struggle, 1740–63: …the late nizam’s third son, Ṣalābat Jang, on the Hyderabad throne. Thenceforward, in the person of the skillful Charles, marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, Dupleix had a kingmaker at the center of Muslim power in the Deccan. (See Carnatic wars).

salad, any of a wide variety of dishes that fall into the following principal categories: green salads; vegetable salads; salads of pasta, legumes, or grains; mixed salads incorporating meat, poultry, or seafood; and fruit salads. Most salads are traditionally served cold, although some, such as

burnet: …garden, or salad, burnet (Sanguisorba minor) and the great burnet (S. officinalis)—are eaten in salads or used as an ingredient in fines herbes, a mixture of herbs commonly used in French cuisine. The dried leaves are also used to make tea.

salad: The simplest salad dressings are mixtures of oil and vinegar (the usual proportion is three parts oil to one part vinegar); to this is added salt and pepper, herbs, and frequently Dijon mustard. In France a spoonful of the juices from a roast is sometimes added to…

arugula, (subspecies Eruca vesicaria sativa), annual herb of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), grown for its pungent edible leaves. Native to the Mediterranean, arugula is a common salad vegetable in many parts of southern Europe and has grown in popularity around the world for its peppery, nutty

playa, flat-bottom depression found in interior desert basins and adjacent to coasts within arid and semiarid regions, periodically covered by water that slowly filtrates into the ground water system or evaporates into the atmosphere, causing the deposition of salt, sand, and mud along the bottom

salad: The salade niçoise of France combines lettuce with potatoes, green beans, olives, tuna, tomatoes, and anchovies, all dressed with olive oil and vinegar. A Scandinavian specialty is a herring salad of finely chopped pickled herring, potatoes, beetroot, cold meats such as tongue or roast veal, onions,…

salad: Salade russe is a variety of chopped cooked vegetables and potatoes bound with mayonnaise. Although they are sometimes served as hors d’oeuvres, salads of this type usually take the place of hot or cold vegetable side dishes. A similar function is served by salads based…

Saladin was a Muslim sultan of Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine, founder of the Ayyūbid dynasty, and the most famous of Muslim heroes. In wars against the Christian Crusaders, he achieved great success with the capture of Jerusalem (October 2, 1187), ending its nearly nine decades of occupation

United Kingdom: Richard I (1189–99): …a development of the so-called Saladin Tithe raised earlier for the Crusade); and a seizure of the wool crop of Cistercian and Gilbertine houses. The ransom, although never paid in full, caused Richard’s government to become highly unpopular. Richard also faced some unwillingness on the part of his English subjects…

Casa Grande Ruins National Monument: Built by Salado Indians, a Pueblo people, in the early 14th century, it is the only pre-Columbian building of its type in existence. The monument has a museum in its visitor centre that displays local artifacts.

Salado Formation, evaporite deposit that occurs in the region of the Guadalupe Mountains of western Texas, U.S., and is a major world source for potassium salts. In the Delaware Basin it reaches a maximum thickness of about 2,400 feet (720 metres). The Salado Formation is a division of the Ochoan

Río de la Plata: Physiography of the lower Paraná basin: …its last major tributary, the Salado River. Between Santa Fe and Rosario, however, the right bank begins to rise as the river skirts the edge of the undulating plain, which flanks it down to the delta, and reaches altitudes ranging from about 30 to 65 feet. The left bank, meanwhile,…

Salado River, river in northeastern Mexico. It rises in the Sierra Madre Oriental in Coahuila state and flows generally east-northeastward for some 175 miles (280 km) into the lake created by the Venustiano Carranza Dam at Don Martín. Leaving the reservoir, the Salado, joined by the Sabinas River,

Salado River, river in northeastern Buenos Aires province, Argentina. It rises at Lake El Chañar, which lies at an elevation of 130 feet (40 metres) above sea level on the border of Santa Fe province. The river flows through the Pampas generally southeastward for approximately 400 miles (640 km) to

Spain: Granada: …of Abū al-Ḥasan at the Battle of the Salado. The defeat of the Maghribians and the lack of interest in reconquest on the part of Alfonso’s successors created a favourable climate for Granada, which found itself free from political pressures of both Maghribians and Castilians. During the reign of Muḥammad…

Salafi movement, broad set of Islamic movements that strive to emulate the practices of al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ (“the pious predecessors”), the early generations of Muslims during and after the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. Salafis (followers of the al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ) are characterized by the

al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghrib, Algeria-based Islamic militant group, active in North Africa and the Sahel region. The organization was founded as the GSPC in 1998 by a former member of the Armed Islamic Group (Groupe Islamique Armé; GIA), an Islamic militant group that participated in Algeria’s

Salafi movement, broad set of Islamic movements that strive to emulate the practices of al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ (“the pious predecessors”), the early generations of Muslims during and after the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. Salafis (followers of the al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ) are characterized by the

salat, the daily ritual prayer enjoined upon all Muslims as one of the five Pillars of Islam (arkān al-Islām). There is disagreement among Islamic scholars as to whether some passages about prayer in the Muslim sacred scripture, the Qurʾān, are actually references to the salat. Within Muhammad’s

Saladin was a Muslim sultan of Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine, founder of the Ayyūbid dynasty, and the most famous of Muslim heroes. In wars against the Christian Crusaders, he achieved great success with the capture of Jerusalem (October 2, 1187), ending its nearly nine decades of occupation

Rūmī: The influence of Shams al-Dīn: …acquaintance with an illiterate goldsmith, Ṣālāḥ al-Dīn Zarkūb. It is said that one day, hearing the sound of a hammer in front of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn’s shop in the bazaar of Konya, Rūmī began his dance. The shop owner had long been one of Rūmī’s closest and most loyal disciples, and…

Constantine: Salah Bey, who ruled Constantine from 1770 to 1792, greatly embellished the city and was responsible for the construction of most of its existing Muslim buildings. Since his death in 1792, the women of the locality wear a black haik (a tentlike garment) in mourning,…

Mohamed Salah is an Egyptian soccer (association football) player known for his prolific scoring, which made him an invaluable contributor to both the English Premier League and the Egyptian national team. Salah was named 2017 African Footballer of the Year and the Premier League’s player of the

Djibouti: Sports and recreation: Ahmed Salah, the most accomplished Djiboutian marathoner, won several international events, including the first world marathon championship in 1985.

Mohamed Salah is an Egyptian soccer (association football) player known for his prolific scoring, which made him an invaluable contributor to both the English Premier League and the Egyptian national team. Salah was named 2017 African Footballer of the Year and the Premier League’s player of the

Sudan: The arts: …have achieved international recognition—for example, Ibrāhīm al-Ṣalaḥi, who became proficient in all three mediums.

Ob River: Physiography: …the Chumysh River, from the Salair Ridge. The valley there is 3 to 6 miles (5 to 10 km) wide, with steeper ground on the left than on the right; the floodplain is extensive and characterized by diversionary branches of the river and by lakes; the bed is still full…

Georges Arnaud: …salaire de la peur (1950; The Wages of Fear), a story about truck drivers who carried loads of nitroglycerine across treacherous mountain terrain in South America. The novel sold an estimated two million copies worldwide and inspired a suspenseful motion picture of the same name which was released in 1953.

The Wages of Fear, French thriller film, released in 1953, that was directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot. It was based on a 1950 novel by Georges Arnaud and is considered one of the seminal films of French cinema. A fire is raging in a South American oil well that is owned by an American company, and

France: Wages and the cost of living: …a provision known as the salaire minimum interprofessionel de croissance (SMIC; general and growth-indexed minimum wage), which has increased the lowest salaries faster than the inflation rate. Its level is set annually, and all employers must abide by it. Women are, in general, paid less well than men. A worker…

Sălaj, judeƫ (county), northwestern Romania. The Western Carpathian Mountains of Romania, including the Şes Mountains, rise above settlement areas in the valleys. The county is drained northwestward by the Someş River and its tributaries. Zalău is the county capital. Metal products, building

Hungary: Traditional regions: …its isolated farmsteads, known as tanyák. Several interesting groups live there, including the people of Kalocsa and the Matyó, who occupy the northern part of the plain around Mezőkövesd and are noted for folk arts that include handmade embroidery and the making of multicoloured apparel.

mahāpuruṣa, in Hindu, Jaina, and Buddhist belief, an individual of extraordinary destiny, distinguished by certain physical traits or marks (lakṣanas). Such men are born to become either universal rulers (cakravartins) or great spiritual leaders (such as buddhas or the Jaina spiritual leaders, the

Gaultheria: Major species: Salal (G. shallon), or lemonleaf in the floral industry, is a diffuse slender shrub of the Pacific Northwest; it grows 0.3–1.8 metres (1–6 feet) tall and has dark purple edible fruits.

Dhofar: The Ṣalālah coastal plain, about 40 miles (64 km) long and ranging from 1 to 6 miles (1.5 to 9.5 km) wide, facing the Arabian Sea, is considered one of the most beautiful in Arabia, particularly in its southwestern part, because of its monsoon climate and…

Ṣalālah, town in southern Oman, situated on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The town is located in the only part of the Arabian Peninsula touched by the Indian Ocean monsoon and thus is verdant during the summer. Ṣalālah is the historic centre of Dhofar, famous in ancient times as a source of

Abdus Salam was a Pakistani nuclear physicist who was the corecipient with Steven Weinberg and Sheldon Lee Glashow of the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physics for their work in formulating the electroweak theory, which explains the unity of the weak nuclear force and electromagnetism. Salam attended the

electroweak theory, in physics, the theory that describes both the electromagnetic force and the weak force. Superficially, these forces appear quite different. The weak force acts only across distances smaller than the atomic nucleus, while the electromagnetic force can extend for great distances

Salamá, city, central Guatemala. It lies between the Chuacús Mountains and the Minas Mountains on the Salamá River, a tributary of the Chixoy, at 3,084 feet (940 metres) above sea level. Salamá is a commercial and manufacturing centre for its agricultural and pastoral hinterland. The city suffered

Ethiopian literature: Abba Salama, an Egyptian Copt who became metropolitan of Ethiopia in 1350, was not only responsible for a revision of the text of the Bible but translated or induced others to translate several books popular among the Ethiopian faithful. The rhapsodical Weddase Mariam (“Praise of…

Saint Frumentius ; feast day October 27 in the Roman Catholic Church; November 30 in Eastern Orthodox churches; December 18th in the Coptic Church) was a Syrian apostle who worked to spread Christianity throughout Ethiopia. As the first bishop of its ancient capital, Aksum, he structured the

Finnish literature: The 1960s and beyond: …novel of the 1970s was Hannu Salama’s Siinä näkijä missä tekijä (1972; “Where There’s a Crime There’s a Witness”), which explored a communist resistance movement during the War of Continuation. Salama had made literary history already with an earlier novel, Juhannustanssit (1964; “Midsummer Dance”), for which he was charged with…

al-ḥudūd: …Wing [al-Janāḥ al-Ayman]), embodied in Salāmah ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb as-Sāmirrī; and the fifth is the Succeeder (at-Tālī, or Left Wing [al-Janāḥ al-Aysar]), personified by al-Muqtanā Bahāʾ ad-Dīn. Each of these principles, the true ḥudūd, also had false counterparts, in turn embodied by various contemporaries of al-Ḥākim. The tension between the…

C.G. Seligman: In 1904 Seligman married Brenda Z. Salaman, who collaborated with him on his later expeditions and writings. Their field trip to Ceylon (1907–08) to examine the vestiges of remaining aboriginal culture there resulted in the publication of a standard work, The Veddas (1911). While serving in the Royal Army…

Salamanca, city, south-central Guanajuato estado (state), central Mexico. It lies on the Lerma River at an elevation of 5,647 feet (1,721 metres) above sea level. Salamanca is an important agricultural and commercial centre, and its central location in the fertile Bajío region led to its being

Salamanca, provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Castile-León, western Spain. Salamanca is bounded by the provinces of Zamora and Valladolid to the north, Ávila to the east, and Cáceres to the south; Portugal lies to the west. Its northwestern boundary with

Salamanca, city, capital of Salamanca provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Castile-León, western Spain. The city lies at an elevation of 2,552 feet (778 metres) above sea level on the north bank of the Tormes River. It is one of Spain’s greatest historical and

Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of Wellington: Victory in the Napoleonic Wars: …Frenchmen in 40 minutes” at Salamanca (July 22), he entered Madrid (August 12). His siege of Burgos failed and his army retreated again to Portugal, from which it was launched for the last time into Spain in May 1813. After a dash across the peninsula, he brought the French to…

Bolivia: The Republican Party: …from 1921 to 1925, and Daniel Salamanca, a Cochabamba landowner who took his following into a separate party, the so-called Genuine Republican Party, which was often supported in its activities by the Liberals. The rivalry between these two men became the dominant theme in Bolivian politics for the next decade,…

University of Salamanca, state institution of higher learning at Salamanca, Spain. It was founded in 1218 under Alfonso IX, but its real beginnings date from 1254, when, under Alfonso X, grandson of the founder, three chairs in canon law and one each in grammar, arts, and physics were established.

University of Salamanca, state institution of higher learning at Salamanca, Spain. It was founded in 1218 under Alfonso IX, but its real beginnings date from 1254, when, under Alfonso X, grandson of the founder, three chairs in canon law and one each in grammar, arts, and physics were established.

salamander, (order Caudata), any member of a group of about 740 species of amphibians that have tails and that constitute the order Caudata. The order comprises 10 families, among which are newts and salamanders proper (family Salamandridae) as well as hellbenders, mud puppies, and lungless

Caudata: Annotated classification: …21 genera (including Triturus and Salamandra in Europe, Notophthalamus and Taricha in North America, and Cynops in Japan) and about 120 species. There is disagreement concerning the classification of salamanders below the ordinal level. Some

Caudata: Life cycle and reproduction: In the alpine salamander (S. atra) and Mertensiella, fully metamorphosed individuals are born. One individual develops from the first egg in each oviduct, the tube leading from the ovary to the outside. Initially, the young salamander lives on its own yolk supply; later it eats the yolk…

Caudata: Life cycle and reproduction: The fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) deposits relatively advanced larvae in the water. In the alpine salamander (S. atra) and Mertensiella, fully metamorphosed individuals are born. One individual develops from the first egg in each oviduct, the tube leading from the ovary to the outside. Initially, the…

newt, (family Salamandridae), generic name used to describe several partially terrestrial salamanders. The family is divided informally into newts and “true salamanders” (that is, all non-newt species within Salamandridae regardless of genus). Since there is little distinction between the two

Caudata: Annotated classification: Suborder Salamandroidea Fertilization internal; angular bone fused with prearticular bone in lower jaw; 2 pairs of limbs; external gills in a few species that remain permanently aquatic; aquatic, semiaquatic, and terrestrial. Family Ambystomatidae (mole salamanders) Small to moderate size, to 35 cm; usually with well-developed lungs;…

Sozomen was a Christian lawyer in Constantinople whose church history, distinguished for its classical literary style, its favouring of monasticism, and its greater use of western European sources, rivaled that of his elder contemporary Socrates Scholasticus. Dedicating the project to the reigning