solipsism, in philosophy, an extreme form of subjective idealism that denies that the human mind has any valid ground for believing in the existence of anything but itself. The British idealist F.H. Bradley, in Appearance and Reality (1893), characterized the solipsistic view as follows: Presented

Laura Chinchilla: …points ahead of the runner-up, Ottón Solís Fallas of the centre-left Citizen Action Party (Partido Acción Ciudadana; PAC), who had been Arias’s main challenger in 2006.

Juan Díaz de Solís was the chief pilot of the Spanish navy and one of the first explorers to enter the Río de la Plata estuary in South America. Solís had made a voyage to the Americas in 1508, before being commissioned to lead an expedition to an area 1,700 leagues (about 5,000 miles) south of the

Laura Chinchilla: …and she was succeeded by Luis Guillermo Solís.

Arnauld Family: …two of his brothers—established the solitaires (“hermits”), a Jansenist ascetic group, at Port-Royal des Champs in about 1638. Early in 1656, as the anti-Jansenist campaign was gaining strength in France, Le Maistre went into hiding in Paris, along with his uncle, Antoine Arnauld, and the philosopher Blaise Pascal, who had…

solitaire, family of card games played by one person. Solitaire was originally called (in various spellings) either patience, as it still is in England, Poland, and Germany, or cabale, as it still is in Scandinavian countries. The terms patience and solitaire have been applied to indicate any

Tahar Ben Jelloun: …research, La Réclusion solitaire (Solitaire), about the misery of the North African immigrant worker; it was also staged as a play, Chronique d’une solitude (“Chronicle of Loneliness”). In the same year, he published Les Amandiers sont morts de leurs blessures (“The Almond Trees Are Dead from Their Wounds”)—poems and…

solitaire, either of two species of extinct flightless birds related to the dodo

Jostein Gaarder: In 1990 came Kabalmysteriet (The Solitaire Mystery), featuring a boy, Hans Thomas, and his father on a journey in search of the boy’s mother, who had been lost eight years earlier. Gaarder felt that young Hans Thomas needed a greater understanding of philosophy, and this was how he came…

Cristina Peri Rossi: Solitario de amor (1988; Solitaire of Love) explores an obsessive sexual relationship; Fantasías eróticas (1991; “Erotic Fantasies”) also brings to the fore the theme of obsessive sex. In one story of Los museos abandonados, a couple abandon themselves to erotic play in the midst of a museum in ruins.…

Pontus de Tyard: Its first treatise, the Solitaire premier (1552), complements Joachim du Bellay’s Défense et illustration de la langue française (1549), which expounded the theories on poetic diction and language reform of La Pléiade. In 1578 Tyard was given the bishopric of Chalon-sur-Saône, from which he retired in 1594.

Cristina Peri Rossi: Solitario de amor (1988; Solitaire of Love) explores an obsessive sexual relationship; Fantasías eróticas (1991; “Erotic Fantasies”) also brings to the fore the theme of obsessive sex. In one story of Los museos abandonados, a couple abandon themselves to erotic play in the midst of a museum in ruins.…

Serafín Estébanez Calderón was one of the best-known costumbristas, Spanish writers who depicted in short articles the typical customs of the people. He moved to Madrid in 1830, where he published newspaper articles under the pseudonym El Solitario and pursued a career that combined Arabic studies,

mining bee, (family Andrenidae), any of a group of bees (order Hymenoptera), particularly the genus Andrena. Many species are medium-sized bees with reddish-golden hair and long, prominent abdomens. Females excavate tunnels in the soil that branch off to individual cells that the female stocks with

bee: Most bees are solitary, or nonsocial, in habit and do not live in colonies. In these species each female makes her own nest (usually a burrow in the ground) and provisions it. Among such bees there are no castes. Some solitary bees make chimneys or turrets at the…

solitary confinement, form of incarceration in which a prisoner is isolated from other inmates. Critics of this controversial practice characterize it as inhumane. Solitary confinement, also called punitive segregation, is often used strictly as a punishment. However, that was not always the case.

The Solitary Reaper, poem by William Wordsworth, published in 1807 in the collection Poems, in Two Volumes. It is a pastoral snapshot of a young woman working alone in a field in the Highlands of Scotland, singing a plaintive song in Gaelic. “The Solitary Reaper” is made up of four octaves,

sandpiper: The solitary sandpiper (Tringa solitaria), which breeds in North America and winters in South America, is unusual in nesting not on the ground but in the old tree nests of other birds. The closely related green sandpiper (T. ochropus) is its slightly larger counterpart in boreal…

The Awakening, novel by Kate Chopin, published in 1899. Originally titled A Solitary Soul, the novel depicts a young mother’s struggle to achieve sexual and personal emancipation in the oppressive environment of the postbellum American South. When it was first published, it was widely condemned for

tinamou: Vocalizations: The female solitary tinamou (Tinamus solitarius) has a special call given during the time before egg laying, and another call is uttered by both sexes after perching at dusk. In most species the voice is highly ventriloquial, so that the exact location of the bird is difficult…

human nervous system: Parasympathetic nervous system: …in the medulla called the solitary tract nucleus.

principles of physical science: Development of the atomic theory: …in a fluid, the so-called solitary waves, might persist for a very long time has led to attempts, so far unsuccessful, to use them as models of fundamental particles.

fluid mechanics: Waves on shallow water: …saw is now called a soliton. Solitons on canals can have various widths, but the smaller the width the larger the height must be and the faster the soliton travels. Thus, if a high, narrow soliton is formed behind a low, broad one, it will catch up with the low…

Croatian literature: The younger prose writer Antun Šoljan took more cosmopolitan themes for his work, as did the poet Ivan Slamnig of the same generation. In the latter part of the 20th century, Croatian literature included experimental autobiographies by Irena Vrkljan (Marina ili o biografiji [1985; Marina; or, About Biography]), playing…

Gustav Freytag: …novel Soll und Haben (1855; Debit and Credit, 1857). It celebrates the solid bourgeois qualities of the German merchants, and the close relationships between people’s characters and the work they do is well brought out. The success of the novel was such that its author was recognized as the leading…

South Korea: Daily life and social customs: …important holidays are Seollal (Lunar New Year) and Chuseok (harvest moon festival, often referred to as the Korean Thanksgiving), both observed according to the lunar calendar. These are marked by the gathering of families in the ancestral hometown or at the home of the head of the family. Traditional…

solar, in architecture, private room located on the floor above the great hall in a late medieval English manor house. The solar served as a kind of parlour to which the family of the owner of the manor house or castle could retire from the bustling communal living of the hall below. In fact, by

bridge: Tacoma Narrows: …Deer Isle Bridge led engineer Norman Sollenberger to design the San Marcos Bridge (1951) in El Salvador with inclined suspenders, thus forming a cable truss between cables and deck—the first of its kind.

French literature: Toward the nouveau roman: (Founded in 1960 by Philippe Sollers and other writers, Tel Quel reflects the transformation and politicization of Parisian and international intellectual modes in that decade.) Its scope narrowed over the years, and texts written in this mode were increasingly concerned with emphasizing their status as language games divorced from…

history of logic: Boole and De Morgan: …in 1839 the English writer Thomas Solly presented an extensional logic in A Syllabus of Logic, though not an algebraic one.)

solmization, system of designating musical notes by syllable names. A well-developed solmization system exists in the music of India, using the syllables ṣa, ṛi, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni; and similar systems occur in, for example, Chinese, Southeast Asian, and ancient Greek music. The system that

Solna, city, in the län (county) of Stockholm, east-central Sweden, just northwest of the city of Stockholm. An ancient settlement, it has runic stones and several burial sites dating from the time of the Vikings. Notable buildings include a 12th-century church; the Karlberg Palace, a military

South Korea: Daily life and social customs: …important holidays are Seollal (Lunar New Year) and Chuseok (harvest moon festival, often referred to as the Korean Thanksgiving), both observed according to the lunar calendar. These are marked by the gathering of families in the ancestral hometown or at the home of the head of the family. Traditional…

Halvard Solness, title character of Henrik Ibsen’s The Master Builder (1892), whose past behaviour haunts

Solnhofen Limestone, famous Jurassic Period limestone unit located near the town of Solnhofen, southern Germany, that contains exceptionally preserved fossils from the Tithonian Age (150.8 million to 145.5 million years ago) of the Jurassic Period. The Solnhofen Limestone is composed of thin beds

survival training: …final test called the “solo,” in which he is left in a remote area for several days and nights with a minimum of equipment and must find his own food and shelter, using the skills that he has learned.

Surakarta, kota (city), eastern Central Java (Jawa Tengah) propinsi (or provinsi; province), Indonesia. It lies along the Solo River about 35 miles (55 km) northeast of Yogyakarta. Once the capital of Surakarta principality under the Dutch, it was occupied by Japan (1942–45) during World War II and

ombre: Highest is solo, in which the declarer chooses trump but plays with the hand as dealt. Whatever the contract, both opponents may discard and draw from stock before playing. This is done first by whoever is best placed to beat the contract by taking at least as…

Western music: The sonata and concerto: …solo instrument with orchestra (solo concerto). The fundamental principle of the concerto was that of contrast of instrumental groups and musical textures.

dance: Costume and stage sets in Western theatre dance: …field was Loie Fuller, a solo dancer whose performances in the 1890s and early 1900s consisted of very simple movements with complex visual effects. Swathing herself in yards of diaphanous material, she created elaborate shapes and transformed herself into a variety of magical phenomena. These illusions were enhanced by coloured…

Jean Batten: …a women’s record in her solo flight from England to Australia in 14 days, 23 hours, and 25 minutes. In April 1935 she became the first woman to fly solo from Australia to England, and in November 1935 she became the first woman to make a solo flight from England…

Solo man, prehistoric human known from 11 fossil skulls (without facial skeletons) and 2 leg-bone fragments that were recovered from terraces of the Solo River at Ngandong, Java, in 1931–32. Cranial capacity (1,150–1,300 cubic centimetres) overlaps that of modern man (average 1,350 cu cm). The

musical performance: Mediums of performance: In all musical mediums the solo performance is the most spectacular. The power of music to compel attention and to stir emotions lends to the solo performer an especially fascinating aura. This is the domain of the virtuoso, that musical performing phenomenon of prodigious technical mastery, invention, and charisma. Most…

dance: Costume and stage sets in Western theatre dance: …field was Loie Fuller, a solo dancer whose performances in the 1890s and early 1900s consisted of very simple movements with complex visual effects. Swathing herself in yards of diaphanous material, she created elaborate shapes and transformed herself into a variety of magical phenomena. These illusions were enhanced by coloured…

Solo River, river, the longest in Java, Indonesia. It rises on the slope of Mount Lawu volcano (10,712 feet [3,265 m]) and the southern limestone range (Sewu Mountains) and flows north, then east to discharge into the Java Sea at a point opposite Madura Island, northwest of Surabaya. Its longest

song, piece of music performed by a single voice, with or without instrumental accompaniment. Works for several voices are called duets, trios, and so on; larger ensembles sing choral music. Speech and music have been combined from earliest times; music heightens the effect of words, allowing them

whist: Solo whist: Solo whist, a nonpartnership game still popular in Britain, derives from whist de Gand (Ghent whist), a Belgian simplification of Boston whist.

Emilia Clarke: Other credits: …Wars franchise, portraying Qi’ra in Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018). The sci-fi adventure grossed nearly $400 million worldwide but was considered a commercial disappointment.

Sologne, region of north-central France. Sologne occupies a flat alluvial plain of about 200 square miles (520 square km) and extends over parts of the Loir-et-Cher, Loiret, and Cher départements in the Centre région. It is bounded by a great northward arc of the Loire River below Orléans, to the

Russian literature: Symbolists: …erotic, and religious poetry; and Fyodor Sologub, author of melancholic verse and of a novel, Melky bes (1907; The Petty Demon), about a sadistic, homicidal, paranoid schoolteacher.

Soli, ancient Greek city on Cyprus, located west of modern Karavostasi on Morphou Bay. Soli traditionally was founded after the Trojan War by the Attic hero Acamas, perhaps reflecting the Sea Peoples’ occupation of Cyprus (c. 1193 bc). According to another legend, however, the city was named for

Robert Downey, Jr.: Iron Man series and Oppenheimer: He next appeared in The Soloist (2009), portraying a journalist who befriends a homeless man (played by Jamie Foxx) who was a classically trained cellist. Downey then assumed the title role in Sherlock Holmes (2009), a film featuring a visceral reimagining of the central character from Sir Arthur Conan…

Sololá, town, southwestern Guatemala. It lies in the central highlands at 6,932 feet (2,113 metres) above sea level. Sololá overlooks spectacular Lake Atitlán, a few miles to the south. Cakchiquel Maya make up the majority of the town’s population. Sololá is known for its Friday markets, for which

North Africa: The Byzantine period: …rapidly built under Belisarius’s successor Solomon. Some were garrison forts in the frontier region, which again seems to have extended, at least for a while, south of the Aurès and then northward from Tubunae to Saldae. But many surviving towns in the interior were also equipped with substantial walls—e.g., Thugga…

Solomon was a British pianist who was admired for his technical skill, his poetic interpretations, and his meticulous sense of pacing. Solomon, who never used his full name professionally, was the son of a Polish-born tailor in London’s East End. Solomon started taking music lessons in 1910 and

Solomon was a biblical Israelite king who built the first Temple of Jerusalem and who is revered in Judaism and Christianity for his wisdom and in Islam as a prophet. Nearly all evidence for Solomon’s life and reign comes from the Bible (especially the first 11 chapters of the First Book of Kings

King Vidor: Later films: Vidor’s last feature was Solomon and Sheba (1959), an entry in the biblical-epic genre that was then popular. Tyrone Power died of a heart attack during filming and was replaced by Yul Brynner, who refilmed the extant footage. The result was quite acceptable, but the film was overshadowed by…

biblical literature: Masoretic texts: Written by Solomon ben Buya’a, it was corrected, punctuated, and furnished with a Masoretic apparatus by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher about 930. Originally containing the entire Hebrew Bible in about 380 folios, of which 294 are extant, the Aleppo Codex remains the only known true representative…

Rashi was a renowned medieval French commentator on the Bible and the Talmud (the authoritative Jewish compendium of law, lore, and commentary). Rashi combined the two basic methods of interpretation, literal and nonliteral, in his influential Bible commentary. His commentary on the Talmud was a

Ibn Gabirol was one of the outstanding figures of the Hebrew school of religious and secular poetry during the Jewish Golden Age in Moorish Spain. He was also an important Neoplatonic philosopher. Born in Málaga about 1022, Ibn Gabirol received his higher education in Saragossa, where he joined the

Canadian literature: Fiction: …Joshua Then and Now (1980), Solomon Gursky Was Here (1989), and Barney’s Version (1997) satirize the condition and hypocrisy of modern society through black humour.

Solomon Islands, country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of a double chain of volcanic islands and coral atolls in Melanesia. The country comprises most of the Solomons chain—with the exception of Buka and Bougainville, two islands at the northwestern end that form an autonomous

national flag consisting of triangles of blue and green separated by a yellow diagonal stripe. In the upper hoist corner are five white stars. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 1 to 2.The British protectorate that was established over the Solomon Islands in 1893 introduced typical British

history of Solomon Islands, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Solomon Islands, a country lying in the southwestern Pacific Ocean and part of the island group known as Melanesia. Solomon Islands consists of a double chain of volcanic islands and coral atolls in Melanesia. The

biblical literature: Collations of the Masoretic materials: …known as Minhath Shai, by Solomon Jedidiah Norzi, completed in 1626 and printed in the Mantua Bible of 1742. Benjamin Kennicott collected the variants of 615 manuscripts and 52 printed editions (2 vol., 1776–80, Oxford). Giovanni Bernado De Rossi published his additional collections of 731 manuscripts and 300 prints (4…

Salomon Maimon: …as Salomon Maimons Lebensgeschichte (1792; Solomon Maimon: An Autobiography, 1888) and his major critique of Kantian philosophy, Versuch über die Transcendentalphilosophie (1790; “Search for the Transcendental Philosophy”).

Solomon Northup Day, annual observance held in July in Saratoga Springs, New York, U.S., in recognition of Solomon Northup, a free farmer, labourer, and musician who was abducted and sold into slavery in 1841 and liberated 12 years later. Northup was born in Schroon (now Minerva), New York, and

English literature: Thomson, Prior, and Gay: …who essayed graver themes in Solomon on the Vanity of the World (1718), a disquisition on the vanity of human knowledge, but who also wrote some of the most direct and coolly elegant love poetry of the period. Prior’s principal competitor as a writer of light verse was John Gay,…

Guggenheim Museum, international museum that collects and exhibits modern and contemporary art in New York City and other locations under the aegis of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. The Guggenheim’s component museums are the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City; the Peggy Guggenheim

Solomon River, river in north-central Kansas, U.S., formed by the confluence of the North Fork and South Fork Solomon rivers. It is dammed at Glen Elder to form Waconda Lake, west of Beloit. Emerging from the lake, it flows 140 miles (225 km) southeast to join the Smoky Hill River at Solomon. The

Solomon Sea, portion of the western South Pacific Ocean, bounded on the west by New Guinea, on the north by New Britain, and on the east by the Solomon Islands. With an area of 280,000 square miles (720,000 square km), the sea contains the Louisiade Archipelago, New Georgia, and Guadalcanal Island.

Sharm el-Sheikh, resort town on the southeastern coast of the Sinai Peninsula. Located in Janūb Sīnāʾ muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Egypt, the area was occupied from 1967 to 1982 by the Israelis, who began building the town as a tourist destination. Its development as such continued after being returned

Song of Solomon, an Old Testament book that belongs to the third section of the biblical canon, known as the Ketuvim, or “Writings.” In the Hebrew Bible the Song of Solomon stands with Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther and with them makes up the Megillot, five scrolls that are read on

arum: Major species: Another important species is Solomon’s lily (A. palaestinum), native to the Middle East and naturalized elsewhere. The leaves are carefully prepared and eaten with lemon in some areas, and the plant has a long history of use in traditional medicine. The inside of the spathe and the spadix are…

Timnaʿ: Scenic columnar rock formations along the mesa’s north wall show traces of the cupriferous slag.

Takht-e Soleymān: …metres) above the surrounding countryside, Zendān-e Soleymān is located about 2 miles (3 km) west of Takht-e Soleymān. The hill, which is a hollow cone, is a modest-sized extinct volcano, with the remains of various temple buildings surrounding the peak. Zendān-e Soleymān was apparently a site of worship prior to…

Solomon’s seal, any plant of the genus Polygonatum of the family Ruscaceae, consisting of about 25 species of herbaceous perennials with thick, creeping underground stems and tall, drooping stems, distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The plants are particularly common in the eastern

Temple of Jerusalem, either of two temples that were the centre of worship and national identity in ancient Israel. In the early years of the Israelite kingdom, the Ark of the Covenant was periodically moved about among several sanctuaries, especially those of Shechem and Shiloh. After King David’s

Takht-e Soleymān, ancient city and Zoroastrian temple complex of Iran’s Sāsānian dynasty, subsequently occupied by other groups, including the Mongol Il-Khanid dynasty. It is located in northwestern Iran in the southeastern highlands of Western Āz̄arbāyjān province, about 25 miles (40 km) northeast

Abba Eban was the foreign minister of Israel (1966–74) whose exceptional oratorical gifts in the service of Israel won him the widespread admiration of diplomats and increased support for his country from American Jews. Brought up in England, Eban studied Arabic, Hebrew, and Persian) and classics

polymer banknote: Origin: …and CSIRO chief research scientist Dave Solomon led a team that combined optically variable devices (OVDs) with a thin polymer base. OVDs are features that change with light or movement, such as holograms that appear as three-dimensional images and pictures that change color. The thin polymer base on which they…

Hannah Greenebaum Solomon was an American clubwoman and welfare worker who was an active force in bringing Jewish women into the broader community of women’s groups and in organizing services to Jewish immigrants. Hannah Greenebaum was of a well-to-do family deeply involved in local Jewish affairs.

Haym Salomon was a Polish-born American businessman who was a principal financier of the fledgling American republic and a founder of the first Philadelphia synagogue, Mikveh Israel. In 1772, probably because of his revolutionary activities for Polish liberty, Salomon fled to New York City, where

Solomon Islands, country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of a double chain of volcanic islands and coral atolls in Melanesia. The country comprises most of the Solomons chain—with the exception of Buka and Bougainville, two islands at the northwestern end that form an autonomous

Psalms of Solomon, a pseudepigraphal work (not in any biblical canon) comprising 18 psalms that were originally written in Hebrew, although only Greek and Syriac translations survive. Like the canonical Psalms, the Psalms of Solomon contains hymns, poems of admonition and instruction, and songs of

Song of Solomon, an Old Testament book that belongs to the third section of the biblical canon, known as the Ketuvim, or “Writings.” In the Hebrew Bible the Song of Solomon stands with Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther and with them makes up the Megillot, five scrolls that are read on

Dome of the Rock: Purpose and significance: …of the Rock with the Temple of Solomon (Templum Domini); its image was iconographically employed in both artwork and ritual objects to represent the Temple. The Knights Templar were quartered there following the conquest of Jerusalem by a Crusader army in 1099, and Templar churches in Europe imitated its design.…

Wisdom of Solomon, an example of the “wisdom” genre of religious literature, which commends a life of introspection and reflection on human existence, especially from an ethical perspective. It is an apocryphal work (noncanonical for Jews and Protestants) but is included in the Septuagint (Greek

Komitas was an ethnomusicologist and composer who created the basis for a distinctive national musical style in Armenia. Orphaned at age 11, he was sent to study liturgical singing at a seminary in Vagarshapat (now Ejmiadzin) in Armenia. He graduated in 1893 and adopted the name Komitas, that of a

Solomonid Dynasty, line of Ethiopian emperors who, according to tradition, were descended from Menilek I, the son of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (Makeda). Until Haile Selassie I was deposed in 1974, their rule was supposed to have been continuous but for two periods, the reign of the Zagwe

Solomonid Dynasty, line of Ethiopian emperors who, according to tradition, were descended from Menilek I, the son of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (Makeda). Until Haile Selassie I was deposed in 1974, their rule was supposed to have been continuous but for two periods, the reign of the Zagwe

William Makepeace Thackeray was an English novelist whose reputation rests chiefly on Vanity Fair (1847–48), a novel of the Napoleonic period in England, and The History of Henry Esmond, Esq. (1852), set in the early 18th century. Thackeray was the only son of Richmond Thackeray, an administrator

Dhionísios, Count Solomós was the first poet of modern Greece to show the capabilities of Demotic Greek when inspired by wide culture and first-rate lyrical gifts. Solomós’ earliest poems were written in Italian, but in 1822 he determined to write in the spoken tongue of Greece. His Ímnos is tín

Solon was an Athenian statesman, known as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece (the others were Chilon of Sparta, Thales of Miletus, Bias of Priene, Cleobulus of Lindos, Pittacus of Mytilene, and Periander of Corinth). Solon ended exclusive aristocratic control of the government, substituted a

Davíð Stefánsson: He wrote a powerful novel, Sólon Islandus (1940), about a daydreaming 19th-century vagabond whose intellectual ambitions are smothered by society; a successful play, Gullna hliðið (1941; The Golden Gate, 1967, in Fire and Ice: Three Icelandic Plays); and other prose works, but they are overshadowed by his verse.

Solon’s laws, constitutional and judicial reforms instituted by the Athenian statesman and poet Solon probably 20 years after he served as archon (annual chief ruler) in 594 bce. Responding to the early 6th-century Athenian conflict between the landed aristocracy and peasantry, Solon was called

pâte-sur-pâte: …where it was perfected by Marc-Louis Solon, who later worked for Minton. The technique was also used in the United States, at the Rookwood factory in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Solonchak, one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Solonchaks are defined by high soluble salt accumulation within 30 cm (1 foot) of the land surface and by the absence of distinct subsurface horizonation (layering), except possibly for

Solonetz, one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Solonetz soils are defined by an accumulation of sodium salts and readily displaceable sodium ions bound to soil particles in a layer below the surface horizon (uppermost layer). This

Solorese, tribe inhabiting the Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia, specifically Solor, Adonara, Lomblen, and eastern Flores. The Solorese speak three Malayo-Polynesian dialects in the Ambon-Timor language group. They are divided into two opposing groups, the Demon and the Padzi, who have different