Salisbury, city in the administrative and historic county of Wiltshire, southern England. It is situated at the confluence of the Rivers Avon (East, or Hampshire, Avon) and Wiley. It functioned historically as the principal town of Wiltshire and is the seat of an Anglican bishop. The origins of

Nelson, city, southeastern British Columbia, Canada, on the western arm of Kootenay Lake, a few miles south of Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park and 408 miles (657 km) east of Vancouver. The discovery of gold at nearby Fortynine Creek in 1867 led to the development of several mines near Cottonwood

Harare, capital of Zimbabwe, lying in the northeastern part of the country. The city was founded in 1890 at the spot where the British South Africa Company’s Pioneer Column halted its march into Mashonaland; it was named for Lord Salisbury, then British prime minister. The name Harare is derived

Salisbury, former district, administrative and historic county of Wiltshire, southern England, centered on the historic city of Salisbury and occupying the southern part of the county. It is a predominantly rural area in which cattle and produce are raised. The Ministry of Defense owns much of the

Salisbury Cathedral, Gothic cathedral in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, that was constructed between 1220 and 1258. It houses one of only four surviving copies of the Magna Carta. Known as the Cathedral of St. Mary, the building was raised to help found a new city called New Sarum. An earlier

John Constable: Final years: …range of work, such as Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows (1831). Constable created this painting, which quoted motifs from his renowned Hay Wain, while agitation for parliamentary reform against the church made conservatives such as himself very anxious. This panic is perhaps embodied in the painting’s dramatic shifts in scale:…

geochronology: James Hutton’s recognition of the geologic cycle: …basaltic rocks exposed in the Salisbury Craigs, just on the outskirts of Edinburgh, seemed to have baked adjacent enclosing sediments lying both below and above the basalt. This simple observation indicated that the basalt was emplaced within the sedimentary succession while it was still sufficiently hot to have altered the…

Salisbury Plain, one of Great Britain’s best-known open spaces, consisting of a plateaulike area covering about 300 square miles (775 square km), in the county of Wiltshire, England. The largely treeless tract, drained to the south by the River Avon and its tributaries, is developed upon chalk. Its

hamburger, ground beef. The term is applied variously to (1) a patty of ground beef, sometimes called hamburg steak, Salisbury steak, or Vienna steak, (2) a sandwich consisting of a patty of ground beef served within a split bread roll, with various garnishes, or (3) the ground beef itself, which

Edward III: …by Edward III of the Countess of Salisbury, daughter of the earl of Warwick. Living in the north of England during her husband’s absence, the Countess is especially vulnerable to Scottish depredations across the border, though she shows herself bravely able to fend them off without much help. Edward, coming…

Harrison E. Salisbury was an American author and journalist who, as a foreign correspondent, played a major role in interpreting the Soviet Union to English-speaking readers. He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1955 for international news reporting. Salisbury was a reporter for the Minneapolis Journal for

Harrison E. Salisbury was an American author and journalist who, as a foreign correspondent, played a major role in interpreting the Soviet Union to English-speaking readers. He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1955 for international news reporting. Salisbury was a reporter for the Minneapolis Journal for

James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th marquess of Salisbury was a British statesman and Conservative politician whose recommendations on defense became the basis of the British military organization until after World War II. Salisbury was educated at Eton and at University College, Oxford. As a

Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd marquess of Salisbury was a Conservative political leader who was a three-time prime minister (1885–86, 1886–92, 1895–1902) and four-time foreign secretary (1878, 1885–86, 1886–92, 1895–1900), who presided over a wide expansion of Great Britain’s colonial

Robert Cecil, 1st earl of Salisbury was an English statesman who succeeded his father, William Cecil, Lord Burghley, as Queen Elizabeth I’s chief minister in 1598 and skillfully directed the government during the first nine years of the reign of King James I. Cecil gave continuity to the change

Thomas de Montagu, 4th earl of Salisbury was an English military commander during the reigns of Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI. The son of John, the 3rd earl, who was executed in 1400 as a supporter of Richard II, Thomas was granted part of his father’s estates and summoned to Parliament in 1409,

William Salesbury was a Welsh lexicographer and translator who is noted particularly for his Welsh-English dictionary and for translating the New Testament into Welsh. Salesbury spent most of his life at Llanrwst following antiquarian, botanical, and literary pursuits. About 1546 he edited a

William Longsword, 3rd earl of Salisbury was the 3rd earl of Salisbury, an illegitimate son of Henry II of England who became a prominent baron, soldier, and administrator under Kings John and Henry III. His parentage was, for many centuries, a mystery. He was long assumed to have been the son of

Salish, linguistic grouping of North American Indian tribes speaking related languages and living in the upper basins of the Columbia and Fraser rivers and their tributaries in what are now the province of British Columbia, Can., and the U.S. states of Washington, Idaho, and Montana. They are

Salishan languages, family of about 23 North American Indian languages, spoken or formerly spoken in the Pacific Northwest and adjoining areas of Idaho, Montana, and southern British Columbia. Today Salishan languages are spoken almost exclusively by older adults. They are remarkable for their

Salishan languages, family of about 23 North American Indian languages, spoken or formerly spoken in the Pacific Northwest and adjoining areas of Idaho, Montana, and southern British Columbia. Today Salishan languages are spoken almost exclusively by older adults. They are remarkable for their

Salitis, the first Hyksos king of Egypt and founder of the 15th dynasty. The Hyksos were Middle Bronze Age Palestinian invaders who infiltrated Egypt gradually and seized the kingship. Tradition says that Salitis overran all of Egypt, but his actual rule probably did not extend south of Middle

saliva, a thick, colourless, opalescent fluid that is constantly present in the mouth of humans and other vertebrates. It is composed of water, mucus, proteins, mineral salts, and amylase. As saliva circulates in the mouth cavity it picks up food debris, bacterial cells, and white blood cells. One

chronology: Reckonings dated from a historical event: The Śaka, or Salivāhana, era (ad 78), now used throughout India, is the most important of all. It has been used not only in many Indian inscriptions but also in ancient Sanskrit inscriptions in Indochina and Indonesia. The reformed calendar promulgated by the Indian government from…

salivary gland, any of the organs that secrete saliva, a substance that moistens and softens food, into the oral cavity of vertebrates. Salivary glands may be predominantly serous, mucous, or mixed in secretion. Mucus is a thick, clear, and somewhat slimy substance. Serous secretion is a more

saliva, a thick, colourless, opalescent fluid that is constantly present in the mouth of humans and other vertebrates. It is composed of water, mucus, proteins, mineral salts, and amylase. As saliva circulates in the mouth cavity it picks up food debris, bacterial cells, and white blood cells. One

willow, shrubs and trees of the genus Salix, family Salicaceae, mostly native to north temperate areas and valued for ornament, shade, erosion control, and timber. Salicin, source of salicylic acid used in pain relievers, is derived from certain willows. All species have alternate, usually narrow

willow: fragilis), and white (S. alba), all reaching 20 metres (65 feet) or more; the first named is North American, the other two Eurasian but naturalized widely. All are common in lowland situations.

willow: …are called weeping willows, especially S. babylonica and its varieties from East Asia. From northern Asia, S. matsudana has sharply toothed leaves, whitish beneath. One variety, S. matsudana tortuosa, is called corkscrew willow for its twisted branches.

willow: nigra), crack, or brittle (S. fragilis), and white (S. alba), all reaching 20 metres (65 feet) or more; the first named is North American, the other two Eurasian but naturalized widely. All are common in lowland situations.

willow: …of the largest willows are black (S. nigra), crack, or brittle (S. fragilis), and white (S. alba), all reaching 20 metres (65 feet) or more; the first named is North American, the other two Eurasian but naturalized widely. All are common in lowland situations.

willow: … fastigiata) is a variety especially common at Xochimilco near Mexico City.

David Baltimore: …worked with Dulbecco at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California (1965–68), studying the mechanism of replication of the poliovirus.

John Franklin Enders: …to the development of the Salk vaccine for polio in 1954. Similarly, their production in the late 1950s of a vaccine against the measles led to the development of a licensed vaccine in the United States in 1963. Much of Enders’ research on viruses was conducted at the Children’s Hospital…

Jonas Salk was an American physician and medical researcher who developed the first safe and effective vaccine for polio. Salk received an M.D. in 1939 from New York University College of Medicine, where he worked with Thomas Francis, Jr., who was conducting killed-virus immunology studies. Salk

Jonas Salk was an American physician and medical researcher who developed the first safe and effective vaccine for polio. Salk received an M.D. in 1939 from New York University College of Medicine, where he worked with Thomas Francis, Jr., who was conducting killed-virus immunology studies. Salk

Halldór Laxness: …the social life of Iceland: Salka Valka (1931–32; Eng. trans. Salka Valka), which deals with the plight of working people in an Icelandic fishing village; Sjálfstætt fólk (1934–35; Independent People), the story of an impoverished farmer and his struggle to retain his economic independence; and Heimsljós (1937–40; World Light), a…

Andrew Salkey was a Caribbean author, anthologist, and editor whose work reflected a commitment to Jamaican culture. Raised in Jamaica, Salkey attended the University of London and became part of the London community of emerging West Indian writers. He became a freelance writer and journalist and

Andrew Salkey was a Caribbean author, anthologist, and editor whose work reflected a commitment to Jamaican culture. Raised in Jamaica, Salkey attended the University of London and became part of the London community of emerging West Indian writers. He became a freelance writer and journalist and

Macky Sall is a Senegalese geologist and politician who served as prime minister (2004–07) and as president (2012–24) of Senegal. Sall was raised in a family of modest means in the town of Fatick in western Senegal. He studied geological engineering and geophysics at University Cheikh Anta Diop in

Mosāferīd Dynasty, (ad c. 916–1090), Iranian dynasty that ruled in northwestern Iran. The founder of the dynasty was Moḥammad ebn Mosāfer (ruled c. 916–941), military commander of the strategic mountain fortresses of Ṭārom and Samīrān in Daylam, in northwestern Iran. With the increasing weakness of

maternal school, a French school for children between two and six years old. Private schools for young children were founded in France around 1779, under the influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Émile. The central government took over most of them in 1833 and named them maternal schools, hoping

theatre: Developments in France and Spain: …from Italy to build the Salle des Machines, the largest theatre in Europe. It was 226 feet long, only 94 feet of which was occupied by the auditorium. Its stage, 132 feet deep, had a proscenium arch only 32 feet wide. One of Vigarani’s machines, 60 feet deep itself, was…

Antoine de La Sale was a French writer chiefly remembered for his Petit Jehan de Saintré, a romance marked by a great gift for the observation of court manners and a keen sense of comic situation and dialogue. From 1400 to 1448 La Sale served the dukes of Anjou, Louis II, Louis III, and René, as

David Salle is an American painter who, together with such contemporaries as Julian Schnabel and Robert Longo, regenerated big, gestural, expressionist painting after years of pared-down minimalism and conceptual art. Salle is known for mixing modes of representation and appropriated ready-made

Marie Sallé was an innovative French dancer and choreographer who performed expressive, dramatic dances during a period when displays of technical virtuosity were more popular. The first woman to choreograph the ballets in which she appeared, she anticipated the late 18th-century reforms of

René-Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle was a French explorer in North America who led an expedition down the Illinois and Mississippi rivers and claimed all the region watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries for Louis XIV of France, naming the region “Louisiana.” A few years later, in a

St. Jean-Baptiste de La Salle ; canonized 1900; feast day April 7) was a French educator and the founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (sometimes called the de La Salle Brothers or the Christian Brothers), the first Roman Catholic congregation of male nonclerics devoted

Jainism: Monks, nuns, and their practices: …rigours is the act of sallekhana, in which he lies on one side on a bed of thorny grass and ceases to move or eat. This act of ritual starvation is the monk’s ultimate act of nonattendance, by which he lets go of the body for the sake of his…

Sallisaw, city, seat (1907) of Sequoyah county, eastern Oklahoma, U.S., just north of the Arkansas River and the Robert S. Kerr Reservoir, near the Arkansas state line. Settled in the 1880s, it was named for nearby Sallisaw Creek (from the French salaison, meaning “salt provisions,” because of

Christology: Early 20th century to the present: The works of Warner Sallman, for example, became the most widely reproduced paintings of Jesus; his Head of Christ (1940) was distributed to U.S. soldiers during World War II. Sallman continued to paint Jesus in various settings, as in Christ in Gethsemane (1941), The Lord Is My Shepherd…

sea buckthorn, (Hippophae rhamnoides, family Elaeagnaceae), willowlike shrub growing to about 2.5 m (about 8 feet) high with narrow leaves that are silvery on the underside and globose, orange-yellow fruits about 8 mm (13 inch) in diameter. It is common on sand dunes along the eastern and

Sallust was a Roman historian and one of the great Latin literary stylists, noted for his narrative writings dealing with political personalities, corruption, and party rivalry. Sallust’s family was Sabine and probably belonged to the local aristocracy, but he was the only member known to have

Guillaume de Salluste, seigneur du Bartas was the author of La Semaine (1578), an influential poem about the creation of the world. Though he tried to avoid participating in the Wars of Religion, du Bartas was an ardent Huguenot and a trusted counsellor of Henry of Navarre. His aim was to use the

Sally Bowles: of Christopher Isherwood’s novella Sally Bowles (1937) and of his collected stories Goodbye to Berlin (1939). Bowles is a young iconoclastic, minimally talented English nightclub singer in the Berlin of the Weimar Republic period (1919–33). She paints her fingernails green, affects an artless decadent manner, and has woeful luck…

Henry Carey: …for his ballads, especially “Sally in Our Alley,” which appeared in a collection of his best poems set to music, called The Musical Century (1737). Despite the popularity of his work, Carey suffered great poverty, largely because his plays and poems were widely pirated by unscrupulous printers.

Television in the United States: Tabloid TV: That year, Sally Jessy Raphael (syndicated, 1985–2002) debuted, using the Donahue format but specializing in more titillating subjects. The Oprah Winfrey Show (later Oprah; syndicated, 1986–2011) did the same a year later. It quickly became a hit. Imitations began appearing, and the competition grew so fierce that…

Gudbrandur Thorláksson: …1589 Thorláksson published a new Sálmabók (hymnbook) intended expressly to compete with the ballads about trolls and heroes, and the songs of love and invective so popular in Icelandic tradition. He made a second attempt with the Vísnabók (verse book, 1612), an anthology including Catholic poems such as Lilja—purged of…

Francis Beaumont: …1602 there appeared the poem Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, generally attributed to Beaumont, a voluptuous and voluminous expansion of the Ovidian legend that added to the story humour and a fantastic array of episodes and conceits. At age 23 he prefixed to Ben Jonson’s Volpone (1607) some verses in honour of…

Washington Irving: …of 20 periodical essays entitled Salmagundi. Concerned primarily with passing phases of contemporary society, the essays retain significance as an index to the social milieu.

Salmān al-Fārisī was a popular figure in Muslim legend and a national hero of Iran. He was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad. While still a boy he became a Christian, left his father’s house, and began a long religious quest. He traveled to Syria and then to central Arabia, seeking the prophet

Salman of Saudi Arabia is the king of Saudi Arabia (2015– ) and is expected to be the last of the sons of Abdulaziz ibn Saud, the founder of Saudi Arabia, to rule the country. Because Salman acceded to the throne at an advanced age, his son Mohammed bin Salman has assumed many of his father’s

Salman of Saudi Arabia is the king of Saudi Arabia (2015– ) and is expected to be the last of the sons of Abdulaziz ibn Saud, the founder of Saudi Arabia, to rule the country. Because Salman acceded to the throne at an advanced age, his son Mohammed bin Salman has assumed many of his father’s

Salamanca, city, capital of Salamanca provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Castile-León, western Spain. The city lies at an elevation of 2,552 feet (778 metres) above sea level on the north bank of the Tormes River. It is one of Spain’s greatest historical and

ancient Iran: Art and literature: At Salmās, near Lake Urmia, Ardashīr I is shown on horseback while receiving the surrender of a Parthian personage. There are also later Sāsānian sculptures at Ṭāq-e Bostān, near Kermānshāh, showing Ardashīr II, Shāpūr III, and Khosrow II. In many of these representations the Sāsānian kings…

Claudius Salmasius was a French classical scholar who, by his scholarship and judgment, acquired great contemporary influence. Salmasius studied at Paris (1604–06), where he became a Calvinist, and at Heidelberg (1606–09), where he discovered the Palatine manuscript of the Greek Anthology. In 1610

Arabic literature: Modern Arabic drama: Of these, Muḥammad Salmāwī and Lenīn al-Ramlī were the playwrights whose works were most often performed.

Toronto Maple Leafs: …centre Darryl Sittler and defenseman Börje Salming for most of that time. In the following decade, Toronto fell farther from contention, finishing no higher than third in its division and never getting past the second round of the playoffs over the course of the 1980s. In 1994 the Leafs acquired…

Ted Ligety: …2006 Ligety and Italian businessman Carlo Salmini founded Shred, a company that specialized in creating bright-coloured helmets, goggles, and sunglasses for ski racers.

dorado, (Salminus maxillosus), powerful game fish of the characin family, Characidae, found in South American rivers. The dorado is golden, with red fins and with lengthwise rows of dots on its body, and superficially resembles a salmon. It reaches a length of about 1 m (39 inches) and a weight of

Salmo, fish genus that includes the popular food and sport fishes known as Atlantic salmon and brown trout. See also

Atlantic salmon, (species Salmo salar), oceanic trout of the family Salmonidae, a highly prized game fish. It averages about 5.5 kg (12 pounds) and is marked with round or cross-shaped spots. Found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, it enters streams in the fall to spawn. After spawning, adults

Atlantic salmon: The ouananiche (Salmo salar ouananiche) of rivers and the sebago, or lake, salmon (S. salar sebago) are smaller, landlocked forms of Atlantic salmon, also prized for sport. The Atlantic salmon has also been successfully introduced into the Great Lakes of the United States. (See also salmon.)

Atlantic salmon: …ouananiche) of rivers and the sebago, or lake, salmon (S. salar sebago) are smaller, landlocked forms of Atlantic salmon, also prized for sport. The Atlantic salmon has also been successfully introduced into the Great Lakes of the United States. (See also salmon.)

brown trout, prized and wary European game fish favoured for the table. The brown trout, which includes several varieties such as the Loch Leven trout of Great Britain, is of the family Salmonidae. It has been introduced to many other areas of the world and is recognized by the light-ringed black

salmon, originally, the large fish now usually called the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), though more recently the name has been applied to similar fishes of the same family (Salmonidae), especially the Pacific salmon, which constitute the genus Oncorhynchus. The six species of Pacific salmon

Emily Blunt: Breakthrough films: The Devil Wears Prada, Young Victoria, and Sicario: …roles in such movies as Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2011), a comedy-drama about a quixotic quest to introduce salmon to Yemen, and she also voiced the romantic heroine in the animated hit Gnomeo and Juliet (2011) and its sequel, Sherlock Gnomes (2018). Blunt joined the cast of the time-travel…

Salmon River, river rising in the Sawtooth and Salmon River mountains, south Custer county, central Idaho, U.S. It flows generally northeast past the city of Salmon, where it is joined by the Lemhi River, and then northwest to join the Snake River several miles south of the Idaho-Oregon-Washington

Salmon River: Salmon River Canyon, a gorge 30 miles (48 km) long, 1 mile (1.6 km) deep, and in places 10 miles (16 km) wide, is formed by the river in its lower course.

salmon shark, (Lamna ditropis), species of mackerel shark (Lamnidae) whose geographic range spans the entirety of the North Pacific Ocean. Salmon sharks are found primarily in the waters near the coasts of Japan, North Korea, and South Korea, from the Sea of Okhotsk to the Bering Sea, and southward

lake trout, (Salvelinus namaycush), large, voracious char, family Salmonidae, widely distributed from northern Canada and Alaska, U.S., south to New England and the Great Lakes basin. It is usually found in deep, cool lakes. The fish are greenish gray and covered with pale spots. In spring, lake

Lucy Maynard Salmon was an American historian who extended the offerings in history during her long tenure at Vassar College. She also was instrumental in building a library there of high scholarly merit. Salmon graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1876, and during the

Los Angeles Angels: …led by sluggers Garret Anderson, Tim Salmon, and Troy Glaus, the Angels won a dramatic seven-game series over the San Francisco Giants that featured four contests that were decided by one run. With the addition of perennial all-star Vladimir Guerrero in 2004, along with the continued development of young pitchers…

philosophy of science: Other approaches to explanation: Wesley Salmon (1925–2001) argued that probabilistic explanation should be taken as primary and that probabilistic explanations proceed by advancing information that raises the probability of the event (or fact) to be explained. Building on insights of Reichenbach, Salmon noted that there are cases in which…

Victor Noir was a journalist whose death at the hands of Prince Pierre Napoleon Bonaparte, a first cousin of Emperor Napoleon III, led to an increase in the already mounting revival of republican and radical agitation that plagued the Second Empire in its final months. Accompanied by a colleague,

k.d. lang: …notable credits included the films Salmonberries (1991) and Eye of the Beholder (1999). She also made guest appearances on the TV shows Ellen and Portlandia in 1997 and 2014, respectively.

cloudberry, (Rubus chamaemorus), creeping herbaceous plant, native to the Arctic and subarctic regions of the north temperate zone, and its edible raspberry-like fruit. Inuit and Sami peoples collect the sweet juicy fruits in autumn to freeze for winter food. In markets of northern Scandinavia,

animal rights: Animals and the law: Fitzgerald’s 1966 treatise Salmond on Jurisprudence declared, “The law is made for men and allows no fellowship or bonds of obligation between them and the lower animals.” The most important consequence of this view is that animals have long been categorized as “legal things,” not as “legal persons.”…

Alex Salmond is a Scottish politician who served in the British House of Commons (1987–2010 and 2015–17) and who was the first minister of Scotland (2007–14). Salmond studied economics at the University of St. Andrews and joined the civil service as an assistant economist (1978–80) for the

Anne Salmond is a New Zealand anthropologist and historian best known for her writings on New Zealand history, her study of Maori culture, and her efforts to improve intercultural understanding between Maori and Pakeha (people of European ancestry) New Zealanders. Salmond grew up in Gisborne, a

Anne Salmond is a New Zealand anthropologist and historian best known for her writings on New Zealand history, her study of Maori culture, and her efforts to improve intercultural understanding between Maori and Pakeha (people of European ancestry) New Zealanders. Salmond grew up in Gisborne, a

Salmonella, (genus Salmonella), group of rod-shaped, gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Their principal habitat is the intestinal tract of humans and other animals. Some species exist in animals without causing disease symptoms, while others can result

Salmonella: gallinarum causes fowl typhoid; and S. arizonae has been isolated from reptiles in the southwestern United States.

Salmonella: S. choleraesuis, from swine, can cause severe blood poisoning in humans; S. gallinarum causes fowl typhoid; and S. arizonae has been isolated from reptiles in the southwestern United States.

typhoid fever: …disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The bacterium usually enters the body through the mouth by the ingestion of contaminated food or water, penetrates the intestinal wall, and multiplies in lymphoid tissue; it then enters the bloodstream and causes bacteremia.

Salmonella: Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever; paratyphoid fever is caused by S. paratyphi, S. schottmuelleri, and S. hirschfeldii, which are considered variants of S. enteritidis.

Salmonella: Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever; paratyphoid fever is caused by S. paratyphi, S. schottmuelleri, and S. hirschfeldii, which are considered variants of S. enteritidis.

Salmonella: …which are considered variants of S. enteritidis.

Salmonella: …severe blood poisoning in humans; S. gallinarum causes fowl typhoid; and S. arizonae has been isolated from reptiles in the southwestern United States.

Salmonella: schottmuelleri, and S. hirschfeldii, which are considered variants of S. enteritidis.