St. Lawrence River, hydrographic system of east-central North America. It starts at the outflow of Lake Ontario and leads into the Atlantic Ocean in the extreme east of Canada, opening much of the interior of the North American continent. As the basis for the St. Lawrence Seaway, which extends some

St. Lawrence Seaway, continuous navigable deep waterway project from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, undertaken jointly by Canada and the United States and completed in 1959. The St. Lawrence Seaway opened North America’s industrial and agricultural heartlands to deep-draft ocean vessels. It

Battle of Oriskany: British troops under Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger were marching eastward across central New York to join with British forces at Albany. En route, they arrived at Fort Stanwix (also called Fort Schuyler; now Rome, New York) and demanded its surrender. Attempting to come to the fort’s rescue, 800 colonial…

Gian Lorenzo Bernini: Patronage of Urban VIII of Gian Lorenzo Bernini: …only one of the latter, St. Longinus, was designed by him. He also made a series of portrait busts of Urban VIII, but the first bust to achieve the quality of his earlier portraits is that of his great patron, Scipione Cardinal Borghese (1632). The cardinal is shown in the…

Donatello: Early career: …more than life-size statue of St. Louis of Toulouse (c. 1423) for a niche at Orsanmichele (replaced a half-century later by Verrocchio’s bronze group of Christ and the doubting Thomas). About 1460 the St. Louis was transferred to Santa Croce and is now in the museum attached to the church.…

St. Louis, city, adjacent to but independent of St. Louis county, east-central Missouri, U.S. It lies on the west bank of the Mississippi River (bridged there at several points) opposite East St. Louis, Illinois, just south of the confluence of the Missouri River. The city’s boundaries have

St. Louis 1904 Olympic Games, athletic festival held in St. Louis, Missouri, that took place July 1–November 23, 1904. The St. Louis Games were the third occurrence of the modern Olympic Games. Like the 1900 Olympics in Paris, the 1904 Games took a secondary role. The Games originally were

Saint Louis University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in St. Louis, Mo., U.S. It is affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic Church. The university comprises the colleges of arts and sciences, philosophy and letters, public service, and health sciences, Parks

Bessie Smith: …in a short motion picture, St. Louis Blues (1929), since 2006 preserved in the National Film Registry of the U.S. Library of Congress. The film, based on the lyrics of the song, which Smith sings, is the only known footage of the singer and shows the emotional power of her…

W.C. Handy: …works is the classic “St. Louis Blues.”

Eartha Kitt: …Shinbone Alley (1957); films, including St. Louis Blues (1958) and Anna Lucasta (1959); and television appearances, notably the role of Catwoman in the late 1960s series Batman. After she publicly criticized the Vietnam War at a 1968 White House luncheon in the presence of the first lady, Lady

St. Louis Blues, American professional ice hockey team based in St. Louis, Missouri, that plays in the Western Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Blues have appeared in four Stanley Cup finals (1968–70 and 2019) and have won one championship (2019). The Blues (whose name is derived

St. Louis Cardinals, American professional baseball team established in 1882 that plays in the National League (NL). Based in St. Louis, Missouri, the Cardinals have won 11 World Series titles and 23 league pennants. Second only to the New York Yankees in World Series championships, St. Louis is

St. Louis Cardinals, American professional baseball team established in 1882 that plays in the National League (NL). Based in St. Louis, Missouri, the Cardinals have won 11 World Series titles and 23 league pennants. Second only to the New York Yankees in World Series championships, St. Louis is

St. Louis Cardinals, American professional baseball team established in 1882 that plays in the National League (NL). Based in St. Louis, Missouri, the Cardinals have won 11 World Series titles and 23 league pennants. Second only to the New York Yankees in World Series championships, St. Louis is

Saint Louis University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in St. Louis, Mo., U.S. It is affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic Church. The university comprises the colleges of arts and sciences, philosophy and letters, public service, and health sciences, Parks

Elijah P. Lovejoy: …he became editor of the St. Louis Observer, a Presbyterian weekly in which he strongly condemned slavery and supported gradual emancipation. Missouri was a slave state, and in 1835 a letter signed by a number of important men in St. Louis requested him to moderate the tone of his editorials.…

St. Louis Cardinals, American professional baseball team established in 1882 that plays in the National League (NL). Based in St. Louis, Missouri, the Cardinals have won 11 World Series titles and 23 league pennants. Second only to the New York Yankees in World Series championships, St. Louis is

Nicholas Brothers: The 1940s: Stormy Weather and St. Louis Woman: …on Broadway in the musical St. Louis Woman (1946), with music by Harold Arlen, lyrics by Johnny Mercer, and book by Arna Bontemps and Countee Cullen; also featured were Pearl Bailey, Rex Ingram, and Ruby Hill. In 1948 they headlined the indoor circus extravaganza Cirque Medrano in Paris. The following…

St. Louis: History: In 1904 the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (also known as the St. Louis World’s Fair) was held just west of the city in Forest Park to commemorate the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase. This event, in conjunction with the 1904 Olympic Games in the city, brought it international attention.…

Tampa Bay Lightning: …of the league’s leading scorer, Martin St. Louis—had the best record in the Eastern Conference and advanced to the Stanley Cup finals. There the team defeated the Calgary Flames in a thrilling seven-game series that ended with four games that were decided by one goal, two of them overtime contests.…

Black Hawk War: Background: the Treaty of 1804 and white settlement of the Northwest Territory: At the centre of the Black Hawk War was a treaty between the Sauk and Fox peoples and the United States that had been signed in St. Louis in November 1804, by which the Indians…

Zuiderzee floods: Called the St. Lucia flood, this event also created direct sea access for the village of Amsterdam, allowing its development into a major port city.

St. Lucia’s Day, festival of lights celebrated in Sweden, Norway, and the Swedish-speaking areas of Finland on December 13 in honour of St. Lucia (St. Lucy). One of the earliest Christian martyrs, St. Lucia was killed by the Romans in 304 ce because of her religious beliefs. In Scandinavian

Domenico Veneziano: …Church of Santa Lucia dei Magnoli, usually called the St. Lucy Altarpiece, which was probably painted about 1447. The central panel, the Virgin and Child with four saints, is one of the outstanding paintings produced in Florence in the middle of the 15th century. It is remarkable for the soft…

Rogier van der Weyden: …early paintings by Rogier as St. Luke Drawing the Virgin. Although as an apprentice Rogier must certainly have met Jan van Eyck when the latter visited Tournai in 1427, it was more likely in Bruges, where Rogier may have resided between 1432 and 1435, that he became thoroughly acquainted with…

oratorio: Oratorio after 1750: …especially notable oratorio is the St. Luke Passion of the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki. See also Passion music.

Maggie Lena Draper Walker: …African Americans and became the Consolidated Bank and Trust Company. Walker served thereafter as the bank’s chairman of the board. She also helped found the Richmond Council of Colored Women (1912). Serving as president, she helped raise large sums for the support of such institutions as Janie Porter Barrett’s Virginia…

Donatello: Early career: …appeared in two marble statues, St. Mark and St. George (both completed c. 1415), for niches on the exterior of Orsanmichele, the church of Florentine guilds (St. George has been replaced by a copy; the original is now in the Museo Nazionale del Bargello). Here, for the first time since…

Gentile Bellini: …but lesser-known work is his St. Mark Preaching in Alexandria (1493–1507), which was finished after Gentile’s death by his brother, Giovanni, one of the best Venetian painters of the Renaissance. Gentile’s paintings are of great interest today primarily as records of Venetian life and architecture during the 15th century.

Chesterfield: …14th-century parish church, dedicated to St. Mary and All Saints, has a lead-covered wooden spire 228 feet (69 metres) high, which, as a result of timber warping, is twisted nearly 8 feet (2.5 metres) out of the vertical. Area borough, 25 square miles (66 square km). Pop. (2001) town, 70,260;…

Madeleine, Paris church designed by Pierre-Alexandre Vignon in 1806. Together with the Arc de Triomphe (1806–08) and the Vendôme Column, the Madeleine is one of the monuments with which Napoleon sought to turn Paris into an imperial capital. Built in the form of a Roman temple surrounded by a

Tintoretto: Career: Mary of Egypt and the St. Mary Magdalene immersed in an incandescent hazy atmosphere in which things are animated with a life of their own: an invitation to the contemplative life of the 70-year-old painter, more than ever leaning toward the view of humanity and its destiny offered by the…

Tintoretto: Career: …ground floor hall, with the St. Mary of Egypt and the St. Mary Magdalene immersed in an incandescent hazy atmosphere in which things are animated with a life of their own: an invitation to the contemplative life of the 70-year-old painter, more than ever leaning toward the view of humanity…

Western architecture: Early Renaissance in Italy (1401–95): …a central-plan church, that of Santa Maria degli Angeli (begun 1434) at Florence, which was never completed. It was very important because it was the first central-plan church of the Renaissance, the type of plan which dominates Renaissance thinking. The plan is an octagon on the interior and 16-sided on…

Santa Maria dei Frari, Franciscan church in Venice, originally built in the mid-13th century but rebuilt in Gothic style in the 15th century. This important example of Venetian Gothic ecclesiastical architecture (often referred to simply as the Frari) contains many masterpieces of Venetian

Aksum: According to tradition, the Church of St. Mary of Zion contains the Ark of the Covenant. Over the centuries, however, the church has been destroyed and rebuilt several times; the present structure dates from the 17th century. Emperor Haile Selassie I built the new Church of St. Mary of…

Flinders Ranges: …3,825 feet (1,166 metres) at St. Mary Peak, the state’s second highest peak. The ranges contain Ediacara fauna, an assemblage of fossilized Precambrian animals. Scenic landscapes include the Germein and Alligator gorges, the Wilpena Pound Depression, and the Arkaba Hills. There are two major national parks, Flinders Ranges National Park…

Bristol: The contemporary city: …war is the church of St. Mary Redcliffe, a 14th-century structure whose grandeur of proportion and majestic Perpendicular Gothic design have made it one of the most celebrated parish churches in England. Bristol’s cathedral church, which originated as the abbey church of St. Augustine of Canterbury (founded 1142), is famous…

Fulton: …campus the 12th-century Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Aldermanbury, redesigned by Sir Christopher Wren in the 17th century. A document signed by President John F. Kennedy making Churchill an honorary U.S. citizen is among the college’s memorabilia. Fulton is the site of a state hospital and a school for…

Cork: The Roman Catholic St. Mary’s Cathedral was built in 1808. Queen’s College, opened in 1849, became part of the National University of Ireland in 1908. It is now known as University College Cork–National University of Ireland, Cork. Cork also has an institute of technology (which is a training…

Kraków: The contemporary city: …are the many churches, including St. Mary’s Church (Kościół Mariacki), the main section of which dates from 1497. It contains a stained-glass window from 1370 and a magnificent altar (1477–89) by Veit Stoss (Wit Stosz). Wawel Cathedral houses several ornate chapels and burial chambers, along with a collection of ecclesiastical…

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson: …1918 the hospital was renamed Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital in her honour.

University of Dayton, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Dayton, Ohio, U.S. The university is affiliated with the Marianist order (Society of Mary) of the Roman Catholic church. It is composed of the College of Arts and Sciences and schools of business administration,

Nazareth: …the town well, now called St. Mary’s Well; others are in dispute between the various churches.

Tewkesbury: …the site of the present Abbey Church of St. Mary’s. The later medieval abbey was consecrated in 1123 and rebuilt after a fire in 1178; considerable additions were made in the 15th century. At the time of the dissolution of the monasteries (1536–39), the choir, transepts, and square Norman tower…

Salisbury Cathedral, Gothic cathedral in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, that was constructed between 1220 and 1258. It houses one of only four surviving copies of the Magna Carta. Known as the Cathedral of St. Mary, the building was raised to help found a new city called New Sarum. An earlier

Harriet Starr Cannon: …five women eventually founded the Community of St. Mary in 1865, the first women’s monastic order constituted by an Anglican bishop. Sister Harriet was elected first superior of the order, and she made her life vows in 1867. At first the order was met with widespread suspicion. Their very Roman…

Michelangelo: The middle years of Michelangelo: …of which only one, the St. Matthew, was even begun. Its writhing ecstatic motion shows the full blend of Leonardo’s fluid organic movement with Michelangelo’s own monumental power. This is also the first of Michelangelo’s unfinished works that have fascinated later observers. His figures seem to suggest that they are…

St. Matthew Passion, BWV 244, Passion music by Johann Sebastian Bach. Its earliest verified performance was April 11, 1727—Good Friday—at Thomaskirche in Leipzig. It is the longest and most elaborate of all works by this Baroque master and represents the culmination of his sacred music and, indeed,

Salerno: Matthew (San Matteo), founded in 845 and rebuilt in 1076–85 by Robert Guiscard. In the crypt is the sepulchre of St. Matthew, whose body was, according to legend, brought to Salerno in the 10th century. The cathedral also contains the tomb of Pope Gregory VII.

Western architecture: Second period, after 313 ce: …Egypt, and the martyrium-church of St. Menas, nearer the coast (first half of the 5th century), combine the influences of Constantinople and Italy in the three-lobed sanctuary, the transept, and the long basilica room with three aisles. The ties between the Latin West and the Greek East, particularly strong in…

Western architecture: Kievan Rus and Russia: …Assumption (Uspensky) Cathedral and the cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel, were largely modeled after the churches of Vladimir. The Italians were required to incorporate the basic features of Byzantine planning and design into the new cathedrals; it was only in the exterior decoration of St. Michael the Archangel that…

Belgium: Local government: …unitary state, culminating in the St. Michael’s Agreement (September 1992), which laid the groundwork for the establishment of the federal state (approved by the parliament in July 1993 and enshrined in a new, coordinated constitution in 1994). National authorities now share power with executive and legislative bodies representing the major…

Federico Sustris: …he built his best-known work, St. Michael’s Church. He began planning the structure in 1582 in collaboration with Wolfgang Muller. Sustris was essentially self-taught as an architect, and his contribution to the work—the design of the chancel and transepts—is less structural than decorative. Nevertheless, the impression of dynamic interior space…

St. Moritz 1928 Olympic Winter Games, athletic festival held in St. Moritz, Switz., that took place Feb. 11–19, 1928. The St. Moritz Games were the second occurrence of the Winter Olympic Games. The St. Moritz Olympics, held at a ski resort, were marred by bad weather. The culprit was the foehn, a

St. Moritz 1948 Olympic Winter Games, athletic festival held in St. Moritz, Switz., that took place Jan. 30–Feb. 8, 1948. The St. Moritz Games were the fifth occurrence of the Winter Olympic Games. After an absence of 12 years as a result of World War II, Olympic competition returned. The Games,

Kinsale: St. Multose, a medieval church built in the late 12th century, is among the Church of Ireland’s oldest churches. The town has a fishery pier and a harbour and is a sport fishing centre. Manufactures include sheet steel, electrical components, and yacht equipment. Traditional craft…

Ohrid: The 10th-century monastery of Sveti Naum (St. Naum), about 19 miles (31 km) south, crowns a prominent crag on the North Macedonia–Albania frontier and overlooks Lake Ohrid. Pop. (2002) 42,033; (2014 est.) 39,250.

children’s literature: Peaks and plateaus (1865–1940): …Boy) and the relatively nondidactic St. Nicholas magazine (1873–1939), which exerted a powerful influence on its exclusively respectable child readers. (It is surely needless to point out that up to the 1960s children’s literature has been by and for the middle class). These magazines published the best material they could…

St. Nicholas Day, feast day (December 6) of St. Nicholas, the 4th-century bishop of Myra. St. Nicholas is the patron saint of Russia and Greece, of a number of cities, and of sailors and children, among many other groups, and was noted for his generosity. Some countries celebrate St. Nicholas Day

Berlin: The city layout: …the old city enclave, the St. Nicholas Quarter (Nikolaiviertel), which includes replicas of townhouses from three centuries.

Moscow: The Kremlin of Moscow: …Red Square front is the St. Nicholas (Nikolskaya) Tower, built originally in 1491 and rebuilt in 1806. The two other principal gate towers—the Trinity (Troitskaya) Tower, with a bridge and outer barbican (the Kutafya Tower), and the Borovitskaya Tower—rise from the western wall.

Metéora: St. Nikolas (Áyios Nikolaos), Holy Trinity (Áyia Triada), and St. Stephen (Áyios Stéfanos). Some still serve a religious function, though they are now only sparsely populated by monks and nuns. Since the construction of paved roads through the area in the 1960s, it has been…

Moscow: The Kremlin of Moscow: …Red Square front is the St. Nicholas (Nikolskaya) Tower, built originally in 1491 and rebuilt in 1806. The two other principal gate towers—the Trinity (Troitskaya) Tower, with a bridge and outer barbican (the Kutafya Tower), and the Borovitskaya Tower—rise from the western wall.

Green Bay: St. Norbert College (1898) is in nearby De Pere. Inc. 1854. Pop. (2010) 104,057; Green Bay Metro Area, 306,241; (2020) 107,395; Green Bay Metro Area, 328,268.

Maynooth: St. Patrick’s College at Maynooth is the largest Roman Catholic seminary in the British Isles; it was established in 1795 on the site of a college founded by the earl of Kildare in the 16th century and is now part of the National University of…

St. Patrick’s Day, feast day (March 17) of St. Patrick, patron saint of Ireland. Born in Roman Britain in the late 4th century, he was kidnapped at the age of 16 and taken to Ireland as a slave. He escaped but returned about 432 ce to convert the Irish to Christianity. By the time of his death on

Richard Brinsley Sheridan: Theatrical career: …writing the amusing little farce St. Patrick’s Day; Or, The Scheming Lieutenant for the benefit performance given for Clinch in May 1775. Another example of his ability to weave an interesting plot from well-worn materials is seen in The Duenna, produced the following November. The characters are generally undeveloped, but…

Felix Mendelssohn: Marriage and maturity of Felix Mendelssohn: …his son should complete the St. Paul. He accordingly plunged into this work with renewed determination and the following year conducted it at Düsseldorf. The same year at Frankfurt he met Cécile Jeanrenaud, the daughter of a French Protestant clergyman. Though she was 10 years younger than himself, that is…

Aleksey Ilich Chirikov: Chirikov commanded the St. Paul and Bering the St. Peter, supported by smaller vessels with supplies and scientist-observers. A storm separated Bering and Chirikov on June 20, and Chirikov lingered in the area several days before heading east alone. Bering, meanwhile, moved on to the north and west,…

St. Paul, city, capital of Minnesota, U.S., and seat of Ramsey county. Situated in the southeastern part of the state, St. Paul is at the head of navigation on the Mississippi River near its confluence with the Minnesota River. The city adjoins Minneapolis on the west, and together they form the

Birmingham: The contemporary city: …and the Georgian area around St. Paul’s Church (1779) also has a character of its own. Other centres have formed around St. Chad’s Cathedral (Roman Catholic), designed by A.W.N. Pugin (1841); Centenary Square (1989) and the adjacent International Convention Centre (1991); and the Bullring shopping centre (2003), whose centerpiece, Selfridges…

Mount Vernon: St. Paul’s Church (1763), used during the Revolution as a British military hospital, was dedicated a national historic site in 1943. Inc. village, 1853; city, 1892. Pop. (2000) 68,381; (2010) 67,292.

Alexander Parris: …Parris’s best-known designs is his St. Paul’s Church (1819), which, with its graceful Ionic portico fronting a Greek-temple-type structure, marked the beginning of the Greek Revival style in America.

Blackfriars: Blackfriars Station was opened in 1886 under the name St. Paul’s Station; its name was changed in 1937. Rebuilt in 1977, it connects with London Bridge Station in Southwark.

Aleksey Ilich Chirikov: Paul and Bering the St. Peter, supported by smaller vessels with supplies and scientist-observers. A storm separated Bering and Chirikov on June 20, and Chirikov lingered in the area several days before heading east alone. Bering, meanwhile, moved on to the north and west, and to his death.

Burgundian Romanesque style: …great abbey church at Cluny (the third abbey church built on that site), which was constructed from 1088 to about 1130 and was the largest church built during the European Middle Ages. It represented a huge elaboration of the early Christian basilica plan and served as a close model for…

Washington National Cathedral, in Washington, D.C., Episcopal cathedral chartered by the U.S. Congress in 1893 and established on Mount St. Alban (the highest point in the city) in 1907. Its cornerstone was laid by President Theodore Roosevelt. Although construction slowed during periods of

St. Petersburg: Petrograd Side: …slender, arrowlike spire of the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, a golden landmark for the city. The cathedral was built in 1712–33 by Trezzini, and the tsars and tsarinas of Russia from the time of Peter (except for Peter II and Nicholas II) are buried in it. Trezzini…

Malta: Daily life and social customs: Mnarja, the Feast of St. Peter and St. Paul, takes place on the weekend preceding June 29 in Buskett Gardens in Rabat. It is the country’s principal folk festival and is highlighted by folksinging (għana) contests and fried-rabbit picnics. The annual Carnival is celebrated in various villages…

York Minster, Gothic-style cathedral in York, North Yorkshire, England, U.K., that is the seat of the archbishop of York. The impression given by York Minster is one of overwhelming size combined with a light airiness. The cathedral has Britain’s richest collection of stained glass. The famous Five

Minnesota River, river rising at Ortonville, Minnesota, U.S., at the southern tip of Big Stone Lake, on the South Dakota–Minnesota boundary, and flowing southeast and then northeast from Mankato, Minnesota, to join the Mississippi River at Mendota, just south of St. Paul. The Minnesota (a Sioux

St. Peter’s Basilica, present basilica of St. Peter in Vatican City (an enclave in Rome), begun by Pope Julius II in 1506 and completed in 1615 under Paul V. It is designed as a three-aisled Latin cross with a dome at the crossing, directly above the high altar, which covers the shrine of St. Peter

Bautzen: …the Ortenburg Castle (1483–86) and St. Peter’s Church (1220–1497), which has been shared since 1523 by Roman Catholics and Protestants and has, since 1921, served as the Roman Catholic cathedral and seat of the bishop of Meissen. Pop. (2003 est.) 42,160.

Mount Kinabalu, the highest peak in Malaysia and the Malay Archipelago, rising to 13,435 feet (4,095 metres). It is located on the island of Borneo in Sabah state in Malaysia. It is the third highest peak on an island on Earth, after Puncak Jaya in New Guinea and Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Lying near the

Tintoretto: Career: ” In St. Peter’s Vision of the Cross and in The Martyrdom of St. Paul (1556), the figures stand out dramatically on a space suffused with a vaporous, unreal light. In two enormous canvases, one depicting the Jews worshipping the golden calf while Moses on Mount Sinai…

Bodrum: Their spectacular castle, the Petronium, or Castle of St. Peter, remained a Christian stronghold until the Ottoman sultan Süleyman I the Magnificent captured it in 1522. The castle continues to be the town’s major landmark. The ruins of the Mausoleum of Mausolus, ruler of Caria (4th century bce), at…

St. Petersburg, city, Pinellas county, west-central Florida, U.S. It is situated at the southern tip of the Pinellas Peninsula on Tampa Bay, about 15 miles (25 km) southeast of Clearwater and 20 miles (30 km) southwest of Tampa. Those three cities form one of the state’s largest metropolitan areas.

St. Petersburg, city and port, extreme northwestern Russia. A major historical and cultural centre and an important port, St. Petersburg lies about 400 miles (640 km) northwest of Moscow and only about 7° south of the Arctic Circle. It is the second largest city of Russia and one of the world’s

probability and statistics: Probability as the logic of uncertainty: …and made famous as the St. Petersburg paradox, involved a bet with an exponentially increasing payoff. A fair coin is to be tossed until the first time it comes up heads. If it comes up heads on the first toss, the payment is 2 ducats; if the first time it…

ITAR-TASS, (Russian: “Information Telegraph Agency of Russia–Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union”), Russian news agency formed in 1992 after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. ITAR reports on domestic news, while TASS reports on world events, including news from the other countries of the

Minnesota River, river rising at Ortonville, Minnesota, U.S., at the southern tip of Big Stone Lake, on the South Dakota–Minnesota boundary, and flowing southeast and then northeast from Mankato, Minnesota, to join the Mississippi River at Mendota, just south of St. Paul. The Minnesota (a Sioux

Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin was an American community leader who was active in the women’s rights movement and particularly in organizing African American women around issues of civic and cultural development. Josephine St. Pierre was of mixed racial ancestry and acquired a limited education from

Loras College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Dubuque, Iowa, U.S. Affiliated with the Roman Catholic church, the college is a liberal arts institution that offers undergraduate study in business, communications, and arts and sciences and awards master’s degrees in

Royal Canadian Mounted Police: …and 1942, the RCMP vessel St. Roch became the first ship to complete the west-to-east journey through the Northwest Passage and, upon returning east-to-west in 1944, was first to make the trip in both directions.

Istanbul: Byzantine monuments: …which was converted into the Kariye Mosque, is near the Adrianople Gate. It was restored in the 11th century and remodeled in the 14th; the building is now a museum renowned for its 14th-century mosaics, marbles, and frescoes. Over the central portal is a head of Christ with the inscription,…

Gian Lorenzo Bernini: Early years: …Michelangelo is revealed in the St. Sebastian (c. 1617), carved for Maffeo Cardinal Barberini, who was later Pope Urban VIII and Bernini’s greatest patron.

Antonello da Messina: …was supported by the Venetian state, and local painters enthusiastically adopted his oil technique and compositional style. In St. Sebastian (c. 1476), his most mature work, Antonello achieved a synthesis of clearly defined space, monumental sculpture-like form, and luminous colour, which was one of the most decisive influences on the…

Sandro Botticelli: Devotional paintings: …vertical panels such as the St. Sebastian (1474); small oblong panels such as the famous Adoration of the Magi (c. 1476) from the Church of Santa Maria Novella; medium-sized altarpieces, of which the finest is the beautiful Bardi Altarpiece (1484–85); and large-scale works such as the St. Barnabas Altarpiece (c.…