granulomatous thyroiditis, inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland, of unknown but presumably viral origin. It may persist from several weeks to a few months but subsides spontaneously. The disease most frequently occurs in women. The thyroid gland becomes enlarged, and most patients complain of

nawab, deputy ruler, or viceroy, under the Mughal rule of India. The title was later adopted by the independent rulers of Bengal, Oudh (Ayodhya), and Arcot. In England the name was applied to men who made fortunes working for the British East India Company and returned home to purchase seats in

mammal: Skin and hair: …adult pelage or by the subadult pelage, which in some species is not markedly distinct from that of the adult. Once this pelage has been acquired, molting continues to recur at intervals, often annually or semiannually and sometimes more frequently. The pattern of molt typically is orderly, but it varies…

submarine canyon: …proposed, but prevailing theory favours subaerial erosion as the starting point for a good number of undersea canyons. Such erosion is thought to have begun with the lowering of sea level during the glaciations of the Pleistocene Epoch (about 2,600,000 to 11,700 years ago). It is perceived, however, that subaerial…

igneous rock: Classification of volcanic and hypabyssal rocks: The subalkaline rocks have two divisions based mainly on the iron content, with the iron-rich group called the tholeiitic series and the iron-poor group called calc-alkalic. The former group is most commonly found along the oceanic ridges and on the ocean floor; the latter group is…

coniferous forest: They are known as subalpine and montane forests and are dominated by combinations of pine, spruce, and fir.

postcolonialism: From decolonization to postcolonialism: …with the editorial collective of Subaltern Studies, all exemplify that complex inheritance. It derives in part from the fact that there is no such thing as “the” Enlightenment but rather multiple Enlightenments shaped by different historical and political contexts; so too, the bundle of concepts and ideals to which “the”…

history of logic: Categorical forms: …last relations were later called subalternation, and the particular propositions (affirmative or negative) were said to be subalternate to the corresponding universal propositions.

history of logic: Syllogisms: …Middle Ages they were called “subalternate” moods. Disregarding them, there are 4 valid moods in each of the first two figures, 6 in the third figure, and 5 in the fourth. Aristotle recognized all 19 of them.

biogeographic region: Subantarctic region: Southern Chile, Patagonia, and New Zealand comprise the Subantarctic region (Figure 1). It has a distinctive forest flora, of which Nothofagus (southern beech) is perhaps the most characteristic element.

Antarctica: The surrounding seas: …mass with intermediate characteristics called Subantarctic Surface Water. Mixing occurs in a shallow but broad zone of approximately 10° latitude lying south of the Subtropical Convergence (at about 40° S) and north of the Antarctic Convergence (between about 50° and 60° S). The Subtropical Convergence generally defines the northern limits…

coal: Macerals: …make up cell walls) and collinite (clear vitrinite that occupies the spaces between cell walls).

igneous rock: Crystallinity: The subaphanitic, or hyaline, rocks are referred to as glassy, or vitric, in terms of granularity.

fungus: Growth: …inch) in length, (2) the subapical region, extending about 40 micrometres (0.002 inch) back of the apical zone, which is rich in cytoplasmic components, such as nuclei, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and vesicles, but is devoid of vacuoles, and (3) the zone of vacuolation, which is characterized…

delta: …plain, and the third the subaqueous delta, which lies seaward of the shoreline and forms below sea level.

tunnels and underground excavations: Subaqueous tunnels: Tunneling under rivers was considered impossible until the protective shield was developed in England by Marc Brunel, a French émigré engineer. The first use of the shield, by Brunel and his son Isambard, was in 1825 on the Wapping-Rotherhithe Tunnel through clay under…

subarachnoid hemorrhage, bleeding into the space between the two innermost protective coverings surrounding the brain, the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. A subarachnoid hemorrhage most often occurs as the result of significant head trauma and is usually seen in the setting of skull fractures or

human nervous system: Cerebral ventricles: …permit cerebrospinal fluid to enter subarachnoid spaces surrounding both the brain and the spinal cord.

Native American: The Subarctic: This region lies south of the Arctic and encompasses most of present-day Alaska and most of Canada, excluding the Maritime Provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island), which are part of the Northeast culture area. The topography is relatively flat, the climate…

Aleutian Current, surface oceanic current, an eastward-flowing mixture of the Kuroshio (Japan Current) and the Oya Current, located between the Aleutian Islands and latitude 42° N. Approaching the North American coast, the current divides to become the Alaska and California currents. Another branch

Native American: The Subarctic Indians and the Arctic peoples: The European exploration of the Subarctic was for many decades limited to the coasts of the Atlantic and Hudson Bay, an inland sea connected to the Atlantic and the Arctic oceans. The initial European exploration of the bay occurred…

Arctic: Terrain of the Arctic: To the south in the subarctic, the permafrost thins and eventually becomes discontinuous, although locally it may still be 200 to 400 feet thick; along its southern boundary, permafrost survives under peat and in muskeg. In areas of continuous permafrost the active layer may be many feet thick in sandy…

history of Mesopotamia: Mesopotamian protohistory: …peoples (Akkadians or pre-Akkadians) and Subarians (identical with, or near relatives of, the Hurrians, who appear in northern Mesopotamia around the end of the 3rd millennium bce). Their presence is known, but no definite statements about their past or possible routes of immigration are possible.

subarkose, variety of sandstone in which 5–25 percent of the sand grains are composed of feldspar. See

sedimentary rock: Classification of sandstones: In subarkosic arenite (or subarkose), feldspar sand grains likewise exceed rock fragments but range in abundance from 5 to 15 percent. Lithic arenites have rock fragments that exceed feldspar grains; the abundance of rock fragments is greater than 25 percent. Sublithic arenites likewise contain more rock…

Subarnarekha River, river in northeastern India, rising in southern Bihar state. The Subarnarekha (meaning “Streak of Gold”) flows east through a copper-mining region and leaves the Chota Nagpur plateau by the Hundrugbagh waterfall. Continuing eastward, it flows across West Bengal state to enter

Subaru Telescope, a Japanese 8.2-metre (27-foot) optical-infrared telescope located on the dormant volcano Mauna Kea (4,163 metres [13,658 feet]) on the island of Hawaii. An adaptive optics system consisting of 261 actuators can change the shape of the mirror so that it is not affected by

aerospace industry: Building of subassemblies: Assembly of aerospace vehicles at the prime contractor or systems integrator begins with the accumulation of subassemblies. An example of a typical subassembly for a transport aircraft is the rear fuselage section, which is itself composed of several segments. (These segments are often built…

subatomic particle, any of various self-contained units of matter or energy that are the fundamental constituents of all matter. Subatomic particles include electrons, the negatively charged, almost massless particles that nevertheless account for most of the size of the atom, and they include the

Sufetula, ancient Roman city 19 miles (31 km) east-northeast of modern Al-Qaṣrayn, Tunisia. Most likely originating as a fort during the Roman campaigns against the Numidian rebel Tacfarinas (ad 17–24), it became a municipium under the emperor Vespasian (69–79) and a colonia under Marcus Aurelius

Arabia: Najd: …highlands and Mecca lie the Subayʿ sand dunes (named after the tribe of Banū al-Subayʿ), which constitute the largest sand desert within the shield.

Nashville Predators: …now starring newly acquired defenseman P.K. Subban, the Predators went on the team’s most successful postseason run since its founding, running off three consecutive series upsets to advance to the Stanley Cup finals for the first time in franchise history, where the team lost a six-game series to the Pittsburgh…

road: Pavement: The subbase is a protective layer and temporary working platform sometimes placed between the base course and the natural formation.

Suppiluliumas I was a Hittite king who dominated the history of the ancient Middle East for the greater part of four decades and raised the Hittite kingdom to Imperial power. The son and successor of Tudhaliyas III, Suppiluliumas began his reign by rebuilding the old capital, Hattusas (Boğazköy in

subbituminous coal, generally dark brown to black coal, intermediate in rank between lignite and bituminous coal according to the coal classification used in the United States and Canada. In many countries subbituminous coal is considered to be a brown coal. Subbituminous coal contains 42 to 52

Romania: Relief: …rolling terrain known as the Subcarpathians and extending from the Moldova River in the north to the Motru River in the southwest. It is from 2 to 19 miles (3 to 31 km) wide and reaches elevations ranging between 1,300 and 3,300 feet (400 and 1,000 metres). The topography and…

Ukraine: Transcarpathia in Czechoslovakia: …autonomy to Transcarpathia, officially renamed Carpatho-Ukraine. In November Hungary occupied a strip of territory including the Carpatho-Ukrainian capital of Uzhhorod, and the autonomous government transferred its seat to Khust. On March 15, 1939, the diet proclaimed the independence of Carpatho-Ukraine while the country was already in the midst of occupation…

Ukraine: Transcarpathia in Czechoslovakia: …autonomy to Transcarpathia, officially renamed Carpatho-Ukraine. In November Hungary occupied a strip of territory including the Carpatho-Ukrainian capital of Uzhhorod, and the autonomous government transferred its seat to Khust. On March 15, 1939, the diet proclaimed the independence of Carpatho-Ukraine while the country was already in the midst of occupation…

telemetry: Transmission.: First, the signal modulates a subcarrier (a radio-frequency wave the frequency of which is below that of the final carrier), and then the modulated subcarrier in turn modulates the output carrier. Frequency modulation is used in many of these systems to impress the telemetry information on the subcarrier. If frequency-division…

osteoarthritis: …cartilage wears away, and the subchondral bone, deprived of its protective cover, attempts to regenerate the destroyed tissue, resulting in increased bone density at the site of damage and an uneven remodeling of the surface of the joint. Thick bony outgrowths called spurs sometimes develop. Articulation of the joint becomes…

human cardiovascular system: The aorta and its principal branches: …common carotid, and the left subclavian. These three branches supply the head, neck, and arms with oxygenated blood.

human cardiovascular system: Superior vena cava and its tributaries: …collarbone, each unites with the subclavian vein of that side to form the innominate veins.

Alfred Blalock: …devised a procedure known as subclavian-pulmonary artery anastomosis, by which the congenital heart defect that produced the “blue baby” syndrome could be corrected and the patient enabled to lead a nearly normal life. The first such operation was performed by Blalock in 1944.

hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism: This is known as subclinical hypothyroidism, and these patients have few or no symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism.

infectious disease: …the process is called a subclinical infection. Thus, a person may be infected but not have an infectious disease. This principle is illustrated by the use of vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases. For example, a virus such as that which causes measles may be attenuated (weakened) and used…

unconscious, the complex of mental activities within an individual that proceed without his awareness. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, stated that such unconscious processes may affect a person’s behaviour even though he cannot report on them. Freud and his followers felt that dreams

construction: Construction: …by a group of specialty subcontractors who are under contract to the general contractor. Each subcontractor provides and installs one or more of the building systems—e.g., the structural or electrical system. The subcontractors in turn buy the system components from the manufacturers. During the construction process the design team continues…

history of logic: Categorical forms: …although they were later called subcontraries. Subcontraries cannot be false together, although, as Aristotle remarked, they may be true together. The same holds for indefinite affirmatives and negatives, construed as equivalent to the corresponding particular forms. Note that if a universal proposition (affirmative or negative) is true, its contradictory is…

muscle: Tetrapod musculature: …is a muscle known as subcoracoscapularis in amphibians, reptiles, and birds and as subscapularis in mammals. It runs from the deep surface of the shoulder girdle to the humerus. In amphibians the dorsalis scapulae arise from the anterior edge of the scapula. The same muscle is known as the deltoideus…

atomic bomb: The properties and effects of atomic bombs: …and is thus termed a subcritical mass; this is because, on average, the neutrons released by a fission are likely to leave the assembly without striking another nucleus and causing it to fission. If more uranium-235 is added to the assemblage, the chances that one of the released neutrons will…

criminology: Sociological theories: The concept of a criminal subculture—an alternative set of moral values and expectations to which people can turn if they cannot find acceptable routes to the objectives held out for them by the broader society—represents an integration of the differential-association and anomie theories. Developed from studies of gangs of delinquents…

Marvin Wolfgang: In The Subculture of Violence: Towards an Integrated Theory in Criminology (1967), Wolfgang and his coauthor, Franco Feracutti, argued that this behaviour was the product of violent subcultures in which each person in a conflict typically believes that the other will become violent, a finding that…

bursa: Subcutaneous bursas ordinarily are ill-defined clefts at the junction of subcutaneous tissue and deep fasciae (sheets of fibrous tissue); these bursas acquire a distinct wall only when they become abnormal, and they are sometimes classified as adventitious. Synovial bursas are thin-walled sacs that are interposed…

subcutaneous emphysema, disorder in which bubbles of air become trapped under the skin. The condition can occur after surgery or traumatic accidents and can also develop locally in cases of gas gangrene. One of the frequent causes of subcutaneous emphysema is rupture of the lung tissue. Air

touch reception: … are common: tactile hairs and subcutaneous receptors.

holy order: deacon, and subdeacon and the minor orders of porter (doorkeeper), lector, exorcist, and acolyte.

joint disease: Bursitis: …form of bursitis affects the subdeltoid bursa, which lies above the shoulder joint. Bursitis in this circumstance is not the primary abnormality but results from degeneration and calcification of the adjacent rotator tendon. Direct injury is not usually the cause of calcium deposits and inflammation in the tendon; indeed, heavy…

servitude: In subdivisions and planned developments, burdens and benefits are often reciprocal. Each lot or unit is burdened by servitudes for the benefit of all the others. In most U.S. states, if a project developer represents to prospective purchasers, either explicitly or implicitly, that all the property…

naval architecture: Subdivision and floodable length: Subdivision by watertight bulkheads is necessary to prevent extensive flooding after only local damage. A well-designed ship should, with some damage and moderate flooding, still be able to move, steer, and stay afloat. In recognition of this premise the major maritime nations of the world…

Henri Breuil: In particular, his paper “Les Subdivisions du Paléolithique supérieur et leur signification” (1912; “The Subdivisions of the Upper Paleolithic and Their Meaning”) established for the period a classification system that is of enduring value. In his attempt to explain the significance of these Ice Age objects, he developed a…

subdominant, in Western music, the fourth note of the diatonic (seven-note) scale (e.g., F in a scale based on C), so named because it lies at the interval of a fifth below the tonic; by contrast, the dominant lies at the fifth above the tonic (e.g., G in a scale based on

Africa: General considerations: …the present Nile River, by subduction processes identical to those observed today. (Subduction involves the descent of the edge of one lithospheric plate beneath that of another where two such plates collide.)

volcano: Subduction volcanoes: As an oceanic plate is subducted beneath a continental plate, seafloor sediments rich in water and carbon dioxide are carried beneath the overriding plate. These compounds may act as fluxes, reducing the melting temperature of magma. Although the process is not clearly understood,…

subduction zone, oceanic trench area marginal to a continent in which, according to the theory of plate tectonics, older and denser seafloor underthrusts the continental mass, dragging downward into the Earth’s upper mantle the accumulated trench sediments. The subduction zone, accordingly, is the

subdural hematoma, bleeding into the space between the brain and its outermost protective covering, the dura. It typically results when a traumatic force applied to the head creates significant fast-changing velocities of the contents inside the skull. The expanding hemorrhage can increase the

meninges: …the arachnoid by the narrow subdural space, which is filled with fluid. In a few places, the subdural space is absent, and the arachnoid is intimately fused with the dura mater. The most important area of fusion between these two meninges is in the walls of the large venous channels…

Jiangsu: Land: …“South of the River”) and Subei (“North [Jiang]su”). Jiangnan is fertile and well-watered, famed for its silk and handicrafts, and very densely populated and industrialized. The cities of Suzhou (Soochow), Nanjing, and Wuxi, as well as Shanghai, are all located in this region. Shanghai is situated at the mouth of…

Subei Canal, canal in Jiangsu province, eastern China, designed to provide a direct outlet to the sea for the waters of the Huai River, which discharged near the mouth of the Guan River. Together with part of the Grand Canal and various other channels, it forms an extensive irrigation network in

Subei Canal, canal in Jiangsu province, eastern China, designed to provide a direct outlet to the sea for the waters of the Huai River, which discharged near the mouth of the Guan River. Together with part of the Grand Canal and various other channels, it forms an extensive irrigation network in

dress: Japan: …an elaborate coiffure known as suberakashi, and affixed directly over the forehead are special hair ornaments consisting of a lacquered, gold-sprinkled comb surmounted by a gold lacquered chrysanthemum crest.

angiosperm: Dermal tissue: …inner walls are lined with suberin, a fatty substance that is highly impermeable to gases and water (which is why cork is used to stop wine bottles). The walls of cork cells may also contain lignin.

sponge: Associations with other organisms: …is that of the sponge Suberites domuncula and hermit crabs, which live in the shells of gastropod mollusks. The advantage to the sponge is that it is carried by the mollusk; the hermit crab gains protection not only by living in the shell of the mollusk but also through the…

human nervous system: Vasopressin and cardiovascular regulation: Another circumventricular organ, called the subfornical organ, lies in the dorsal part of the third ventricle; it is particularly sensitive to hormones such as angiotensin II and signals that changes are needed for the regulation of salt and water balance. Both regions project directly to vasopressin-producing hypothalamic neurons. The area…

star: Hertzsprung-Russell diagram: Subgiants are stars that are redder and larger than main-sequence stars of the same luminosity. Many of the best-known examples are found in close binary systems where conditions favour their detection.

subglacial lake, any large body of liquid water that exists below an ice mass. Typically, subglacial lakes form where an overlying glacier or ice sheet intersects with the bedrock below. These water bodies may be connected to one another by a system of channels, or they may exist as closed systems

Lake Vostok, largest lake in Antarctica. Located approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) beneath Russia’s Vostok Station on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), the water body is also the largest subglacial lake known. Running more than 150 miles (about 240 km) long with a maximum width of about 31 miles

volcano: Determinants of size and shape: Subglacial volcanism produces landforms that are dramatically different from those produced by subaerial volcanism. This is particularly apparent in Iceland, where glaciers covered the entire island 15,000 years ago, and large ice caps still cover extensive areas today. Fissure eruptions beneath the ice form steep…

subgraywacke, dark-coloured sedimentary rock that contains from 65 to 95 percent free quartz, in grains 0.06 to 2 mm in diameter, held together by a matrix with a low mud content and often a high carbonate content. Some geologists favour a definition of graywacke (q.v.) that permits no more than 75

encyclopaedia: The Arab world: …more important and well-organized encyclopaedia, Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā (“The Dawn for the Blind”), that covered geography, political history, natural history, zoology, mineralogy, cosmography, and time measurement. Al-Ibshīhī (1388–c. 1446) compiled a very individual encyclopaedia, the Mustaṭraf fī kull fann mustaẓraf (“A Quest for Attainment in Each Fine Art”), that covered the…

subḥah, string of Muslim prayer beads whose units (100, 25, or 33) represent the names of God. As the beads (made of wood, bone, or precious stones) are touched one by one, Muslims may recite any of numerous formulas, the most common being “Glory to Allāh.” But because prayer may also be recited in

Jagannatha: …Balabhadra (Balarama), and his sister Subhadra. Modern representations made in Puri of the 10 avatars (incarnations) of Vishnu often show Jagannatha as one of the 10 in place of the more usually accepted Buddha.

subḥah, string of Muslim prayer beads whose units (100, 25, or 33) represent the names of God. As the beads (made of wood, bone, or precious stones) are touched one by one, Muslims may recite any of numerous formulas, the most common being “Glory to Allāh.” But because prayer may also be recited in

South Asian arts: The short lyric: Authors of subhāṣitas often collected them themselves, the favourite form being that of the śataka (“century” of verses), in which 100 short lyrics on a common theme were strung together. Mention has been made of Hāla’s Sattasaī (“The Seven Hundred,” consisting of lyrics in the Māhārāṣṭrī dialect).…

igneous rock: Fabric: …euhedral or panidiomorphic (fully crystal-faced), subhedral or hypidiomorphic (partly faced), or anhedral or allotriomorphic (no external crystal faces). Quite apart from the presence or absence of crystal faces, the shape, or habit, of individual mineral grains is described by such terms as equant, tabular, platy, elongate, fibrous, rodlike, lathlike, needlelike,…

Les Murray: Subhuman Redneck Poems (1996) brings to the fore Murray’s ever-present disdain for Western intellectual attitudes; many critics found his satirical assaults unbalanced. In Fredy Neptune (1999) Murray presented a verse narrative of the misfortunes of a German Australian sailor during World War I. Later collections…

typography: The private-press movement: …types for his own use: Subiaco, based upon Sweynheim’s and Pannartz’ semiroman of the 1460s, and Ptolemy, based upon a late 15th-century German model. The Ashendene Press books, like those of Morris, were often illustrated with wood engravings, and many had coloured initials.

Subiaco, town, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. It lies along the Aniene River, 1,345 feet (410 m) above sea level, about 45 miles (73 km) east of Rome. Its ancient name recalls its position below three small lakes where the emperor Nero built a villa. An inundation destroyed the lakes in

Subic Bay, embayment of the South China Sea, southwestern Luzon, Philippines. The bay is located 35 miles (55 km) northwest of the mouth of Manila Bay and extends northward into the Luzon coastline. Rice, corn (maize), and bananas are grown in the area, and there are secondary forests around the

Subic Bay: …States operated a naval base, Subic Bay Naval Station, on the southeast coast of the bay, the largest naval installation in the Philippines. The area suffered heavy damage during World War II; it was taken by the Japanese in 1942 and retaken by Allied forces in 1944. Its proximity to…

Carlos Bousoño: …his first volume of poetry, Subida al amor (“Ascent to Love”), which deals with struggles for religious faith. In 1946 he went to Mexico and then to the United States to teach literature at Wellesley College (Massachusetts). In 1948 he returned to Spain and took a doctorate at the University…

Latin American dance: Puerto Rico: …challenge or converse with the subidor (high-pitched drum). The more equally matched in skill that the drummer and dancer are, the more intricate and satisfying the bomba will be. The spectators add their voices to the chorus and wait their turn to enter as dancers. In many respects the bomba…

mayfly: Life cycle: …a winged form, called the subimago, or dun, emerges. The subimago flies from the surface of the water to some sheltered resting place nearby. After an interval lasting a few minutes to several days, but usually overnight, the skin is shed for the last time, and the imago, or adult…

Australian Aboriginal peoples: Socialization: Subincision (incisura of the urethra) was especially significant in its association with secret-sacred ritual. Other rites included piercing of the nasal septum, tooth pulling (in New South Wales this was central in initiation), and the blood rite, which involved bloodletting from an arm vein or…

vassal: …they obtained the right to subinfeudate—that is, to become lords themselves by granting parts of their fiefs to vassals of their own. If a vassal died without heir or committed a felony, his fief went back to the lord (see escheat).

Margarita Xirgu was a Catalan actress and producer whose greatest contribution was her advancement of the plays of Federico García Lorca. Xirgu made her professional debut in Barcelona in 1906 and five years later joined the Teatro Principal. She made her first appearance in Madrid in 1914,

horticulture: Water management: Subirrigation is the distribution of water to soil below the surface; it provides moisture to crops by upward capillary action. Trickle irrigation involves the slow release of water to each plant through small plastic tubes. This technique is adapted both to field and to greenhouse…

Uralic languages: Verb inflections: The widespread use of separate subjective and objective conjugations among the Uralic languages (as in Mordvin, Ugric, and Samoyedic) are the result of an original system for singling out the subject or object for emphasis (focus), and not simply a device for object–verb agreement (similar to subject agreement). For example,…

fugue: Elements of the fugue: …which the principal theme, or subject, is stated successively in each of the constituent voices or parts. The first statement of the subject is in one voice alone. While this voice continues, the second statement enters, transposed to the key of the dominant (the fifth degree of the scale), and…