cancer: Statistical records: …survival, and mortality is the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program, sponsored by the U.S. National Cancer Institute. SEER was established in 1973 in order to facilitate the collection and publication of data from population-based cancer registries in the United States. The figures are updated every year and are…

Michel Foucault: Education and career: …naissance de la prison (1975; Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison), a monograph on the emergence of the modern prison; three volumes of a history of Western sexuality; and numerous essays. Foucault continued to travel widely, and as his reputation grew he spent extended periods in Brazil, Japan,…

Canadian literature: World War II and the postwar period, 1935–60: …translated and published together as The Outlander), continued to examine rural society, though with greater detachment. One of the most prolific novelists, Yves Thériault, found new subjects among Quebec’s native peoples in Agaguk (1958; Eng. trans. Agaguk) and Ashini (1960; Eng. trans. Ashini).

anthropology: Archaeology: These include archaeological survey (reconnaissance), excavation, and detailed analysis of recovered artifacts. Survey, or the discovery and recording of archaeological sites or other human-created features, such as roads and irrigation systems, is usually the first phase of archaeological research. Archaeological survey often employs aerial photographs and satellite…

statistics: Sample survey methods: As noted above in the section Estimation, statistical inference is the process of using data from a sample to make estimates or test hypotheses about a population. The field of sample survey methods is concerned with effective ways of obtaining sample data.…

John Stow: …antiquaries, author of the famous A Survey of London (1598; revised and enlarged, 1603).

algebra: The structural approach dominates: Prominent among these was A Survey of Modern Algebra (1941) by Saunders Mac Lane and Garret Birkhoff, a book that was fundamental for the next several generations of mathematicians in the United States. Nevertheless, it must be stressed that not all algebraists felt, at least initially, that the new…

township: …to distinguish it from the congressional, or survey, township of six miles by six miles, which is not a unit of government.

surveying, a means of making relatively large-scale, accurate measurements of the Earth’s surfaces. It includes the determination of the measurement data, the reduction and interpretation of the data to usable form, and, conversely, the establishment of relative position and size according to given

Surveyor, any of a series of seven unmanned U.S. space probes sent to the Moon between 1966 and 1968 to photograph and study the lunar surface. Surveyor 1 (launched May 30, 1966), carrying a scanning television camera and special sensors, landed on the Moon on June 2, 1966, and transmitted 11,150

chain, in surveying, a unit of length. See surveyor’s

surveyor’s chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still widely used for surveying in English-speaking countries. Invented by the English mathematician Edmund Gunter in the early 17th century, Gunter’s chain is exactly 22 yards (about 20 m) long and divided into 100 links. In the

surveyor’s level, instrument used in surveying to measure the height of distant points in relation to a bench mark (a point for which the height above sea level is accurately known). It consists of a telescope fitted with a spirit level and, generally, mounted on a tripod. It is used in conjunction

Scientology: Hubbard’s early life and beliefs: …principle of human existence is survival. Even before the publication of Dianetics, Hubbard wrote, “I suddenly realized that survival was the pin on which you could hang the rest of this with adequate and ample proof…[and] that life, all life, is trying to survive.” Actions that support survival are good…

David Cox: The statistical field of survival analysis is concerned with the interval of time that passes until a particular event, such as a mechanical failure or the death of a patient, takes place. The rate at which the failure happens or the patient dies is known as the hazard function.…

Primo Levi: …questo è un uomo (1947; If This Is a Man, or Survival in Auschwitz), demonstrated extraordinary qualities of humanity and detachment in its analysis of the atrocities he had witnessed. His later autobiographical works, La tregua (1963; The Truce, or The Reawakening) and I sommersi e i salvati (1986; The…

Stockholm syndrome: The survival instinct is at the heart of the Stockholm syndrome. Victims live in enforced dependence and interpret rare or small acts of kindness in the midst of horrible conditions as good treatment. They often become hypervigilant to the needs and demands of their captors, making…

George A. Romero: …of the Dead (2007), and Survival of the Dead (2009). The Dead series was rife with social commentary, with allusions to the Cold War, consumerism, and class conflict. In addition to zombies, Romero’s films have explored other horror movie staples, including witchcraft in Hungry Wives (1972; rereleased as Season of…

survival of the fittest: Use in evolutionary theory: …fittest; he regarded it as survival of the fitter, because the “struggle for existence” (a term he took from English economist and demographer Thomas Malthus) is relative and thus not absolute. Instead, the winners with respect to species within ecosystems could become losers with a change of circumstances. For example,…

survival of the fittest, term made famous in the fifth edition (published in 1869) of On the Origin of Species by British naturalist Charles Darwin, which suggested that organisms best adjusted to their environment are the most successful in surviving and reproducing. Darwin borrowed the term from

survival training, teaching people to survive in the wilderness, using essentially Stone Age skills. Such techniques include building shelters from available materials, making fire without matches, locating water, identifying edible plants, manufacturing tools, hunting and trapping animals with

militia movement: …of people were attracted to survivalism, a movement that advocated a retreat to self-sufficient and well-armed rural settlements in anticipation of a general breakdown of society. Survivalists often warned of the imminent collapse of the United States as a result of nuclear attack.

survivals, in anthropology, cultural phenomena that outlive the set of conditions under which they developed. The term was first employed by the British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor in his Primitive Culture (1871). Tylor believed that seemingly irrational customs and beliefs, such as peasant

Merchant and Ivory: Their 1996 film, Surviving Picasso, continued their preoccupation with sensuality, this time by recounting a 10-year tryst between the flamboyant painter and one of his many mistresses.

R. Kelly: …aired the six-part documentary series Surviving R. Kelly, which examined the accusations against the singer. In February 2019, a month after that program was broadcast, the state of Illinois charged Kelly with 10 counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse. He pleaded not guilty, and additional state charges were subsequently filed.…

Survivor, popular reality television game show whose format has been adapted and produced in more than 25 countries since the late 1990s, becoming a huge hit on American television after its debut on CBS in 2000. First employed in 1997 for a Swedish television show called Expedition: Robinson (as

Chuck Palahniuk: Other novels: Survivor, a satire of religion, centers on Tender Branson, the sole survivor of a doomsday cult. Invisible Monsters was a reworking of Palahniuk’s unpublished novel Manifesto. It targets the fashion industry and focuses on a model who loses the lower half of her face in…

Beyoncé: Early life and Destiny’s Child: Survivor (2001), the group’s third album, reached the number one spot on the Billboard 200 chart. By this time the group’s lineup, which had seen several personnel changes, was composed of Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams.

Octavia E. Butler: …Mind of My Mind (1977), Survivor (1978), Wild Seed (1980), and Clay’s Ark (1984).

Holocaust: Artistic responses to the Holocaust: Holocaust include Arnold Schoenberg’s A Survivor from Warsaw (first performed 1947), Dmitry Shostakovich’s 13th Symphony (first performed 1962), which used the text of the poem “Baby Yar” (1961) by Yevgeny Yevtushenko, and works by composers Charles Davidson, Michael Horvitz, and Oskar Morawetz.

Kristin Hunter Lattany: In The Survivors (1975), a lonely, prosperous, middle-aged dressmaker befriends a neglected 13-year-old boy despite his involvement with dishonest and sometimes brutal acquaintances. The comical Kinfolks (1996) concerns the revelation that the engaged children of two lifelong friends were produced by unions with the same man.…

Michael Ritchie: The 1980s: Ritchie reteamed with Matthau on The Survivors (1983), but the comedy failed to find an audience, despite the presence of Robin Williams.

Elaine Feinstein: …of Feinstein’s best-known novels is The Survivors (1982), a multigenerational saga of two Jewish families who flee Russia for England. Her other novels include Children of the Rose (1975), The Shadow Master (1978), All You Need (1989), Lady Chatterley’s Confession (1995), and Dark Inheritance (2000). Her volumes of poetry include…

Tomás Gutiérrez Alea: (1966), Memories of Underdevelopment (1968), The Survivors (1979), and Strawberry and Chocolate (1993). He is regarded as the finest director Cuba has produced.

inheritance: Rights of spouses: …the successoral position of the surviving spouse, often even favouring the spouse above the decedent’s blood relatives. Benefits for a surviving spouse can, of course, be achieved by devices other than rights of inheritance. A method of great antiquity is the giving of a dowry, meant to sustain a woman…

survivorship bias, a logical error in which attention is paid only to those entities that have passed through (or “survived”) a selective filter, which often leads to incorrect conclusions. In statistics, survivorship bias can be defined as a form of sampling bias in which the observations taken at

survivorship curve, graphic representation of the number of individuals in a population that can be expected to survive to any specific age. There are three general types of curves. The Type I curve, illustrated by the large mammals, tracks organisms that tend to live long lives (low death rate and

Surkhandarya, most southerly oblast (province) of Uzbekistan. It embraces the basins of the Sherabad and Surkhan rivers, right-bank tributaries of the Amu River, which forms the frontier with Afghanistan in the south. In the east are the Babatag Mountains, and in the north and west are the lofty

Surya, in Hinduism, both the Sun and the Sun god. Although in the Vedic period (1500–5th century bce) several other deities also possessed solar characteristics, most of these were merged into a single god in later Hinduism. Surya was once ranked along with Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti, and Ganesha, and

Sun Temple, temple in Konark, Odisha state, India, that is dedicated to the Hindu sun god Surya. It was built of stone in the 13th century. The Sun Temple is the pinnacle of Hindu Orissan architecture and is unique in terms of its sculptural innovations and the quality of its carvings. Textual

Sun Temple, temple in Konark, Odisha state, India, that is dedicated to the Hindu sun god Surya. It was built of stone in the 13th century. The Sun Temple is the pinnacle of Hindu Orissan architecture and is unique in terms of its sculptural innovations and the quality of its carvings. Textual

Odisha: History of Odisha: …Gangas were succeeded by the Surya dynasty. Its first king, Kapilendra (1435–66), won territories from his Muslim neighbours and greatly expanded the Kalinga kingdom. His successor, Purushottama, maintained those gains with difficulty. The next and the last Surya king, Prataparudra, became a disciple of Chaitanya, the great Hindu mystic, and…

mathematics: Origins: …of an astronomical handbook, the Surya Siddhanta, had tabulated the sine function (unknown in Greece) for every 3 3 4 ° of arc from 3 3 4 ° to 90°. (See South Asian mathematics.)

Japanese art: Sculpture: … flanked by the standing attendants Nikkō (Suryaprabha, bodhisattva of the Sun) and Gakkō (Candraprabha, bodhisattva of the Moon). It is unclear whether these sculptures were produced after the temple’s relocation to Nara or if they were transported from the original site. Literary evidence from the 11th century suggests the latter…

Rajput: …ancestry can be divided between Suryavanshi (“House of the Sun,” or Solar people), or those descended from Rama, the hero of the epic Ramayana; and Chandravanshi (“House of the Moon,” or Lunar people), or those descended from Krishna, the hero of the epic Mahabharata. A third group, Agnikula (“Family of…

Rajput: …ancestry can be divided between Suryavanshi (“House of the Sun,” or Solar people), or those descended from Rama, the hero of the epic Ramayana; and Chandravanshi (“House of the Moon,” or Lunar people), or those descended from Krishna, the hero of the epic Mahabharata. A third group, Agnikula (“Family of…

Suryavarman I was a great Khmer king of the Angkor period of Cambodian history. He was renowned as a conqueror and builder who greatly expanded his territorial holdings and consolidated the conquered lands into a strong, unified empire. Suryavarman defeated King Udayadityavarman by 1002 and

Suryavarman II was the king of the Khmer (Cambodian) empire renowned as a religious reformer and temple builder. Under his rule, the temple of Angkor Wat, the world’s largest religious structure, was constructed. Suryavarman defeated rival claimants to the throne and established sole rule over the

Susa, capital of Elam (Susiana) and administrative capital of the Achaemenian king Darius I and his successors from 522 bce. It was located at the foot of the Zagros Mountains near the bank of the Karkheh Kūr (Choaspes) River in the Khuzistan region of Iran. The archaeological site, identified in

ancient Iran: The Elamites: …third official, the regent or prince of Susa (the district), shared power with the overlord and the viceroy. He was usually the overlord’s son or, if no son was available, his nephew. On the death of the overlord, the viceroy became overlord. The prince of Susa remained in office, and…

ancient Iran: The Elamites: …third official, the regent or prince of Susa (the district), shared power with the overlord and the viceroy. He was usually the overlord’s son or, if no son was available, his nephew. On the death of the overlord, the viceroy became overlord. The prince of Susa remained in office, and…

William Alexander, 1st earl of Stirling: By the Treaty of Susa that year, however, England and France agreed to a mutual restoration of territory and shipping, and Alexander was compelled to surrender Nova Scotia. The Scottish settlers were ordered to withdraw in 1631, leaving Alexander deeply in debt.

Sousse, town located in east-central Tunisia. It is an important port and commercial centre that originated as the Phoenician settlement of Hadrumetum. Used by Hannibal as his base during the Second Punic War (218–201 bce), Sousse changed its allegiance during the Third Punic War (149–146 bce) and

Hadrumetum, ancient Phoenician colony some 100 miles (160 km) south of Carthage, on the east coast of the Al-Hammāmāt Gulf in what is now Tunisia. Hadrumetum was one of the most important communities within the Carthaginian territory in northern Africa because of its location on the sea at the edge

Sousse:

Joan Crawford: …actress were The Women (1939), Susan and God (1940), Strange Cargo (1940), and A Woman’s Face (1941).

Peter Høeg: …thriller Effekten af Susan (2014; The Susan Effect), centres on a woman who is extremely adept at uncovering secrets.

Robert Z. Leonard: From silent to sound: The 1931 melodrama Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise) was notable for being the first and only pairing of Greta Garbo and rising star Clark Gable, who returned (along with Shearer) for Strange Interlude (1932), a flawed adaptation of Eugene O’Neill’s nine-hour Pulitzer Prize-winning play.

Frank Tashlin: Films of the mid-1940s to mid-1950s: Susan Slept Here (1954) featured Debbie Reynolds as a juvenile delinquent who ends up in the care of a screenwriter (played by Dick Powell).

Jackie Collins: Along with such writers as Jacqueline Susann (whose Valley of the Dolls was published in 1966), Collins was at the vanguard of a movement in female-oriented fiction that eschewed the chaste romance conventions established by Barbara Cartland and her ilk in favour of a less-euphemistic, more-uninhibited approach to sexuality. Collins’s…

The History of Susanna, apocryphal addition to the Old Testament Book of Daniel; it appears in both the Septuagint (Greek) and Vulgate (Latin) versions. In the latter it constitutes the last chapter, but in many editions of the former it is the introductory chapter. In the Roman canon it is the

Lorenzo Lotto: …are more self-assured, and the Susanna and the Elders (1517) exhibits his growing ability as a narrative painter.

The History of Susanna, apocryphal addition to the Old Testament Book of Daniel; it appears in both the Septuagint (Greek) and Vulgate (Latin) versions. In the latter it constitutes the last chapter, but in many editions of the former it is the introductory chapter. In the Roman canon it is the

Tintoretto: Career: …of this phase is undoubtedly Susanna at her Bath (c. 1555); the light creates Susanna’s form in crystalline clarity against a background evoked with a fresh poetic sense.

The History of Susanna, apocryphal addition to the Old Testament Book of Daniel; it appears in both the Septuagint (Greek) and Vulgate (Latin) versions. In the latter it constitutes the last chapter, but in many editions of the former it is the introductory chapter. In the Roman canon it is the

Jacopo Bassano: …early works, such as the Susannah and the Elders (1534–36) and the Flight into Egypt (c. 1536), reveal the influence of his master, Bonifacio Veronese (Bonifacio de’ Pitati), a minor Venetian painter, as well as the art of Lorenzo Lotto and the atmospheric light of Titian. As Bassano’s art matured,…

Susanoo, (Japanese: Impetuous Male), in Japanese mythology, the storm god, younger brother of the sun goddess Amaterasu. He was born as his father Izanagi washed his nose. Susanoo, having been granted charge of the sea plain, was driven out of heaven because of his outrageous behaviour at his

Susanoo, (Japanese: Impetuous Male), in Japanese mythology, the storm god, younger brother of the sun goddess Amaterasu. He was born as his father Izanagi washed his nose. Susanoo, having been granted charge of the sea plain, was driven out of heaven because of his outrageous behaviour at his

Susanoo, (Japanese: Impetuous Male), in Japanese mythology, the storm god, younger brother of the sun goddess Amaterasu. He was born as his father Izanagi washed his nose. Susanoo, having been granted charge of the sea plain, was driven out of heaven because of his outrageous behaviour at his

Susi Susanti: A Nation, a Sport, and One Woman: How much do the hopes of a nation weigh? Typically, political leaders are the only ones who can answer that question, but in Indonesia badminton legend Susi Susanti may also have an answer. The 1992 Games in Barcelona, Spain, marked the debut of badminton as…

Susanville, city, seat (1864) of Lassen county, northeastern California, U.S. It lies on the Susan River, at the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, at the head of the Honey Lake Valley, 85 miles (137 km) northwest of Reno, Nevada. In 1853 Isaac Roop staked a claim and built a cabin on the site. The

reactance: …reactance, 1/X, is called the susceptance and is expressed in units of reciprocal ohm, called mho (ohm spelled backward).

magnetic susceptibility, quantitative measure of the extent to which a material may be magnetized in relation to a given applied magnetic field. The magnetic susceptibility of a material, commonly symbolized by χm, is equal to the ratio of the magnetization M within the material to the applied

electric susceptibility, quantitative measure of the extent to which an electric field applied to a dielectric material causes polarization, the slight displacement of positive and negative charge within the material. For most linear dielectric materials, the polarization P is directly proportional

disease: Epidemiology: …revert to a condition of susceptibility because of (1) the deterioration of individual immunity, (2) the removal of immune individuals by death, and (3) the influx of susceptible individuals by birth. In time the population as a whole again reaches the point at which it is susceptible to epidemic disease.…

Beta Israel: …17th century, when the emperor Susenyos utterly crushed them and confiscated their lands. Their conditions improved in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, at which time tens of thousands of Beta Israel lived in the region north of Lake Tana. Beta Israel men were traditionally ironsmiths, weavers, and farmers.…

Ōkuninushi: His chief consort was Princess Suseri, the daughter of Susanoo. They made their escape from Susanoo’s palace in the netherworld when Ōkuninushi tied the storm god’s hair to the rafters while he slept. Ōkuninushi took with him the storm god’s most precious possessions: his sword, lute, and bow and arrows.…

Evenk, the most numerous and widely scattered of the many small ethnic groups of northern Siberia (Asian Russia). The Evenk numbered about 70,000 in the early 21st century. A few thousand live in Mongolia, and the remainder are almost equally divided between Russia and China. They are separable

Manchu: …it is evident that the Yilou, the Tungus ancestors of the Manchu, were essentially hunters, fishers, and food gatherers, though in later times they and their descendants, the Juchen and Manchu, developed a primitive form of agriculture and animal husbandry. The Juchen-Manchu were accustomed to braid their hair into a…

sushi, a staple rice dish of Japanese cuisine, consisting of cooked rice flavoured with vinegar and a variety of vegetable, egg, or raw seafood garnishes and served cold. Restaurants specializing in sushi abound in Japan, where subtleties of preparation find a discriminating clientele, and the dish

Sushruta was an ancient Indian surgeon known for his pioneering operations and techniques and for his influential treatise Sushruta-samhita, the main source of knowledge about surgery in ancient India. For Sushruta, the concept of shalya tantra (surgical science) was all-encompassing. Examples of

Ayurveda: History of Ayurveda: …known as the Caraka-samhita and Susruta-samhita, attributed respectively to Caraka, a physician, and Susruta, a surgeon. Estimates place the Caraka-samhita in its present form as dating from the 1st century ce, although there were earlier versions. The Susruta-samhita probably originated in the last centuries bce and had become fixed in…

Sredna Mountains: …miles (68 km), lie the Sŭshtinska, or Syštinska (“True”), Sredna Mountains, which have a sharper spine of resistant, intrusive rocks. The maximum elevation in this section, 5,262 feet (1,604 m), is that of Bogdan, a peak 17 miles (27 km) west of the town of Karlovo. The Topolnitsa and Stryama…

Suiko: …was victorious, and the emperor Sushun, whose mother had been a Soga, succeeded to the throne. Sushun proved too independent, however, and Soga Umako, the head of the Soga family, had Sushun murdered in 592, replacing him on the throne with the empress Suiko, who was Sushun’s younger sister and…

How much do the hopes of a nation weigh? Typically, political leaders are the only ones who can answer that question, but in Indonesia badminton legend Susi Susanti may also have an answer. The 1992 Games in Barcelona, Spain, marked the debut of badminton as an Olympic sport, and Susanti was the

Elam, ancient country in southwestern Iran approximately equivalent to the modern region of Khūzestān. Four prominent geographic names within Elam are mentioned in ancient sources: Awan, Anshan, Simash, and Susa. Susa was Elam’s capital, and in classical sources the name of the country is sometimes

Susa, capital of Elam (Susiana) and administrative capital of the Achaemenian king Darius I and his successors from 522 bce. It was located at the foot of the Zagros Mountains near the bank of the Karkheh Kūr (Choaspes) River in the Khuzistan region of Iran. The archaeological site, identified in

suslik, any of the 13 species of Eurasian ground squirrels belonging to the genus

Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov was a leading Soviet Communist ideologue and power broker from the 1950s until his death. The son of a peasant, Suslov joined the Young Communist League during the upheavals of the Russian Revolution and the subsequent Civil War and joined the Communist Party in 1921 at

Heinrich Suso was one of the chief German mystics and leaders of the Friends of God (Gottesfreunde), a circle of devout ascetic Rhinelanders who opposed contemporary evils and aimed for a close association with God. Of noble birth, Suso joined the Dominicans in Constance, where five years later he

Heinrich Suso was one of the chief German mystics and leaders of the Friends of God (Gottesfreunde), a circle of devout ascetic Rhinelanders who opposed contemporary evils and aimed for a close association with God. Of noble birth, Suso joined the Dominicans in Constance, where five years later he

crime: Suspect identification: The modus operandi, or method, used by a criminal to commit an offense sometimes helps to identify the suspect, as many offenders repeatedly commit offenses in similar ways. A burglar’s method of entry into a house, the type of property stolen, or the…

Cher: Acting career: …other films include Mask (1985), Suspect (1987), The Witches of Eastwick (1987), Mermaids (1990), and Tea with Mussolini (1999).

Robert Siodmak: Siodmak had more success with The Suspect (1944), a thriller set in Victorian London. Charles Laughton starred as an unhappily married man who falls in love with a stenographer (played by Raines) and later kills his demanding wife (Rosalind Ivan). The Strange Affair of Uncle Harry (1945), an adaptation of…

Richard Jewell: The Suspect: An Olympic Bombing, the FBI, the Media, and Richard Jewell, the Man Caught in the Middle(2019), a book that detailed the bombing and examined the aftermath, was written by former U.S. Attorney Alexander and Kevin Salwen.

France: The Reign of Terror: The Law of Suspects empowered local revolutionary committees to arrest “those who by their conduct, relations or language spoken or written, have shown themselves partisans of tyranny or federalism and enemies of liberty.” In 1793–94 well over 200,000 citizens were detained under this law; though most…

construction: Ceiling finishes: …or zee tracks, which are suspended by wires from the structure above. Where accessibility is not important and a smooth finish is desired, suspended gypsum board ceilings can be used.

prison: Other penalties: In contrast to probation, suspended sentences do not require supervision or any other condition.

wastewater treatment: Suspended solids: Another important characteristic of sewage is suspended solids. The volume of sludge produced in a treatment plant is directly related to the total suspended solids present in the sewage. Industrial and storm sewage may contain higher concentrations of suspended solids than domestic sewage.…

Luigi Nono: The Suspended Song (1955–56), a serial setting for voices, chorus, and orchestra of letters written by victims of Nazism, passes its melody among the instruments and voices with each performer rarely playing more than a single note at a time. Nono also adopted this technique…