Karl Schönherr was an Austrian writer known for his simple, robust plays dealing with the political and religious problems of peasant life. Schönherr was the son of a country schoolmaster and became a practicing physician in Vienna. His first publications (1895) were unassuming dialect poems and

fascism: Germany: …by another former Waffen-SS member, Franz Schönhuber. Like Almirante in Italy, Schönhuber strove to give his party a more respectable image, and his efforts extended to denying his own previous connection with the Waffen-SS. “I have no Nazi past,” he said. “I regard the National Socialist state as absolutely incompatible…

John George IV: …reign his chief adviser was Hans Adam von Schöning (1641–96), who counselled a union between Saxony and Brandenburg and a more independent attitude toward the emperor Leopold I. In accordance with this advice certain proposals were put before Leopold to which he refused to agree; consequently the Saxon troops withdrew…

Johann Lukas Schönlein was a German physician whose attempts to establish medicine as a natural science helped create modern methods for the teaching and practice of clinical medicine. A professor of medicine at the universities of Würzburg (1824–33), Zürich (1833–40), and Berlin (1840–59),

Albert Siklós was a Hungarian cellist, composer, and musicologist. Siklós began composing at the age of six and started studying the pianoforte and music theory at seven. He took up the cello in 1891 and began lecturing while a student at the Hungarian Music School in 1895. He joined the staff of

education: Spanish and Portuguese America: The first elementary school in the New World was organized in Mexico by the Franciscan Pedro de Gante in 1523 in Texcoco, followed in 1525 by a similar school in San Francisco. Because such schools in Mexico were designed for Indian children, the monks learned the native languages…

education: Education and personal growth: As he propounded in The School and Society (1899) and The Child and the Curriculum (1902), education must be tied to experience, not abstract thought, and must be built upon the interests and developmental needs of the child. He argued for a student-centred, not subject-centred, curriculum and stressed the…

School Board of Nassau County v. Arline, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 3, 1987, ruled (7–2) that an individual with the contagious disease tuberculosis could be considered handicapped under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The case centred on Gene Arline, an elementary

bullying: School bullying: Bullying in educational settings remains a commonplace everyday experience. In Europe significant attention to school bullying began in the early 1970s, in part because of the efforts of Olweus, as well as a widely publicized trio of victim suicides in Norway in 1983.…

bus: Modern buses: School buses generally consist of a 50-passenger bus body, with special signal lamp and safety provisions, mounted on a long-wheelbase truck chassis. As fuel costs increased during the 1990s and 2000s, bus ridership increased in many urban regions around the world.

School Committee of the Town of Burlington v. Massachusetts Department of Education, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on April 29, 1985, ruled (9–0) that, under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA; now the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [IDEA]), parents could be

education: The Netherlands: The first modern school law in the Netherlands was passed in 1801, when the government laid down the principle that each parish had the right to open and maintain schools. A debate between the proponents of denominational and nondenominational schools went on during the 19th century. The controversy…

Chuck Berry: …“Roll Over Beethoven” (1956), “School Day” (1957), “Rock and Roll Music” (1957), “Sweet Little Sixteen” (1958), “Johnny B. Goode” (1958), and “Reelin’ and Rockin’” (1958). His vivid descriptions of consumer culture and teenage life, the distinctive sounds he coaxed from his guitar, and the rhythmic and melodic virtuosity of…

Chuck Berry: …“Roll Over Beethoven” (1956), “School Day” (1957), “Rock and Roll Music” (1957), “Sweet Little Sixteen” (1958), “Johnny B. Goode” (1958), and “Reelin’ and Rockin’” (1958). His vivid descriptions of consumer culture and teenage life, the distinctive sounds he coaxed from his guitar, and the rhythmic and melodic virtuosity of…

stepping: …step show in the film School Daze (1988).

School District of Abington Township v. Schempp, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 17, 1963, ruled (8–1) that legally or officially mandated Bible reading or prayer in public schools is unconstitutional. Whether required by state laws or by rules adopted by local school boards,

school drama, any play performed by students in schools and colleges throughout Europe during the Renaissance. At first these plays were written by scholars in Latin as educational works, especially in Jesuit schools, but they later were viewed as entertainment as well. The works included

figure skating: Recent trends and changes: The elimination of compulsory figures from competition in 1991 gave an advantage to the more athletic freestyle skaters. Until the late 1980s, skaters who were good at figures could win competitions without having strong freestyle-skating techniques, since compulsory figures were the most important part of the sport. They…

Ignazio Silone: …La scuola dei dittatori (1938; The School for Dictators, 1939).

Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari: …operas, I quattro rusteghi (1906; The School for Fathers) and Il segreto di Susanna (1909; The Secret of Susanne), presented 18th-century styles orchestrated in the manner of the 20th century. Comic points in these operas are delicately underlined. In Sly (1927; based on the opening scenes of The Taming of…

Olivia Manning: In 1951 she published School for Love, the story of a 16-year-old boy in war-ravaged Jerusalem, notable for its characterization of the central figure, the repellent Miss Bohun.

The School for Scandal, comedy in five acts by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, performed in 1777 and published in 1780. With its spirited ridicule of affectation and pretentiousness, it is one of the greatest comedies of manners in English. Charles Surface is an extravagant but good-hearted young man.

Samuel Barber: …reputation with his overture to The School for Scandal (1933), based on Richard Sheridan’s comedy by that name, and with Music for a Scene from Shelley (1935), inspired by the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound.

The School for Wives, comedy in five acts by Molière, performed in 1662 and published in 1663 as L’École des femmes. The School for Wives presents a pedant, Arnolphe, so frightened of women that he decides to marry his ward, Agnès, a girl entirely unacquainted with the ways of the world. The

library: School libraries: Where public libraries and schools are provided by the same education authority, the public library service may include a school department, which takes care of all routine procedures, including purchasing, processing with labels, and attaching book cards and protective covers; the books are…

Charles Rennie Mackintosh: …chief architectural projects were the Glasgow School of Art (1896–1909), considered the first original example of Art Nouveau architecture in Great Britain; Windyhill, Kilmacolm (1899–1901); Hill House, Helensburgh (1902); the Willow Tea Rooms, Glasgow (1904); and Scotland Street School, Glasgow (1904–06). He was also responsible for two unrealized projects: the…

School of Athens, fresco (1508–11) painted by artist Raphael, in the Stanza della Segnatura, a room in Pope Julius II’s private apartments in the Vatican. It is perhaps the most famous of all of Raphael’s paintings and one of the most significant artworks of the Renaissance. Raphael was called to

Domenico Angelo: …treatise, L’École des armes (1763; The School of Fencing), included colourful instructional sketches by London’s most accomplished illustrators; some historians have suggested that the chevalier d’Éon de Beaumont, who had joined Angelo in London, may have assisted with the French text. This work and its illustrations were considered so excellent…

Isabelle Huppert: Versatility in the 1990s and 2000s: …L’École de la chair (1998; The School of Flesh).

etiquette: …the manual for parents entitled School of Good Manners (attributed to Eleazar Moody, 1715).

John Amos Comenius: Educational reform: …Great Didactic and also of The School of Infancy—a book for mothers on the early years of childhood. Second, to make European culture accessible to all children, it was necessary that they learn Latin. But Comenius was certain that there was a better way of teaching Latin than by the…

Youngstown State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Youngstown, Ohio, U.S. It comprises colleges of business administration; science, technology, engineering, and mathematics; liberal arts and social sciences; education; fine and performing arts; and health and

Confucianism: The Song masters: …and implicitly rejecting Cheng Hao’s School of Mind, developed a method of interpreting and transmitting the Confucian Way that for centuries defined Confucianism not only for the Chinese but for the Koreans and Japanese as well. If, as quite a few scholars have advocated, Confucianism represents a distinct form of…

Julian Fellowes: …book for the stage musical School of Rock (2015), which was adapted from Richard Linklater’s film of the same name, and wrote and produced a 2016 television adaptation of the Anthony Trollope novel Doctor Thorne (1858). In 2020 Fellowes returned to TV with the limited series Belgravia, which he adapted…

Mike White: Career: His next film project, School of Rock, was a box-office hit. The musical-comedy was directed by Richard Linklater and starred actor Jack Black as Dewey Finn, a slacker musician who becomes a substitute teacher and helps transform his students into rock musicians. White wrote the screenplay and performed in…

Engel v. Vitale: …June 25, 1962, that voluntary prayer in public schools violated the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment prohibition of a state establishment of religion.

school psychology, Branch of applied psychology that deals largely with educational assessment, psychological testing, and student consultation in elementary and secondary schools. School psychologists train in educational and developmental psychology as well as in general psychology, counseling,

chondrichthyan: Growth: The Australian school shark (Galeorhinus australis) grows about 80 mm (3 inches) in its first year and about 30 mm (1 inch) in its 12th year. By its 22nd year, it is estimated to be approaching its maximum length of 1.6 metres (about 5 feet).

school shooting, in the typical case, an event in which a student at an educational institution—an elementary, middle, or high school or a college or university—shoots and injures or kills at least one other student or faculty member on the grounds of that institution. Such incidents usually

Russia: Education and intellectual life: Alexander I’s School Statute (1804) provided for a four-tier system of schools from the primary to the university level, intended to be open to persons of all classes. Under its provisions several new universities were founded, and gymnasiums (pre-university schools) were established in most provincial capitals. Less…

Greta Thunberg: …(2018) a movement known as Fridays for Future (also called School Strike for Climate).

multiculturalism: Multiculturalism’s impact on education: …are found in revisions of curricula, particularly in Europe and North America, and the expansion of the Western literary and other canons that began during the last quarter of the 20th century. Curricula from the elementary to the university levels were revised and expanded to include the contributions of minority…

teaching, the profession of those who give instruction, especially in an elementary school or a secondary school or in a university. Measured in terms of its members, teaching is the world’s largest profession. In the 21st century it was estimated that there were about 80 million teachers

Ukraine: Theatre and motion pictures: …into a specific genre, the school theatre, whose repertoire expanded to encompass dramatization of Christian legends, historical drama, and puppet theatre (vertep) performed on a stage of two levels. The best example of the Cossack Baroque theatre was the historical play Vladimir (1705) by Feofan Prokopovich (Ukrainian: Teofan Prokopovych

Alice Cooper: The title track of School’s Out (1972) was a Top Ten hit in the United States and reached the top of the British charts. The band achieved its pinnacle with Billion Dollar Babies (1973) and the song “No More Mr. Nice Guy.” However, Muscle of Love, issued later in…

Zelman v. Simmons-Harris: …ruled (5–4) that an Ohio school-voucher program did not violate the establishment clause of the First Amendment, which generally prohibits the government from establishing, advancing, or giving favour to any religion.

history of publishing: The early 20th century: Specialization became frequent, particularly in educational books, as the needs of the new school populations were realized. Some companies, such as Macmillan, in both its British and American houses, had begun to issue schoolbooks almost by chance; then, as their sales grew most profitably, they developed separate departments for school…

Henry Rowe Schoolcraft was an American explorer and ethnologist noted for his discovery of the source of the Mississippi River and for his writings on the Native peoples of the North American Plains. Schoolcraft’s initial contact with the frontier came during a mineralogical trip through present

J.M. Coetzee: …trilogy, it was followed by The Schooldays of Jesus (2016) and The Death of Jesus (2020).

Malala Yousafzai: Childhood and early activism: …second film with her, titled A Schoolgirl’s Odyssey. The New York Times posted both films on their Web site in 2009. That summer she met with the U.S. special envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, Richard Holbrooke, and asked him to help with her effort to protect the education of girls…

schooling behaviour, Activity characteristic of clupeiform fish (herrings, anchovies, and allies) in which many fish swim together, appearing to act as a single organism. A school of herring may contain many millions of individuals of roughly similar size. Fishes above or below the size limit break

Ye Shengtao: …the novel Ni Huanzhi (Schoolmaster Ni Huanzhi), which chronicles the life and times of an intellectual from the time of the Chinese Revolution of 1911–12 to 1927, when the Northern Expedition against warlords came to an abrupt end. The novel was recognized as one of the landmarks of the…

settle: …sometimes called a schoolmaster’s, or parson’s, bench.

Thomas Rowlandson: His series of drawings “The Schoolmaster’s Tour,” accompanied by verses of William Combe, was published in the new Poetical Magazine (1809–11) launched by the art publisher Rudolph Ackermann, who was Rowlandson’s chief employer. The same collaboration of designer, author, and publisher resulted in the popular Dr. Syntax series—Tour of…

Roger Ascham: The Scholemaster, written in simple, lucid English prose and published posthumously in 1570, is Ascham’s best-known book. It presents an effective method of teaching Latin prose composition, but its larger concerns are with the psychology of learning, the education of the whole person, and the ideal…

Gaston Eyskens: …long-standing dispute by enacting the Schools Pact, which granted equal financial aid to public and parochial schools. In 1960, realizing that Belgium could no longer handle the political and economic problems of the Belgian Congo, he persuaded Parliament to grant independence to that colony. Belgium’s internal economic problems, as well…

E.D. Hirsch, Jr.: …Fairness and Core Knowledge (1991), The Schools We Need and Why We Don’t Have Them (1996), The Knowledge Deficit (2006), and The Making of Americans: Democracy and Our Schools (2009).

education: The Netherlands: The first modern school law in the Netherlands was passed in 1801, when the government laid down the principle that each parish had the right to open and maintain schools. A debate between the proponents of denominational and nondenominational schools went on during the 19th century. The controversy…

schooner, a sailing ship rigged with fore-and-aft sails on its two or more masts. To the foremast there may also be rigged one or more square topsails or, more commonly, one or more jib sails or Bermuda sails (triangular sails extending forward to the bowsprit or jibboom). Though it probably was

Joseph Cornell: …earliest extant collage, known as The Schooner (1931), is a small image of a ship at sea with a rose containing a spider on a spiderweb as one part of the ship’s sails. Those early works were inspired by Ernst’s collage-novel La Femme 100 têtes (1929; The Hundred Headless Woman),…

Jan van Scorel was a Dutch humanist, architect, engineer, and painter who established the painting style of the Italian Renaissance in Holland, just as his teacher Jan Gossaert did in Brussels. Scorel studied with several local artists, but by 1517 he was in Utrecht working with Gossaert, who

Jan van Scorel was a Dutch humanist, architect, engineer, and painter who established the painting style of the Italian Renaissance in Holland, just as his teacher Jan Gossaert did in Brussels. Scorel studied with several local artists, but by 1517 he was in Utrecht working with Gossaert, who

Jan van Scorel was a Dutch humanist, architect, engineer, and painter who established the painting style of the Italian Renaissance in Holland, just as his teacher Jan Gossaert did in Brussels. Scorel studied with several local artists, but by 1517 he was in Utrecht working with Gossaert, who

Jan van Scorel was a Dutch humanist, architect, engineer, and painter who established the painting style of the Italian Renaissance in Holland, just as his teacher Jan Gossaert did in Brussels. Scorel studied with several local artists, but by 1517 he was in Utrecht working with Gossaert, who

mathematics: Analytic geometry: …became established in Leiden around Frans van Schooten, a Dutch mathematician who edited and published in 1649 a Latin translation of La Géométrie. Van Schooten published a second two-volume translation of the same work in 1659–1661 that also contained mathematical appendixes by three of his disciples, Johan de Witt, Johan…

Arthur Schopenhauer was a German philosopher, often called the “philosopher of pessimism,” who was primarily important as the exponent of a metaphysical doctrine of the will in immediate reaction against Hegelian idealism. His writings influenced later existential philosophy and Freudian

Arthur Schopenhauer: Early life and education: Schopenhauer was the son of a wealthy merchant, Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer, and his wife, Johanna, who later became famous for her novels, essays, and travelogues. In 1793, when Danzig came under Prussian sovereignty, they moved to the free city of Hamburg. Arthur enjoyed a gentlemanly…

Precambrian: Microfossils and stromatolites: …the late 1960s, American paleobiologist J. William Schopf pointed out that the abundant microflora of the 900-million-year-old Bitter Springs Formation of central Australia includes some eukaryotic algae that have cells in various stages of division arranged into tetrahedral sporelike forms. These resemble the tetrad of spore cells of living plants…

The Creation, oratorio by Austrian composer Joseph Haydn dating from April 1798. It was inspired by Handel’s Messiah and Israel in Egypt, which Haydn had heard while visiting England. In the 1790s Haydn made two extended concert tours to London. Returning from the second of those trips in 1795, he

Friedrich Hebbel: …Hamburg fashion magazine, whose editor, Amalie Schoppe, invited him to Hamburg in 1835 to prepare for the university. He was supported during this time, both spiritually and materially, by a seamstress, Elise Lensing, with whom he lived. At this time he started his Tagebücher (published 1885–87; “Diaries”), which became an…

Jan van Scorel was a Dutch humanist, architect, engineer, and painter who established the painting style of the Italian Renaissance in Holland, just as his teacher Jan Gossaert did in Brussels. Scorel studied with several local artists, but by 1517 he was in Utrecht working with Gossaert, who

Jan van Scorel was a Dutch humanist, architect, engineer, and painter who established the painting style of the Italian Renaissance in Holland, just as his teacher Jan Gossaert did in Brussels. Scorel studied with several local artists, but by 1517 he was in Utrecht working with Gossaert, who

Jan van Scorel was a Dutch humanist, architect, engineer, and painter who established the painting style of the Italian Renaissance in Holland, just as his teacher Jan Gossaert did in Brussels. Scorel studied with several local artists, but by 1517 he was in Utrecht working with Gossaert, who

American literature: Literary biography and the new journalism: …study of Henry James (1953–72), Mark Schorer’s Sinclair Lewis: An American Life (1961), Richard Ellmann’s studies of James Joyce (1959) and Oscar Wilde (1988), R.W.B. Lewis’s revealing biography of Edith Wharton (1975), Joseph Frank’s five-volume biography of Dostoyevsky (1976–2002), Paul Zweig’s brilliant study of Walt Whitman (1984), and Carol Brightman’s…

greisen: Greisen is closely connected with schorl, both in its mineralogical composition and in its mode of origin. Schorl is a pneumatolytic product consisting of quartz, tourmaline, and, often, white mica and thus passes into greisen. Both of these rocks frequently contain small percentages of cassiterite (tin oxide) and may be…

andradite: …and the silicon, as in schorlomite, or may simply produce a black colour, as in melanite. Andradite is typically found with grossular in contact-metamorphosed limestone. For details of chemistry and occurrence, see garnet.

CNN: …reporters and commentators have included Daniel Schorr, Wolf Blitzer, Catherine Crier, Mary Alice Williams, Christiane Amanpour, and Paula Zahn. The “voice of CNN” is provided by distinguished actor James Earl Jones, whose recorded voice regularly intones, “This is CNN.”

Carl Zeiss: They engaged Otto Schott, a chemist, who developed about 100 new kinds of optical glass and numerous types of heat-resistant glass (later called Jena glass) at a glassworks the three founded.

Netherlands Antilles: Relief: …bays, the largest of which, Schottegat, provides a magnificent harbour for Willemstad. Bonaire, with an area of 111 square miles (288 square km), lies about 20 miles (32 km) east of Curaçao. Sint Eustatius covers 8 square miles (21 square km) and Saba 5 square miles (13 square km); the…

Kansas City Chiefs: The Schottenheimer era: …the Chiefs hired head coach Marty Schottenheimer and drafted linebacker Derrick Thomas. Schottenheimer guided Kansas City to a playoff berth in his second season with the team, and in 1993, led by quarterback Joe Montana, the Chiefs advanced to the AFC championship game, which they lost to the Buffalo Bills.

crystal defect: In the Schottky defect, two ions of opposite sign leave the lattice. Impurity defects are foreign atoms that replace some of the atoms making up the solid or that squeeze into the interstices; they are important in the electrical behaviour of semiconductors, which are materials used in…

semiconductor device: Schottky diode: Such a diode is one that has a metal-semiconductor contact (e.g., an aluminum layer in intimate contact with an n-type silicon substrate). It is named for the German physicist Walter H. Schottky, who in 1938 explained the rectifying behaviour of this kind of…

Schottky effect, increase in the discharge of electrons from the surface of a heated material by application of an electric field that reduces the value of the energy required for electron emission. The minimum energy required for an electron to escape the surface of a specific material, called the

Schottky effect, increase in the discharge of electrons from the surface of a heated material by application of an electric field that reduces the value of the energy required for electron emission. The minimum energy required for an electron to escape the surface of a specific material, called the

Walter Schottky was a German physicist whose research in solid-state physics and electronics yielded many devices that now bear his name. Schottky obtained doctorates in engineering, technology, and natural sciences from the University of Berlin, where he conducted research under Max Planck. He

Schouten Islands, archipelago in the Pacific Ocean across the entrance to Cenderawasih Bay, off the northern coast of Irian Jaya provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. The first European sighting of the group was by the Dutch navigator Willem Corneliszoon Schouten. The chief islands are Biak, Supiori,

Schouten Islands, archipelago in the Pacific Ocean across the entrance to Cenderawasih Bay, off the northern coast of Irian Jaya provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. The first European sighting of the group was by the Dutch navigator Willem Corneliszoon Schouten. The chief islands are Biak, Supiori,

Willem Schouten was a Dutch explorer whose 1615–16 expedition discovered a new route, the Drake Passage, around the southern tip of South America, connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific. The Dutch East India Company held a monopoly on all East Indies trade by ships routed through the Strait

Willem Schouten was a Dutch explorer whose 1615–16 expedition discovered a new route, the Drake Passage, around the southern tip of South America, connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific. The Dutch East India Company held a monopoly on all East Indies trade by ships routed through the Strait

Schouwburg, first permanent theatre in Amsterdam, built along the Keizergracht (“Emperor’s Canal”) in 1637 by Dutch architect Jacob van Campen. It opened on Jan. 3, 1638, with a production of Gysbrecht van Aemstel, a historical tragedy about Amsterdam by Joost van den Vondel; the play is still

Indonesia: Cultural institutions: …(1821) theatre to become the Jakarta Arts Building (Gedung Kesenian Jakarta); this institution also hosts major musical and theatrical productions from across the globe. Both institutions sponsor an array of international festivals featuring music, dance, film, spoken word, and other arts.

Zeeland: …Belgium, plus six former islands: Schouwen en Duiveland, Tholen, Noord-Beveland, Walcheren, Zuid-Beveland, and Sint Philipsland. None of these has preserved a true insular character, all being connected to each other or to Noord-Brabant province inland by dams or bridges.

Hans Leonhard Schäuffelein was a German painter and designer of woodcuts whose work bears the strong influence of Albrecht Dürer. An altarpiece for the Church of Ober-Sankt-Veit, near Vienna, believed to be his first work, was drawn by Dürer. In 1509 Schäuffelein worked in the Tirol and later in

origins of agriculture: Pesticides as a panacea: 1942–62: …systemic was octamethylpyrophosphoramide, trade named Schradan. Other organophosphorus insecticides of enormous power were also made, the most common being diethyl-p-nitrophenyl monothiophosphate, named parathion. Though low in cost, these compounds were toxic to humans and other warm-blooded animals. The products could poison by absorption through the skin, as well as through…

Willem Dafoe: …a crime drama directed by Paul Schrader.

Yo La Tengo: …group were short, including guitarist Dave Schramm and bassist Mike Lewis, with whom they recorded Yo La Tengo’s debut album, Ride the Tiger (1986). Schramm and Lewis departed before recording began on the band’s sophomore release, New Wave Hot Dogs (1987), featuring Kaplan on lead guitar and Stephan Wichnewski on…

Wilbur Schramm was an American scholar of mass communications who played an important role in founding and shaping the discipline of communication studies. Schramm received a B.A. from Marietta College in 1928 and an M.A. in American civilization from Harvard University in 1930. He worked as a

Olympic Games: Sapporo, Japan, 1972: …vote to ban Austrian skier Karl Schranz. An outspoken critic of Brundage, Schranz had obtained every international honour bestowed on an Alpine skier except an Olympic gold medal. Schranz, who was 33 years old, delayed his retirement to make his final Olympic appearance at Sapporo. However, the IOC banned him…

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: The Italian tours of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: …tribute to the Salzburg prince-archbishop, Count Schrattenbach, this work may not have been given until the spring of 1772, and then for his successor Hieronymus, Count Colloredo; Schrattenbach, a tolerant employer generous in allowing leave, died at the end of 1771.

pheromone: …been shown to release a chemical from specialized epidermal cells that elicits a dispersal response from the school. Pheromones play a role in sexual attraction and copulatory behaviour, and they have been shown to influence the sexual development of many mammals as well as of insects such as termites and…