John Evelyn: In 1662 Evelyn produced Sculptura, a small book on engraving and etching, in which he announced a new process, the mezzotint.

sculpture, an artistic form in which hard or plastic materials are worked into three-dimensional art objects. The designs may be embodied in freestanding objects, in reliefs on surfaces, or in environments ranging from tableaux to contexts that envelop the spectator. An enormous variety of media

Glyptothek, museum in Munich that houses a renowned collection of Greek and Roman sculptures owned by the Bavarian state. The building, commissioned by the crown prince (later king) Ludwig of Bavaria and designed in the Neoclassical style by Leo von Klenze, was erected in 1816–30. It is part of the

sculpture: Sculpture in the round: The opportunities for free spatial design that such freestanding sculpture presents are not always fully exploited. The work may be designed, like many Archaic sculptures, to be viewed from only one or two fixed positions, or it may in effect be…

environmental sculpture, 20th-century art form intended to involve or encompass the spectators rather than merely to face them; the form developed as part of a larger artistic current that sought to break down the historical dichotomy between life and art. The environmental sculptor can utilize

Western sculpture, three-dimensional artistic forms produced in what is now Europe and later in non-European areas dominated by European culture (such as North America) from the Metal Ages to the present. Like painting, Western sculpture has tended to be humanistic and naturalistic, concentrating

Vatican Museums and Galleries: The Pio-Clementino Museum (Museo Pio-Clementino or Musei di Scultura) was founded in the 18th century by Pope Clement XIV and enlarged by Pope Pius VI. It exhibits the pontifical collection of ancient sculpture that originated with the collection of Pope Julius II. The Chiaramonti Sculpture Gallery…

William Wharton: …in World War II, while Scumbler (1984) fantastically embroiders upon his experiences as an artist in Paris. Later novels—including Pride (1985), a story of the Depression; Tidings (1987), a family saga; and Last Lovers (1991), a tale of sexual exploration—drew less attention than his early work. He also illustrated his…

painting: Oil: Scumbling is the technique of scrubbing an undiluted, opaque, and generally pale pigment across others for special textural effects or to raise the key of a dark-coloured area.

Scunthorpe, town, unitary authority of North Lincolnshire, historic county of Lincolnshire, eastern England. Scunthorpe is an industrial community dominated by steelmaking. The town sprang up after 1870 with the establishment of ironworks using local low-grade ironstone worked at the neighbouring

Venice: Trade guild buildings: …of these was through the scuole, six major and numerous minor philanthropic confraternities and guilds that originated in the 13th century. Each school had a two-story meeting hall used for gatherings of its members and for discharging its charitable functions. The six great schools became enormously wealthy, enriching their buildings…

Ignazio Silone: …La scuola dei dittatori (1938; The School for Dictators, 1939).

Tintoretto: Career: …1564 the councillors of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco decided to have the Sala dell’Albergo decorated with paintings, in place of the movable decorations used during feast days. San Rocco (St. Roch) is the protector against plagues; the numerous epidemics of that period had given new impetus to the…

Metaphysical painting, style of painting that flourished mainly between 1911 and 1920 in the works of the Italian artists Giorgio de Chirico and Carlo Carrà. These painters used representational but incongruous imagery to produce disquieting effects on the viewer. Their work strongly influenced the

porgy: …are such species as the scup, or northern porgy (Stenotomus chrysops), a small fish, brownish above and silvery below, and the sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus), a black-banded grayish fish growing to about 75 cm and 9 kg, both valued for food and sport.

Skopje, principal city and capital of North Macedonia. Standing on the banks of the Vardar River amid mountainous country, Skopje began as ancient Scupi, an Illyrian tribal centre. It became the capital of the district of Dardania (part of the Roman province of Moesia Superior) under the emperor

scurfy scale, (Chionaspis furfura), a species of insect in the armoured scale family, Diaspididae (order Homoptera), that is found on shaded trees, giving the bark a scurfy appearance. This insect has gray, pear-shaped females (about 3 mm [0.1 inch] long) and smaller, white males with three

scurvy, one of the oldest-known nutritional disorders of humankind, caused by a dietary lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), a nutrient found in many fresh fruits and vegetables, particularly the citrus fruits. Vitamin C is important in the formation of collagen (an element of normal tissues), and

cress: Upland cress (Barbarea verna), a hardy biennial native to Europe, is a coarse, often weedy plant rarely cultivated. The closely related winter cress, or yellow rocket (B. vulgaris), is a common weed, conspicuous in fields for its bright yellow spring flowers. Bitter cress, cuckoo flower,…

scutage, (scutage from Latin scutum, “shield”), in feudal law, payment made by a knight to commute the military service that he owed his lord. A lord might accept from his vassal a sum of money (or something else of value, often a horse) in lieu of service on some expedition. The system was

Shkodër, town, northwestern Albania. It lies at the southeast end of Lake Scutari, at a point where the Buenë (Serbian and Croatian: Bojana) River, one of Albania’s two navigable streams, flows out of the lake toward the Adriatic Sea. The city is situated at the edge of a wide plain surrounded by

Üsküdar, former city, northwestern Turkey, now a district of Istanbul. It lies at the foot of the Bulgurlu Hills on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus Strait opposite central Istanbul. Known as Chrysopolis in ancient times, it was a dependency of the older and better-sited colony of Chalcedon (modern

Lake Scutari, largest lake in the Balkans, on the frontier between Montenegro and Albania. Its area is 150 square miles (390 square km), but it reaches 205 square miles (530 square km) at its seasonal high water. The lake was formerly an arm of the Adriatic Sea. On its west and northwest are steep

crocodile: Form and function: …groups of bony scales called scutes. Small postoccipital scutes are located just behind the head and are present in all crocodiles except the estuarine crocodile. Behind the postoccipital scutes are the larger nuchal scutes, which in some species are connected to the adjacent horny plates of the back.

Scutellosaurus, genus of small ornithischian dinosaurs from the Early Jurassic Period (roughly 200 million to 176 million years ago) characterized by the presence of small scutes along the back and sides of the body. Scutellosaurus had small forelimbs and robust hind limbs indicative of a bipedal

Poaceae: Characteristic morphological features: …fruit wall with the large scutellum facing the endosperm. The scutellum is thought to be a modified cotyledon, or seed leaf. In grasses this seed leaf never develops into a green structure but serves only to digest endosperm and transfer nutrients to the rest of the embryo. The remainder of…

hymenostome: …species now known as the scuticociliates are classified here as well.

symphylan: The so-called garden centipede (Scutigerella immaculata) of North America, Europe, and Hawaii damages beets, celery, lettuce, and other crops. Scolopendrella is common in North America.

centipede: The 25-mm (1-inch)-long house centipede (order Scutigerida, or Scutigeromorpha) of Europe and North America is the only one common in dwellings. It has a short, striped body and 15 pairs of very long legs. Other centipedes have shorter, hooklike legs. In some species the last pair is pincerlike.

centipede: The 25-mm (1-inch)-long house centipede (order Scutigerida, or Scutigeromorpha) of Europe and North America is the only one common in dwellings. It has a short, striped body and 15 pairs of very long legs. Other centipedes have shorter, hooklike legs. In some species the last pair is pincerlike.

Trump Tower: It was designed by Der Scutt of the New York firm of Swanke Hayden Connell Architects and was built between 1980 and 1984. The site had been occupied previously by the Bonwit Teller department store, a building with an artistic façade that was destroyed in the course of demolition,…

Scutum, constellation in the southern sky at about 19 hours right ascension and 10° south in declination. Its brightest star is Alpha Scuti, with a magnitude of 3.8. The star Delta Scuti is the prototype of a class of pulsating variable stars. In 1687 Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius invented

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Scydmaenidae (antlike stone beetles) Under stones, logs; in ant nests; very small, hairy; widely distributed; about 1,200 species; example Scydmaenus. Family Silphidae (large carrion beetles, burying beetles) Relatively large, bright-coloured; usually feed on carrion; some predatory, some plant feeders; examples

Scylax Of Caryanda was an ancient Greek explorer who was a pioneer in geography and the first Western observer to give an account of India. It is known from Herodotus that Scylax was sent by the Persian king Darius I (in about 515 bc) to explore the course of the Indus River and that he returned by

cat shark: …genera that span the families Scyliorhinidae and Pentanchidae. Some classifications, however, place all cat sharks in the family Scyliorhinidae. The genus Apristurus, which is made up of the demon cat sharks and ghost cat sharks, contains as many as 39 species and may be the most diverse shark genus known.

cat shark, any of more than 150 species of small mottled sharks (order Carcharhiniformes). Most are less than 90 cm (3 feet) long, and many have bold body markings. They have slender bodies and eyes that are elongate, giving them a catlike appearance. Cat sharks prey on invertebrates and small

John Scylitzes was a Byzantine historian, the author of a Synopsis historiarum dealing with the years 811–1057. Scylitzes was a high officeholder at the Byzantine court. He may have written a legal work for Alexius I in 1092. In his history he drew on the work of others for the early part and then

Scylla and Charybdis, in Greek mythology, two immortal and irresistible monsters who beset the narrow waters traversed by the hero Odysseus in his wanderings described in Homer’s Odyssey, Book XII. They were later localized in the Strait of Messina. Scylla was a supernatural female creature, with

Nisus: …Crete besieged Megara, Nisus’ daughter Scylla fell in love with Minos (or, in some accounts, was bribed): she betrayed her city by cutting off her father’s purple lock. Nisus was killed (or killed himself) and became transformed into a sea eagle. Scylla later drowned, possibly at the hand of Minos,…

Scylla and Charybdis, in Greek mythology, two immortal and irresistible monsters who beset the narrow waters traversed by the hero Odysseus in his wanderings described in Homer’s Odyssey, Book XII. They were later localized in the Strait of Messina. Scylla was a supernatural female creature, with

lobster: The mainly tropical slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae) are rather flat and clawless, with antennae flattened into broad plates. Most species are short and small and of little economic importance. Deep-sea lobsters (Polychelidae) are soft, weak animals with claws; some are blind. None is commercially important.

Scypha, genus of marine sponges of the class Calcarea (calcareous sponges), characterized by a fingerlike body shape known as the syconoid type of structure. In the syconoid sponges, each “finger,” known as a radial canal, is perforated by many tiny pores through which water passes into a single

coin: The later Byzantine empires: …shape, hence the name nummi scyphati (cup money); gold scyphati declined in purity until, under Nicephorus III (1078–81), they were very base. Silver remained generally scarce; the issue of bronze became uneven. New conventions in legends and types were introduced: Constantine IX (1042–55) showed on his silver an invocation to…

binary fission: …organisms, such as tapeworms and scyphostome polyps, is called strobilation. Commonly, this results in a chain, called a strobilus, of the fission products—the proglottids of tapeworms and the ephyrae of scyphozoan jellyfish; each proglottid or ephyra matures in turn and separates from the end of the strobilus. A few metazoan…

cnidarian: …of four classes: Hydrozoa (hydrozoans); Scyphozoa (scyphozoans); Anthozoa (anthozoans); and Cubozoa (cubozoans). All cnidarians share several attributes, supporting the theory that they had a single origin. Variety and symmetry of body forms, varied coloration, and the sometimes complex life histories of cnidarians fascinate layperson and scientist alike. Inhabiting all marine…

binary fission: …organisms, such as tapeworms and scyphostome polyps, is called strobilation. Commonly, this results in a chain, called a strobilus, of the fission products—the proglottids of tapeworms and the ephyrae of scyphozoan jellyfish; each proglottid or ephyra matures in turn and separates from the end of the strobilus. A few metazoan…

cnidarian: …of four classes: Hydrozoa (hydrozoans); Scyphozoa (scyphozoans); Anthozoa (anthozoans); and Cubozoa (cubozoans). All cnidarians share several attributes, supporting the theory that they had a single origin. Variety and symmetry of body forms, varied coloration, and the sometimes complex life histories of cnidarians fascinate layperson and scientist alike. Inhabiting all marine…

cryptology: Early cryptographic systems and applications: …a cipher device called the scytale for secret communication between military commanders. The scytale consisted of a tapered baton, around which was spirally wrapped a strip of parchment or leather on which the message was then written. When unwrapped, the letters were scrambled in order and formed the cipher; however,…

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Scytalinidae (graveldivers) Eel-like, with dorsal and anal fins soft-rayed and not beginning until middle of long, straight body; body appears to flare out somewhat at these fins; pelvic fins lacking. One species (Scytalina cerdale); marine, California to Alaska; small, to 15 cm (6 inches); burrows quickly…

Scythian, member of a nomadic people, originally of Iranian stock, known from as early as the 9th century bce who migrated westward from Central Asia to southern Russia and Ukraine in the 8th and 7th centuries bce. The Scythians founded a rich, powerful empire centred on what is now Crimea. The

scythe, one of the most important of all agricultural hand tools, consisting of a curved blade fitted at an angle to a long, curved handle and used for cutting grain. In modern scythes the handle has a projecting peg that is grasped by one hand, facilitating control of the swinging motion by which

Neal Shusterman: …Deep (2015), and his novel Scythe (2016) was a Michael L. Printz Honor book.

scythebill, any of several birds of Central and South American tropical forests, belonging to the genus Campylorhamphus. The five species are woodcreepers (family Dendrocolaptidae, order Passeriformes), with long downcurved bills that are as much as one-third of the bird’s total length, which is

scythebill, any of several birds of Central and South American tropical forests, belonging to the genus Campylorhamphus. The five species are woodcreepers (family Dendrocolaptidae, order Passeriformes), with long downcurved bills that are as much as one-third of the bird’s total length, which is

ancient Iran: The nobles and the nomads: …meeting with a delegation of Scythians who gave him a warning. They told him,

Scythian, member of a nomadic people, originally of Iranian stock, known from as early as the 9th century bce who migrated westward from Central Asia to southern Russia and Ukraine in the 8th and 7th centuries bce. The Scythians founded a rich, powerful empire centred on what is now Crimea. The

Scythian art, decorated objects, mainly arms, jewelry, and trappings for horses, tents, and wagons, produced by nomadic tribes that roamed Central Asia from slightly east of the Altai Mountains in Inner Mongolia to European Russia. What little is known of these tribes—called Scyths, Saka, or Sacae,

Sergey Prokofiev: Pre-Revolutionary period: …reworked the music into the Scythian Suite for orchestra. Its premiere, in 1916, caused a scandal but was the culmination of his career in Petrograd (St. Petersburg). The ballet The Tale of the Buffoon Who Outjested Seven Buffoons (1915; reworked as The Buffoon, 1915–20), also commissioned by Diaghilev, was based…

Iranian languages: Middle Iranian: …well-known are Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) and Bactrian, but from what is known it would seem likely that those languages were equally distinctive. There was probably more than one dialect of each of the languages of the eastern group, although there is certainty only in the case of Saka, for…

Bet Sheʾan, town, northeastern Israel, principal settlement in the low ʿEmeq Bet Sheʾan (ʿemeq, “valley”), site of one of the oldest inhabited cities of ancient Palestine. It is about 394 ft (120 m) below sea level. Overlooking the town to the north is Tel Bet Sheʾan (Arabic Tall al-Ḥuṣn), one of

spitting spider: Scytodes thoracica, common in the eastern United States, is yellow with black spots. The body is 3 12–5 12 millimetres (18–14 inch) long.

spitting spider, any member of the family Scytodidae (order Araneida). Most species have six pearly-white eyes rather than the usual eight. Spitting spiders ensnare their prey by spitting a mucilaginous saliva. They are most common in shady spots in the tropics. Scytodes thoracica, common in the

SS: The RSHA also included the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Security Service), a security department in charge of foreign and domestic intelligence and espionage.

Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC), United States Army command in charge of the global movement of combat units, military cargo, and the household goods and private vehicles of service members. The SDDC plays a critical role in troop deployment and military freight movement

DGSE, (“External Documentation and Counterespionage Service”), secret intelligence and counterintelligence service that operates under the defense ministry of the French government. This agency was established in 1947 to combine under one head a variety of separate agencies, some dating from the

William Morris: Iceland and socialism: Henry Mayers Hyndman’s Democratic (later Social Democratic) Federation and began his tireless tours of industrial areas to spread the gospel of socialism. He was considerately treated by the authorities, even when leading a banned demonstration to London’s Trafalgar Square on “Bloody Sunday” (November 13, 1887), when the police, supported by…

Self-Defense Force, Japan’s military after World War II. In Article 9 of Japan’s postwar constitution, the Japanese renounced war and pledged never to maintain land, sea, or air forces. The rearming of Japan in the 1950s was therefore cast in terms of self-defense. In 1950 a small military force

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), proposed U.S. strategic defensive system against potential nuclear attacks—as originally conceived, from the Soviet Union. The SDI was first proposed by President Ronald Reagan in a nationwide television address on March 23, 1983. Because parts of the defensive

library: Current-awareness service: …have adopted a practice of selective dissemination of information (sometimes referred to as SDI), whereby librarians conduct regular searches of databases to find references to new articles or other materials that fit a particular patron’s interest profile and forward the results of these searches to the patron.

Italian Socialist Party: …in 1998 to form the Italian Democratic Socialists (Socialisti Democratici Italiani, SDI).

Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), leftist party in Japan that supports an evolving socialized economy and a neutralist foreign policy. Japan’s first socialist parties appeared in the mid-1920s; moderate factions of the country’s labour movement combined to form the Social Mass Party (Shakai

Poland: Accommodation with the ruling governments: Opposing such views was the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, the forerunner of Polish communism. Its leading theorist, Rosa Luxemburg, argued that national independence would not promote the interests of the proletariat, who were integrated economically into the three partitioning states.

Poland: Accommodation with the ruling governments: Opposing such views was the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, the forerunner of Polish communism. Its leading theorist, Rosa Luxemburg, argued that national independence would not promote the interests of the proletariat, who were integrated economically into the three partitioning states.

Slovakia: Political process: …the populist Smer (“Direction”), the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union, the Slovak National Party, the Party of the Hungarian Coalition, the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, and the Christian Democratic Movement.

Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), nationalist political party in Northern Ireland, distinguished from the province’s other leftist and Republican groups by its commitment to political and nonviolent means of uniting Northern Ireland with the republic of Ireland. The party’s leader from

Patrick Fitzgerald: Department of Justice (Southern District of New York) as an assistant U.S. attorney in New York City. In that job, he pursued cases against drug dealers, Mafia leaders, and terrorists—including the indictment of Osama bin Laden in 1998 for the bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.…

Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), U.S. satellite designed to study the Sun. It was launched on February 11, 2010, from Cape Canaveral, Florida, by an Atlas V rocket into a geosynchronous orbit. SDO is the first satellite in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Living with a Star

Finland: Domestic affairs: …the main opposition parties—either the Social Democrats, who finished second with 42 seats, or the anti-immigrant, Euroskeptic True Finn Party, which proved to be the election’s biggest surprise as it vaulted from the five seats it won in the 2007 election to 39 seats and third place in 2011.

Social Democratic Party (SDP), short-lived British political party that was formed in 1981 by a faction of the Labour Party in reaction to Labour’s domination by leftists and trade-union representatives. The Social Democrats claimed a central position within the British political spectrum, hoping

Kenya: Political process: …1997 a woman, representing the Social Democratic Party, ran for president—a first for Kenya—and received almost 8 percent of the vote. However, at the legislative level, women constituted less than 10 percent of the National Assembly in the early 21st century. That changed after the 2010 constitution came into effect,…

Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), leftist party in Japan that supports an evolving socialized economy and a neutralist foreign policy. Japan’s first socialist parties appeared in the mid-1920s; moderate factions of the country’s labour movement combined to form the Social Mass Party (Shakai

Turkey: The Kurdish conflict: …of İsmet İnönü, led the Social Democratic and Populist Party (SDPP; founded 1985), which gained one-fourth of the vote. Erbakan’s new Welfare Party (WP; an Islamic party) and Türkeş’s right-wing National Endeavour Party (NEP) also took part, although they failed to obtain at least 10 percent of the vote and…

James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan: …agreement to a system called Special Drawing Rights, which in effect created a new kind of international money. He resigned from the Exchequer in 1967, when he was forced to devalue the pound sterling. He then served as home secretary until 1970. In Wilson’s second government in 1974, Callaghan was…

computer: Main memory: …such design is known as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), which became widely used by 2001.

Bosnian War: Background: …however, made cooperation with the Serb Democratic Party, led by Radovan Karadžić, increasingly difficult.

separation and purification: Field separations: …excess of detergent, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The resulting SDS-protein complexes have the same charge density and shape and are therefore resolved according to size in a gel matrix. This method is useful in characterizing proteins and evaluating their purity.

disability studies: Inspired by UPIAS, the Society for Disability Studies (SDS; originally Section for the Study of Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability [SSCIID]) was started in 1982 by a group of American academics led by activist and writer Irving Zola. Michael Oliver, a disabled sociologist, helped to push the movement into…

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), American student organization that flourished in the mid-to-late 1960s and was known for its activism against the Vietnam War. SDS, founded in 1959, had its origins in the student branch of the League for Industrial Democracy, a social democratic educational

Slovenia: Political process: …until 2004, when the centre-right Slovenian Democratic Party gained a majority in the 2004 elections and formed a coalition with the New Slovenia–Christian People’s Party, the Slovenian Democratic Party of Pensioners, and the Slovenian People’s Party. In the 2008 parliamentary elections the centre-left Social Democrats narrowly edged out the Slovenian…

television: Resolution: Standard-definition television (SDTV) is designed on the assumption that viewers in the typical home setting are located at a distance equal to six or seven times the height of the picture screen—on average some 3 metres (10 feet) away. Even high-definition television (HDTV) assumes a…

Navy SEAL: History: …that eventually became known as SEAL delivery vehicle (SDV) teams. In 1987 all SEAL and SDV teams were placed under the new Naval Special Warfare Command, located at Naval Base Coronado, at the entrance to San Diego Bay, California.

stringed instrument: The zither: …older zithers—the qin and the se—are more difficult to interpret, however. Zithers of this type are known to have existed in the Shang period (c. 1600–1046 bce); the zheng was first documented during the Qin period (221–207 bce). By the 8th century, this instrument had been introduced to Japan, where,…

selenium (Se), a chemical element in the oxygen group (Group 16 [VIa] of the periodic table), closely allied in chemical and physical properties with the elements sulfur and tellurium. Selenium is rare, composing approximately 90 parts per billion of the crust of Earth. It is occasionally found

Lisbon: The Portuguese conquest: …and, according to legend, the Lisbon Cathedral (Sé Patriarcal) was converted from a mosque (with subsequent restorations in the styles of many periods after fires and earthquakes). There is no evidence, however, of a building on the site of the cathedral before the time of Afonso I.

Primo Levi: …questo è un uomo (1947; If This Is a Man, or Survival in Auschwitz), demonstrated extraordinary qualities of humanity and detachment in its analysis of the atrocities he had witnessed. His later autobiographical works, La tregua (1963; The Truce, or The Reawakening) and I sommersi e i salvati (1986; The…

Jafar Panahi: In Se rokh (2018; 3 Faces), Panahi and actress Behnaz Jafari undertake a road trip to find a young girl whose family bars her from pursuing an acting career.

If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler, avant-garde novel by Italo Calvino, published in 1979 as Se una notte d’inverno un viaggiatore. Using shifting structures, a succession of tales, and different points of view, the book probes the nature of change, coincidence, and chance and the interdependence of

Ang Lee: …subsequently directed Se, jie (2007; Lust, Caution), an erotic tale set during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai in World War II, and Taking Woodstock (2009), a comedy about a young man’s pivotal role in staging the famed Woodstock Music and Art Fair. He returned in 2012 with Life of Pi,…

Kublai Khan: Social and administrative policy: …formed the second group, the semuren, persons with special status. That class furnished the higher officialdom. In addition, its members, with their worldwide contacts and their privileged status, formed a new breed of merchants and speculators. Like the Mongols, they were exempt from taxation and enjoyed preferential use of the…

p’iri: The smaller and softer se-p’iri is used in lyrical genres, with voice or soft stringed instruments. For the Chinese-derived tang-ak and the Korean hyang-ak court music, the most strident of the p’iris, the tang-p’iri, is used. This instrument is about the size of the se-p’iri but has a larger…